BAB 2

PEMBAHASAN

A. Definition of Vehicles in General

Vehicles in General or Public transportation (also known as public transportation or mass

transportation) is a passenger transportation service by a group travel system that is available for
use by the general public, is usually managed according to schedule, operated on a specified
route, and is charged for each trip.

Modes of public transportation include city buses, trams (or light rail) and trains, fast
trains (metro / subway / underground, etc.) and ferries. Inter-city public transportation is
dominated by airlines, intercity buses, trains and intercity trains. A high-speed train network is
being developed in many parts of the world. Most public transportation systems run along fixed
routes with stop points on a pre-arranged schedule. Sharing taxis offer on-demand services in
many parts of the world, and some services will wait until the vehicle is full before the taxi
departs.

Urban public transportation is very different in Asia, North America and Europe. In Asia,
private and public-owned mass transportation, profit-driven, and land conglomerates operate
mostly public transportation systems. In North America, urban transport authorities most often
carry out mass transit operations. In Europe, both state-owned and private companies
predominantly operate mass transportation systems, public transportation services can be driven
by profit using distance-based rates or funded by government subsidies where flat rate rates are
imposed on each passenger.

B. History of Vehicles

1. Automobile

The early history of the automobile can be divided into a number of eras, based on the
prevalent means of propulsion. Later periods were defined by trends in exterior styling, size, and
utility preferences.

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 In 1769 the first steam-powered automobile capable of human transportation was built
by Nicolas- Joseph Cugnot.

In 1808, François Isaac de Rivaz designed the first car powered by an internal combustion
engine fueled by hydrogen.

In 1870 Siegfried Marcus built the first gasoline powered combustion engine, which he
placed on a pushcart, building four progressively more sophisticated combustion-engine cars
over a 10-to-15-year span that influenced later cars. Marcus created the two-cycle combustion
engine. The car's second incarnation in 1880 introduced a four cycle, gasoline-powered engine,
an ingenious carburetor design and magneto ignition. He created an additional two models
further refining his design with steering, a clutch and a brake.

In 1885, Karl Benz developed a petrol or gasoline powered automobile. This is also
considered to be the first production vehicle as Benz made several other identical copies. The
automobile was powered by a single cylinder four-stroke engine.

In 1913, the Ford Model T, created by the Ford Motor Company five years prior, became the
first automobile to be mass-produced on a moving assembly line. By 1927, Ford had produced
over 15,000,000 Model T automobiles.

2. Steam Road Vehicles

The history of steam road vehicles comprises the development of vehicles powered by
a steam engine for use on land and independent of rails, whether for conventional road use, such
as the steam car and steam waggon, or for agricultural or heavy haulage work, such as
the traction engine.

The first experimental vehicles were built in the 17th and 18th century, but it was not until
after Richard Trevithick had developed the use of high-pressure steam, around 1800, that mobile
steam engines became a practical proposition. The first half of the 19th century saw great
progress in steam vehicle design, and by the 1850s it was viable to produce them on a
commercial basis. This progress was dampened by legislation which limited or prohibited the use
of steam powered vehicles on roads. Nevertheless, the 1880s to the 1920s saw continuing
improvements in vehicle technology and manufacturing techniques, and steam road vehicles
were developed for many applications. In the 20th century, the rapid development of internal
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combustion engine technology led to the demise of the steam engine as a source of propulsion of
vehicles on a commercial basis, with relatively few remaining in use beyond the Second World
War. Many of these vehicles were acquired by enthusiasts for preservation, and numerous
examples are still in existence. In the 1960s the air pollution problems in California gave rise to a
brief period of interest in developing and studying steam powered vehicles as a possible means
of reducing the pollution. Apart from interest by steam enthusiasts, the occasional replica
vehicle, and experimental technology no steam vehicles are in production at present.

3. Bicycle

Vehicles for human transport that have two wheels and require balancing by the rider date
back to the early 19th century. The first means of transport making use of two wheels arranged
consecutively, and thus the archetype of the bicycle, was the German draisine dating back to
1817. The term bicycle was coined in France in the 1860s, and the descriptive title penny
farthing, used to describe an Ordinary Bicycle, is a 19th-century term.

4. Electric Vehicles

Electric vehicles first appeared in the mid-19th century. An electric vehicle held the
vehicular land speed record until around 1900. The high cost, low top speed, and short range
of battery electric vehicles, compared to later internal combustion engine vehicles, led to a
worldwide decline in their use; although electric vehicles have continued to be used in the form
of electric trains and other niche uses.

At the beginning of the 21st century, interest in electric and other alternative fuel vehicles has
increased due to growing concern over the problems associated with hydrocarbon-
fueled vehicles, including damage to the environment caused by their emissions, and the
sustainability of the current hydrocarbon-based transportation infrastructure as well as
improvements in electric vehicle technology. Since 2010, combined sales of all-electric cars and
utility vans achieved 1 million units delivered globally in September 2016, and combined global
sales of light duty all electrics and plug-in hybrids passed 5 million in December 2018.

5. Motorcycle

The history of the motorcycle begins in the second half of the 19th century. Motorcycles are
descended from the safety bicycle, a bicycle with front and rear wheels of the same size and a
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pedal crank mechanism to drive the rear wheel. Despite some early landmarks in its
development, the motorcycle lacks a rigid pedigree that can be traced back to a single idea or
machine. Instead, the idea seems to have occurred to numerous engineers and inventors around
Europe at around the same time.

C. Type Vehicle in General

Vehicles are divided into 3 types:

1. Aircraft
An aircraft is a vehicle that is able to fly by gaining support from the air. It counters the force
of gravity by using either static lift or by using the dynamic liftof an airfoil, or in a few cases
the downward thrust from jet engines. Common examples of aircraft include airplanes,
helicopters, airships (including blimps), gliders, paramotors and hot airballoons.

2. Land Vehicle

A vehicle is a machine that transports people or cargo. Vehicles

include wagons, bicycles, motor vehicles (motorcycles, cars, trucks, buses), railed
vehicles (trains, trams), watercraft (ships, boats), amphibious vehicles (screw-propelled
vehicle, hovercraft), aircraft (airplanes, helicopters) and spacecraft. Land vehicles are classified
broadly by what is used to apply steering and drive forces against the
ground: wheeled, tracked, railed or skied.

3. Watercraft

Watercraft, also known as marine vessels or waterborne vessels, are vehicles used in water,
including ships, boats, hovercraft and submarines. Watercraft usually have a propulsive
capability (whether by sail, oar, paddle or engine) and hence are distinct from a simple device
that merely floats, such as a log raft.

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Resources:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_steam_road_vehicles
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_motorcycle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_electric_vehicle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_bicycle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_automobile
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraf
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vehicle
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercraf

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