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    Chloroplast

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    David
    Chloroplasts develop from pro-plastids and contain a double membrane envelope. They have a disc shape and contain stacked membranes called thylakoids that form grana structures. Thylakoids contain light-harvesting complexes and proteins involved in photosynthesis. The interconnecting thylakoid membrane system and surrounding stroma contain additional proteins, enzymes, starch grains, and other molecules that support photosynthesis. Chloroplasts use light energy captured by pigments in the thylakoids to carry out the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, producing carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

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    Chloroplast

    Uploaded by

    David
    46 views12 pages
    Chloroplasts develop from pro-plastids and contain a double membrane envelope. They have a disc shape and contain stacked membranes called thylakoids that form grana structures. Thylakoids contain light-harvesting complexes and proteins involved in photosynthesis. The interconnecting thylakoid membrane system and surrounding stroma contain additional proteins, enzymes, starch grains, and other molecules that support photosynthesis. Chloroplasts use light energy captured by pigments in the thylakoids to carry out the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, producing carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

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    Chloroplasts develop from pro-plastids and contain a double membrane envelope. They have a disc shape and contain stacked membranes called thylakoids that form grana structures. Thylakoids contain light-harvesting complexes and proteins involved in photosynthesis. The interconnecting thylakoid membrane system and surrounding stroma contain additional proteins, enzymes, starch grains, and other molecules that support photosynthesis. Chloroplasts use light energy captured by pigments in the thylakoids to carry out the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, producing carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    46 views12 pages

    Chloroplast

    Uploaded by

    David
    Chloroplasts develop from pro-plastids and contain a double membrane envelope. They have a disc shape and contain stacked membranes called thylakoids that form grana structures. Thylakoids contain light-harvesting complexes and proteins involved in photosynthesis. The interconnecting thylakoid membrane system and surrounding stroma contain additional proteins, enzymes, starch grains, and other molecules that support photosynthesis. Chloroplasts use light energy captured by pigments in the thylakoids to carry out the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis, producing carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.

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    CHLOROPLAST

    •Chloroplasts develop from “pro-plastids” which are small


    double membrane vesicles of about 1 pm in diameter without
    any internal organization. New plastids are produced by fusion
    of pre-existing pro-plastids. Fusion of pre-existing chloroplasts
    also produces new chloroplasts.
    •Pro-plastids give rise through differentiation, to different types
    of plastids, e.g., leucoplast, chromoplast, chloroplast etc. Light
    is necessary for the development of chloroplast from pro-
    plastids.
    CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
    Ultrastructure of Chloroplast:
    •Chloroplasts of higher plants have disc-shaped or oval
    structure, 10 µm in length and 2-4 µm in diameter.
    •Algal species contain larger chloroplasts of different shapes,
    e.g., spiral, cup-shaped, circular bands.
    •The number of chloroplasts per cell is one to two in algae,
    while in higher plants, several chloroplasts occur in each cell.
    •Chloroplasts are enclosed by a double membrane envelope
    The space between the outer and inner membranes is called
    inter-membrane space.
    •Light microscope shows the chloroplast to be composed of
    two parts: grana (small granules) and amorphous stroma in
    which grana is suspended. A
    • single chloroplast may contain 50 or more grana, each
    granum measuring 0.5-2 µm diameter.
    Grana:
    •Electron microscopy has revealed that in grana, flattened
    membranous sacs called thylakoids (thylakos = pouch) are
    closely stacked together.
    •Within each thylakoid, there is space known as thylakoid
    space. Membranes called stroma lamellae (un-stacked
    thylakoids) join the thylakoids of grana.
    •Spherical particles (8-11 nm diameter) emerge from the
    surface of thylakoid membranes into stroma space; these
    particles are similar to the spherical particles found on the
    mitochondrial cristae. These particles contain CF1 (a protein
    complex) which plays an important role in ATP formation.
    •CF1 is attached to the thylakoid membrane by a complex of
    hydrophobic proteins called CF0. The complex CF0 functions
    as a transmembrane channel through which protons (H+) pass
    to CF1 ATP synthesis takes place.
    •Each un-stacked thylakoid is a large flattened sheet which
    connects many or all of the individual thylakoids of the granum.
    The thylakoid spaces are interconnected.

    •Stacked thylakoids are found in all higher plants and green


    algae. But lower algae, e.g., red algae, possess parallel thylakoids
    which are completely separated from each other.

    •In red and blue-green algae, pigment containing granules called


    phycobilisomes are attached to the thylakoid membranes.
    Different types of chlorophyll pigments are found in the
    thylakoids.
    The larger particles correspond to the photosystem II (PS II),
    while the smaller ones correspond to different protein
    complexes, e.g., photosystem I (PS I), cytochrome b-f
    complex and CF0. The light reaction of the photosynthetic
    process occurs in grana. PS I and ‘CF1-CF0‘are more frequent
    in un-stacked (stroma) thylakoids.

    Stroma:
    Under the electron microscope, the stroma appears to be
    composed of fine granules. Starch grains and lipid deposits
    called plastoglobuli are present in the stroma; they serve as
    lipid reservoirs for the formation of thylakoids membranes.
    In higher plants, large granules called stroma-centres are
    found in the stroma; they are composed of fibrils of 8-9 nm
    diameter which are tightly packed.
    •The stroma-centres may contain “ribulose-bi-phosphate
    carboxylase” (RuBP carboxylase) enzyme, which is involved in
    the carboxylation of RuBP (addition of CO2 to RuBP) during
    the dark reaction.
    •All the enzymes required for dark reaction are present in the
    stroma. Besides the above substances, DNA, RNA, ribosomes
    and the factors involved in nucleic acid and protein syntheses
    are also present in the stroma.
    FUNCTION
    Chloroplasts produce carbohydrates through photosynthesis, the
    overall reaction being as:

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