Testing and Evaluation of Engineering Materials

Testing and Evaluation Of Engineering Materials
Experiment #1 : Impact Test
Student Name : Fahed amin ayyad
Eng. Name : Mohannad Khlaifat

 Introduction :-
Notched-bar impact test of metals provides information on failure mode under high
velocity loading conditions leading sudden fracture where a sharp stress raiser (notch) is
present. The energy absorbed at fracture is generally related to the area under the
stress-strain curve which is termed as toughness in some references. Brittle materials
have a small area under the stress-strain curve (due to its limited toughness) and as a
result, little energy is absorbed during impact failure. As plastic deformation capability
of the materials (ductility) increases, the area under the curve also increases and
absorbed energy and respectively toughness increase. Similar characteristics can be
seen on the fracture surfaces of broken specimens. The fracture surfaces for low energy
impact failures, indicating brittle behavior, are relatively smooth and have crystalline
appearance in the metals. On the contrary, those for high energy fractures have regions
of shear where the fracture surface is inclined about 45° to the tensile stress, and have
rougher and more highly deformed appearance, called fibrous fracture. Although two
standardized tests, the Charpy and Izod, were designed and used extensively to
measure the impact energy, Charpy v-notched impact tests are more common in
practice. The apparatus for performing impact tests is illustrated schematically in Figure-
I. The load is applied as an impact blow from a weighted pendulum hammer that is
released from a position at a fixed height h. The specimen is positioned at the base and
with the release of pendulum, which has a knife edge, strikes and fractures the
specimen at the notch. The pendulum continues its swing, rising a maximum height h '
which should be lower than h naturally. The energy absorbed at fracture E can be
obtained by simply calculating the difference in potential energy of the pendulum
before and after the test such as,
E = m.g.( h-h’ )
where m is the mass of pendulum and g is the gravitational acceleration. The geometry
of 55mm long, standard Charpy test specimen . If the dimensions of specimens are
maintained as indicated in standards, notched-bar impact test results are affected by
the lattice type of materials, testing temperature, therm mechanical history, chemical
composition of materials, degree of strain hardening, etc.
 OBJECTIVES :-
I. To measure the absorbed energy up to hacture.
2. To compare the impact values of mild steel, aluminum and brass.
 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS REQUIRED :-
1. Impact testing machine.
2. Impact specimen manufactured according to one of the standards such as
BS or any other one.
The specimens are made of mild steel, aluminum, brass and cast Iron if possible .
 PROCEDURE :-
1-Preparing sample .
2- Place the sample in the machine .
3- running machine .
4- Take the readings for the sample .
 RESULT :-
Specimen no. Material Impact value

1 2 (average)
1 Mild steel 124 47 85.5 (J)
2 Aluminum 20.5 21 20.75(J)
 Questions :-
1 – What are the differences between charpy and izod tests?
In the Izod method, the test material was placed in a vertical position, while in the
Charpy method, the test material was placed horizontally. The notch in the izod
test is facing the striker, fastened in a pendulum, while in the charpy test, the notch
is positioned away from the striker.
2 – In what units impact values are expressed? Joule.
3 – Explain how can the transition temperature of steel can be determined

using impact test?
plot the impact energy as a function of temperature and draw a smooth curve
through your data points From this curve you should determine the transition
temperature.
4 – Why does mild steel break with a brittle fracture in the impact test
although it behaves as a ductile material in tension test?
A triaxial state of stress, such as exists at a notch, and low temperature are
responsible for most service failures of the brittle type. However, since these
effects are accentuated at a high rate of loading, many types of impact tests have
been used to determine the susceptibility of materials to brittle behavior. Steels
which have identical properties when tested in tension or torsion at slow strain
rates can show pronounced differences in their tendency for brittle fracture when
tested in a notched-impact test.
5 – Give some examples of how impact forces in actual service act on metal
components?
Car crash.
6 – What precautions did u take while performing the experiment to ensure

accuracy and safety?
For accuracy: bring the indicator of the machine to zero
For safety: make sure that the hammer is pinned while putting the specimen in the
machine, Also that the machine door is closed before starting the test.

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Testing and Evaluation of Engineering Materials

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Testing and Evaluation Of Engineering Materials

Experiment #1 : Impact Test

Student Name : Fahed amin ayyad

Eng. Name : Mohannad Khlaifat

2. To compare the impact values of mild steel, aluminum and brass.

 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS REQUIRED :-

1. Impact testing machine.

2. Impact specimen manufactured according to one of the standards such as

BS or any other one.

2- Place the sample in the machine .

4- Take the readings for the sample .

Specimen no. Material Impact value

2 Aluminum 20.5 21 20.75(J)

3 – Explain how can the transition temperature of steel can be determined

6 – What precautions did u take while performing the experiment to ensure

For accuracy: bring the indicator of the machine to zero

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