A Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the

listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done. To

strengthen the explanation, the speaker or writer needs some arguments as the
fundamental reasons of the given idea. In other words, this kind of text can be called as
argumentation. Hortatory exposition text can be found in scientific books, journals,
magazines, newspaper articles, academic speech or lectures, research report etc.
Hortatory expositions are popular among science, academic community and educated
people. The generic structure of Hortatory exposition usually has three components: (1)
Thesis, (2) Arguments and (3) Recommendation.

A.Generic Structure of Hortatory Exposition

1. Thesis : Statement or announcement of issue concern

2. Arguments : Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation
3. Recommendation : Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based
on the given arguments

B.Generic Features of Hortatory Exposition

1.A Hortatory exposition focuses on generic human and non human participants, except
for speaker or writer referring to self.
2.It uses mental processes. It is used to state what the writer or speaker thinks or feels
about something. For example: realize, feel etc.
3.It often needs material processes. It is used to state what happens, e.g. ….has
polluted… etc.
4.It usually uses Simple Present Tense and Present Perfect Tense.
5.Enumeration is sometimes necessary to show the list of given arguments: Firstly,
secondly …, Finally, etc.

Contoh:

A Campaign of the Importance of Reading

Thesis:

Reading habit is poor among Indonesians because most people haven’t realized the
importance of reading

Argument 1

Reading is important to transform knowledge and technology. By reading, one knows the
world. He or she will understand what he doesn’t see by himself or herself. The lines of
the paragraphs in an article contain pieces of knowledge. The knowledge is needed to
improve the quality of human’s life. Technology transformation from other country can
only be done by reading a lot various sources of literature. Valuable books in libraries
and bookstores mean nothing if they are not read.

Argument 2

Realizing the importance of reading will make someone motivated to read. When we
know that something is very important because it can give us valuable information, we
will try to get or do the thing. For example, a businessman who always follows latest
information or news, will know what to do in his/ her business. He will make a good
decision to make a transaction. Most people in all developed countries have realized the
importance or reading and they have good reading habits. In bus and train stations,
vehicles, waiting rooms, parks, people like reading. They enjoy reading which gives them
valuable knowledge and inspiration.

Argument 3

A good understanding toward the importance of reading can be achieved by well

organized and effective campaign. To plant an understanding in a generation’s minds is
not an easy job. It needs a hard work from all components of the nation, especially the
government. A serious campaign which is organized by the central and local government
can help common people wake up and stand to face the real competition. The campaign
can be done through various kinds of mass media such as TV, radio, booklets, bulletins,
newspapers, magazines. It can also be conducted by teachers, parents and all people
who care.

Recommendation

Therefore, a nation-wide effective campaign of the importance of reading by all

components of the nation should be done, facilitated by the government, to face the
tighter competition. The world has forced globalization. Those people with little
knowledge will be left behind. To speed up the better change in this country, a good
reading habit is really important.

Air pollution in cities

Air pollution is a serious problem for our existence in the world. It is very dangerous for
human’s health. It makes our cities uncomfortable. Air pollution is one the cause of
global waming. So, it can be a big problem for all people in the world and the next
generation. It can damage the nature.

This matter is caused by people who don’t know about the danger of air pollution. We
need public awareness to fight air pollution and keep our air clean. Another problem is
caused by car, motorcycle, and some public transportations. They emit deadly gases.
When they go to somewhere, they spread air pollution. Besides, the factory can cause air
pollution. Many factories create air pollution.

It is not going to be easy to solve this problem. We, as young generation, should make
change so that our city become cool city. Besides, all people should be told about the
danger of air pollution.

The Effect of Television*

TV is very familiar with us. Every house has it. In modern era, TV becomes more modern.
Because of it, TV has positive and negative effects. Here the details:

Firstly, TV can add our knowledge. We can get various kinds of knowledge, not only
knowledge but also information, news, entertainment etc. We can get knowledge not
only from school and books but also from TV. Knowledge from TV is more universal that
we do not get them from schools.

Secondly, TV can make bad behavior and attitudes. Recently many films are not good
enough to be watched by our young generation. They will imitate the western culture
about action or attitude which is in contrary with our culture, east culture. It can destroy
our good behavior and attitudes.
Thirdly, TV makes us lazy. If we enjoy watching TV too much, we will forget our duty.
Take for example, if you are student, you will forget to do your homework or assignment
given by teacher. So, watching TV too much is bad.

