Design and Development of Fatigue Test Rig for Composite Material

S.Pandey1, K.Bata2, B.Parmar3, M.Kuber4, N.Patel5, Dr D.C.Patel6

1-5, students, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GDEC, Navsari -396406
6, Asso.Prof., GIDC Degree Engineeirng college, Abrama, Navsari-396406

Correspondent author Email:[email protected]

Abstract: This paper is presented for the GFRP is a composite material made of a polymer matrix

reinforced with fibers. The fibers are usually glass, carbon, aramid and basalt salt. They are used in

aerospace, automotive marine and structural applications and also in the ballistic armors. Their

properties are Impact resistance, strength, stiffness, flexibility and ability to carry loads. For these

the fatigue behavior of the composites must be studied in order to achieve proper design. It is

fulfilled by experimental characterization so testing of various parameters like (fiber/matrix ratio,

fiber orientation staking sequence) must be studied. The testing for this material should be done at

low frequencies in order to avoid high temperature increments. A machine is being designed to

carry out various tests on this material instead of conventional servo-hydraulic test as it is cheaper

than the conventional testing machine

Keywords: Fatigue Testing Machine, Constant Load, Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composite

1.0 INTRODUCTON

1.1. General Introduction

Fiber glass reinforced polymer or (GFRP) is a material used for many applications such
as marines, aerospace and aeronautical engineering, automobile sectors, sports
equipment, and wind turbine blades.
There are many companies which develop machines for testing on the GRFP material &
they come in the range between ($ 35,000to $ 200,000 i.e. approx. 27.5 lakh rupees to
3.7 crore rupees).the notable companies which are Suzuki Automation, Dutron Products,
Instron, TA Equipments.

There are many inventors and engineers who have done many research works on this
field and they have also developed many models and machines foe the fatigue testing
machine.

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 E.Pach, I Korin, J.P.Ipiṅa. They developed fatigue testing at USD3000$ compared to a
servo hydraulic machine which approximately cost USD100000$. Prithvi Raj Arora, MSD
Jacob and M.Salim published the papers on the fatigue acting on the composite axially.
Other papers were also published by K.A. Zakaria, R.H.Jimit, S.R.N. Ramli, A.A. Aziz, O.
Bapokutty and M.B. Ali which provided the information about the tensile load action on
the composites.
The fatigue testing machines were manufactured on the basis of following types: 1.
According to type of load (Tensile, Compression, and Axial), 2. According to number of
cycles (High cycles, Low cycles), 3. According to working (Electrical, Hydraulicand
Mechanical).

1.2. Machine description

The maximum load values, frequency ranges, and load ratios of the machine, and even
the specimen dimensions, have been adopted following the standard ASTM D 3479/D
3479M and a database developed by Sandia with more than 2500 fatigue tests of FRP
composite materials.

Considering that this machine is the first prototype, the maximum load was limited up to
10 KN in order to obtain the required power and dimensions. Nevertheless, this capability
enables a great variety of test conditions, even more if we bear in mind that the specimen
width can be varied. The standard ASTM D 3479/D 3479M recommends a width of 15
mm for specimens composed only of unidirectional fibrous laminae, with the fibers
oriented parallel to the test axis, and 25 mm for the remaining ones. The recommended
thicknesses range between 1 and 2.5 mm. The machine allows gage lengths up to 100
mm.

Table 1.1 Components Price and Specification

Sr.no Name of the Description of the Price of the

Component components component
t₹
1 C – Beam structure ISMC 100 ₹ 3000
2 Grippers MS Material ₹ 200
3 Load Cell 1T ₹ 4500
4 VFD 2HP,SINGLE φ ₹ 10000
5 Motor 1 HP ₹ 3000
6 Spring 200 LG HELICAL ₹ 200
7 Turnbuckle M12 ₹ 200
8 Reciprocating C.I. Material ₹ 2000
mechanism
Total 8 Total Cost ₹ 23100
components

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 Fig: 1.1 The Design Prototype for Fatigue Testing Machine of Composite Material.

The mechanism used in the machine to generate the load cycles consists of a set of
helical springs that are compressed (or expanded) by means of a reciprocating
mechanism driven by an electrical motor. The deformation of these springs generates a
force applied on the seesaw of the machine, which can pivot on a pair of bearings
placed at one extreme and in this way the load to the grips is transmitted.

The grips are attached to the seesaw and to the frame of the machine by means of
guides that allow changing the horizontal distance up to the point of the seesaw pivot.
The force on the specimen (attached to the grips) is inversely proportional to the above-
mentioned distance, and therefore the guides are used to govern the load magnitude
before beginning the test.