Fourthly, TV destroys our health especially our eyes. It happens if you watch TV too near
and too long. Watching TV too near is not good for our eyes.

Finally, TV can decrease our skill. We must choose good TV program. It is better if you
watch education programme on TV.

Causative verb
Let
FORM
[let + person + verb]
USE
This construction means "to allow someone to do something."
Examples:
• John let me drive his new car.
• Will your parents let you go to the party?
• I don't know if my boss will let me take the day off.
Make
FORM
[make + person + verb]
USE
This construction means "to force someone to do something."
Examples:
• My teacher made me apologize for what I had said.
• Did somebody make you wear that ugly hat?
• She made her children do their homework.
Have
FORM
[have + person + verb]
USE
This construction means "to give someone the responsibility to do something."
Examples:
• Dr. Smith had his nurse take the patient's temperature.
• Please have your secretary fax me the information.
• I had the mechanic check the brakes.
Get
FORM
[get + person + to + verb]
USE
This construction usually means "to convince to do something" or "to trick someone into
doing something."
Examples:
• Susie got her son to take the medicine even though it tasted terrible.
• How can parents get their children to read more?
• The government TV commercials are trying to get people to stop smoking.
Get vs. Have
Sometimes "get someone to do something" is interchangeable with "have someone do
something," but these expressions do not mean exactly the same thing.
Examples:
• I got the mechanic to check my brakes.
At first the mechanic didn't think it was necessary, but I convinced him to check
the brakes.
• I had the mechanic check my brakes.
I asked the mechanic to check the brakes.

1. Sam really wanted a dog, but his parents wouldn't him have a pet.

2. I can't believe she you look at her vacation pictures again last night. We have
to look at those stupid pictures every time we go to her house.

3. I don't know how you convince your children to clean up their rooms. I couldn't
my children to clean up their rooms if my life depended on it.

4. Professor Yu each of her students write an essay describing their future goals
in life.

5. Professor Yu her students use a dictionary while they were taking the test.

6. Debbie's husband hates the opera. But after days of nagging, she finally him to
go see the new production of La Boheme.
7. Sally me take off my shoes before I went into her house. She said she wanted
to keep the carpet clean.

8. Rebecca Smith requested a copy of that expense report, so I the courier take
one over to her last week.

9. Diane thinks television is a waste of time, so she won't her children watch TV.

10. Mr. Levine his secretary call Ms. Jackson and reconfirm their meeting on
Thursday.

11. Marcus me drive his new BMW. I couldn't believe how quickly it picked up
speed.

12. How did you the doctor to make a house call? I haven't heard of a doctor
actually going to a patient's house in years.

13. My boss me get him coffee, pick up his dry cleaning and buy presents for his
wife. He can't do anything by himself!

14. Tommy didn't want to go to his cousin's birthday party, but his mom him go.

15. I can't believe the zoo keeper you feed the snake. That was so cool!

16. The contract was very detailed, and it was essential that the wording be absolutely

correct. Therefore, I the translator recheck his work several times to make sure
there would be no misunderstandings.

17. Cheryl didn't want to wash her car, so with a little smooth talk she her
boyfriend to wash it for her.

18. If you ask me nicely, I'll you lick the bowl after I make the cookies.
19. Dr. Jackson the nurse monitor the patient's condition overnight.

20. The news coverage of the recent tornado was incredibly moving. The interview with

the little boy who lost his family in the tragedy everyone cry.

Gerund

Put in the verbs in brackets in the Gerund or the infinitive.

Example: They promised ______ (sell) the old comics.

Answer: They promised to sell the old comics.

1) We decided (buy) a new car.

2) They've got some work (do).

3) Peter gave up (smoke) .

4) He'd like (fly) an aeroplane.

5) I enjoy (write) picture postcards.

6) Do you know what (do) if there's a fire in the shop?

7) Avoid (make) silly mistakes.

8) My parents wanted me (be) home at 11 o'clock.

9) I dream about (build) a big house.

10) I'm hoping (see) Lisa.

1) I can't imagine Peter (go) by bike.

2) He agreed (buy) a new car.

3) The question is easy (answer).

4) The man asked me how (get) to the airport.

5) I look forward to (see) you at the weekend.

6) Are you thinking of (visit) London?

7) We decided (run) through the forest.

8) The teacher expected Sarah (study) hard.

9) She doesn't mind (work) the night shift.

10) I learned (ride) the bike at the age of 5.