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 Fig; 1.2 Different views of the prototype design

Once the specimen was placed, the minimum load of the cycle was generated
compressing or expanding the springs by means of two threaded rods and a nut with
right-handed and left-handed threads. This preload system was located up the springs
and under the seesaw. For 0< R <1 (tension – tension cycle), the threaded piece was
turned in the direction in which the threaded rods move away and therefore they
compress the spring. For R> 1 (compression – compression cycle) the threaded piece
must turn in such way that the rods come closer and therefore they expand the springs.
The preload can be measured directly with the acquisition system, or also, the necessary
displacement of the threaded rods can be calculated by means of a simple equation.
Once the preload value was adjusted, the threaded component was blocked by two
locking nuts. Every piece had levers to avoid the use of additional tools.

All critical parts of the machine were analyzed in order to corroborate their strength under
fatigue load. Soderberg criterion was used to obtain infinite life in all the components,
where the involved stress states were calculated analytically by means of equations
given by elasticity theory, and also numerically using finite elements analysis (FEA)
performed in the inferior springs‟ support.

A load cell was placed at the specimen load line (up to the top grip). Its signal is amplified
and then converted to digital by an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter; which allows to
visualize the load in real time and to record the information in a file. Grips corresponding
to a resonance fatigue machine (100 kN, AMSLER Vibraphone) are in use nowadays.
Their design seems to contemplate a suitable pressure distribution on the specimen grip
zone, since it possesses a low-stiffness section, capable of bending with the load
generated by the pair of vertically displaced screws. In this way, the grips put more
pressure on the region near to the ends of the specimen, achieving a progressive

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 transition from the uni-axial stress state to the tri-axial stress state in the grips, and
therefore avoiding to damage the specimen at the grips.

2.0 Conclusion

From this paper we can conclude that the axial fatigue testing machine could be
prepared at very low cost and they could easily be manufactured also the fatigue testing
machine could withstand high capacity loads at low frequencies and small scale. Our
model would work at the speed of 1440 rpm and it can withstand high axial fatigue load.

The main purpose of this project is to develop the fatigue testing machine at
comparatively low cost and fully mechanical functioning as compared to servo hydraulic
machines. The major two drawbacks are: 1. to carry out this testing at low frequencies
because there is and increment of temperature in our FRP material, 2.Due to the high
variable load acting on the composite it could notably breakdown and it could dismantle
the setup.

The first drawback is that the due to low frequency the machine takes more time for
functioning and then it gives the results. Due to which it could considered it is a time
consuming machine. And secondly, due to continuous working for a high amount of time
and variable load application on the machine, the mechanical joints of the machine gets
loosen up.

And the third and the major drawback is that the feedback control is difficult to provide
constant loading on sample.

3.0 References

1. ASM Handbook, Volume 21: Composites, ASM International (2001).

2. Epaarachchi, J.A., and Clausen, P.D., „„an Empirical Model for Fatigue Behavior
Prediction of Glass Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Composites for Various Stress Ratios and
Test Frequencies,‟‟ Composites: Part A 36:1236 –1245 (2005).

3. Epaarachchi, J.A., and Clausen, P.D., „„A New Cumulative Fatigue Damage Model for
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic Composites under Step/Discrete Loading,‟‟ Composites:
Part A 34:313 –326 (2003).

4. Nijssen, R.P.L., „„Fatigue Life Prediction and Strength Degradation of Wind Turbine Rotor
Blade Composites,‟‟ Sandia, SAND2006-7810P (2006).

5. Vasiliev, V., and Morozov, E., Mechanics Analysis Composite Materials, Elsevier, Oxford,
UK (2001).

6. Mandell, J.F., and Samborsky, D.D., „„DOE/MSU Composite Material Fatigue Database:
Test Methods, Materials, and Analysis,‟‟ SANDIA, SAND97-3002, USA, December
(1997).

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 7. Mandell, J.F., and Samborsky, D.D., „„DOE / MSU Composite Material Fatigue
Database,‟‟ SANDIA, USA, February (2001).

8. Pach, E.A., Tesis Ingenier´ıa mecanica´ ‘‘Maquina´ de fatigaa carga constante,’’

Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén, ´ Argentina (2009).

9. Abass Adeyinka Azeez “Fatigue Failure and Testing machine”, HAMK, University of

10. A. Mohamed Ansar, Dalbir Singh, Balaji.D” Fatigue Analysis of Glass Fiber Reinforced
Composite Polymer”, Department of Aeronautical Engineering, Hindustan University,
Chennai.

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