1. Tom has advised (reread) the story once again.

2. We did not attempt (tell) lies as we knew him very well.

3. Martha asked me if I fancied (go) to the party.

4. The principal ordered him (stop) (shout).

5. The man threatened (crash) the vase.

6. I cannot delay (write) to him any longer.

7. He keeps (complain) about different things.

8. I regret (not/tell) you earlier.

9. I would sooner (write) you.

10. He did not dare (tell) what had happened.

11. Nobody invited him (sit) down.

12. All of us would prefer (speak) to each other more than

(write) a test.

13. The child begged (give) his toy back.

14. As soon as they had finished (eat) they went to school.

15. I just cannot (persuade) him (tell) the truth.

16. You need not (urge) us (do) it.

17. I absolutely adore (play) the piano.

18. He really desires (go) to that country.

19. I will manage (persuade) him (come)

1. After a short break they will resume (work).

2. I can (swim) very well.

3. I will not forget (send) your letter.

4. They plan (finish) (build) the ground floor this week.

5. I want (talk) to you.

6. I can’t help (cry). I am very sad.

7. I will help you (explain) your parents what has happened.

8. They cannot (postpone) (get) married.

9. I have already warned you (not/do) it ever again.

10.I will better choose (not/go).

11. You should not (hesitate) (tell) me what you might

(need).

12. I will certainly help you (write) this essay.

13. Rebecca practices (play) the piano every other day.

14. We wish you (succeed) in this deal.

15. I really appreciate your (help) me.

16. It is good enough (buy).

17. I must (apologize) for my little brother.

 18. I usually suggest (think) hard before (do) something.

19. He claimed (do) everything according to the deal.

20. We hope (come) on time.

If-clause

1) If they (to listen) carefully, they might hear the woodpecker.

2) If I had laid down on the sofa, I (to fall) asleep.

3) Susan could have worked as a model if she (to be) taller.

4) The soil (not/to dry out) if you water the plants regularly.

5) If you (to give) the young boy this stick, he'd hurt himself.

6) We (not/to take) the wrong tram if Ronaldo had asked the

policewoman.

7) If the cat hides in the tree, the dog (not/to find) it.

8) The students would have solved the problem if they (to use)
their textbooks.

9) If he washed his feet more often, his girlfriend (to visit) him more
often.

10) Max (to read) the newspaper if he went by train.

1)-Kathy wants to go to the movies but doesn't have any money.

2)-Joe is sleepy and would like to take a nap, but he can't because he's in an important

meeting

3)-Chuck isn't stupid, but he failed his midterm exam. Why? -- He didn't study for it.

4)-Jan wanted to go to Jim's party but she wasn't able to because she had to work.

5)-I'll try to give your message to Ted, but I'm not sure whether I'll see him or not.

6)-I want to work outside today, but that won't be possible because it's raining.

7)-Rex had to miss work yesterday. Why? -- His wife and children were all sick with the flu.

8)-I finished my work, but only because you helped me.

9)-It's possible for you to do this quiz because you have a computer and modem.
10)-It wasn't possible to find this quiz on the WWW in 1994. It didn't exist at that time.

11)-You didn’t stay at home. Consequently, There were much trouble.

12)-Suppose he will sign tomorrow. What do you think you are doing?

13)-I have no intention to do it without his permission.

14)-I was so upset because July didn’t write to me earlier.

1. If he (have) more time, he (finish) decorating the baby's

room before she was born.

2. Both parents and teachers (feel) pleased if students studied harder and
got higher grades.

3. Even if I (do) well on the test tomorrow, I don't think I (pass)

, for the teacher underevaluates my papers.

4. If the United Nations (stop) the war between the two countries

beforehand, today, so many children and the old (suffer) from hunger
and cold.

5. I overate last night, so I couldn't sleep well. If I (eat) so much, I (have)

a sweet sleep.

6. (Be) I in your shoes now, I (choose) to decline this offer.

7. But for Kevin's assistance, we (complete) our term paper in time.

8. No one can succeed anything unless s/he really (resolve) to do it.

9. If you (forget) to take the compass, we (be) lost now.

10. As long as your company (assure) our success in marketing, we

(continue) doing business with you.

11. I wouldn't be so upset if you (invite) me to your birthday party last
Wednesday.

12. You can use my dictionary on condition that you (promise) to bring it
back tonight.

13. All this calamity (happen) if they (cut) most of

the trees in that area.

14. I (take) some cash with me in case I exceeded my credit card limit.

15. Only if George apologizes to Mary, forgive him.

PARAPHRASING

Paraphrasing Exercise
Summary: This resources discusses how to paraphrase correctly and accurately.
Contributors:Purdue OWL
Last Edited: 2010-04-21 07:48:34
Directions: On a separate piece of paper, write a paraphrase of each of the following
passages. Try not to look back at the original passage.
1. "The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of
our heat, and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the
camera. "The cold ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water
from the tropics, and its upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our
atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this regulating system is now threatened by human
activity." From "Captain Cousteau," Audubon (May 1990):17.
2. The twenties were the years when drinking was against the law, and the law was a bad
joke because everyone knew of a local bar where liquor could be had. They were the
years when organized crime ruled the cities, and the police seemed powerless to do
anything against it. Classical music was forgotten while jazz spread throughout the land,
and men like Bix Beiderbecke, Louis Armstrong, and Count Basie became the heroes of
the young. The flapper was born in the twenties, and with her bobbed hair and short
skirts, she symbolized, perhaps more than anyone or anything else, America's break with
the past. From Kathleen Yancey, English 102 Supplemental Guide (1989): 25.
3. Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head
injuries. Half of those killed are school-age children. One study concluded that wearing a
bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. In an accident, a bike
helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head. From "Bike Helmets: Unused
Lifesavers," Consumer Reports (May 1990): 348.
4. Matisse is the best painter ever at putting the viewer at the scene. He's the most
realistic of all modern artists, if you admit the feel of the breeze as necessary to a
landscape and the smell of oranges as essential to a still life. "The Casbah Gate" depicts
the well-known gateway Bab el Aassa, which pierces the southern wall of the city near
the sultan's palace. With scrubby coats of ivory, aqua, blue, and rose delicately fenced by
the liveliest gray outline in art history, Matisse gets the essence of a Tangier afternoon,
including the subtle presence of the bowaab, the sentry who sits and surveys those who
pass through the gate. From Peter Plagens, "Bright Lights." Newsweek (26 March 1990):
50.
5. While the Sears Tower is arguably the greatest achievement in skyscraper engineering
so far, it's unlikely that architects and engineers have abandoned the quest for the
world's tallest building. The question is: Just how high can a building go? Structural
engineer William LeMessurier has designed a skyscraper nearly one-half mile high, twice
as tall as the Sears Tower. And architect Robert Sobel claims that existing technology
could produce a 500-story building. From Ron Bachman, "Reaching for the Sky." Dial
(May 1990): 15.
Here are sample answers for the paraphrasing exercise:
1. According to Jacques Cousteau, the activity of people in Antarctica is jeopardizing a
delicate natural mechanism that controls the earth's climate. He fears that human
activity could interfere with the balance between the sun, the source of the earth's heat,
and the important source of cold from Antarctic waters that flow north and cool the
oceans and atmosphere ("Captain Cousteau" 17).
2. During the twenties lawlessness and social nonconformity prevailed. In cities
organized crime flourished without police interference, and in spite of nationwide
prohibition of liquor sales, anyone who wished to buy a drink knew where to get one.
Musicians like Louis Armstrong become favorites, particularly among young people, as
many turned away from highly respectable classical music to jazz. One of the best
examples of the anti-traditional trend was the proliferation of young "flappers," women
who rebelled against custom by cutting off their hair and shortening their skirts (Yancey
25).
3. The use of a helmet is the key to reducing bicycling fatalities, which are due to head
injuries 75% of the time. By cushioning the head upon impact, a helmet can reduce
accidental injury by as much as 85%, saving the lives of hundreds of victims annually,
half of whom are school children ("Bike Helmets" 348).
4. Matisse paintings are remarkable in giving the viewer the distinct sensory impressions
of one experiencing the scene first hand. For instance, "The Casbah Gate" takes one to
the walled city of Tangier and the Bab el Aassa gateway near the Sultan's palace, where
one can imagine standing on an afternoon, absorbing the splash of colors and the fine
outlines. Even the sentry, the bowaab vaguely eyeing those who come and go through
the gate, blends into the scene as though real (Plagens 50).
5. How much higher skyscrapers of the future will rise than the present world marvel, the
Sears Tower, is unknown. However, the design of one twice as tall is already on the
boards, and an architect, Robert Sobel, thinks we currently have sufficient know-how to
build a skyscraper with over 500 stories (Bachman 15).