Conferencepreceedings

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.
net/publication/307173979
EFFECT OF HYGROTHERMAL LOADING ON LAMINATED COMPOSITES
Conference Paper · April 2016
CITATIONS READS
0 791
3 authors, including:
Padmanabhan Krishnan Deepa Akepati

VIT University VIT University
150 PUBLICATIONS 630 CITATIONS 13 PUBLICATIONS 27 CITATIONS
SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
MS thesis project. View project
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid based Resins as Marix materials for Rockwool reinforced composites View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Padmanabhan Krishnan on 29 August 2016.
The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on
Design, Analysis, Manufacturing and Simulation (ICDAMS-2016), April 07&08, 2016
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering,
Saveeetha University, Chennai-602105
EFFECT OF HYGROTHERMAL LOADING ON LAMINATE
COMPOSITES
Deepa.A1, Padmanabhan .K 1 , Raghunadh.G1
1
School of mechanical engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India
[email protected]
[email protected]
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are widely used for reinforcing members, its abilities
like high strength, light weight, corrosive resistant and resistance to aggressive environments provide an
effective solution to problem of deterioration. FRP‘s materials had a significant effect by environmental
conditions like moisture, temperature, thawing etc. and reduce the durability. Of these the most important
environmental factors effecting durability is moisture and temperature variation in surroundings. The
moisture and temperature together impact is called hygrothermal effect. The present paper aims to
investigate the reliability of FRP composites under hygrothermal conditions, since they have a high impact
on degrading effect that needs accurate investigation in evaluating durability of FRP‘s. The mechanical and
physical properties like capacitance, micro hardness, diffusivity also determined, and hygrothermally
exposed specimens are compared with unexposed laminate composites and results are analysed.
Keywords: FRP, strength, light weight, durability, hygrothermal, capacitance, micro hardness, diffusivity.
INTRODUCTION fabricated according to ASTM standards and is

kept in a water bath maintained at a temperature
Composite materials are the engineered and is taken out at regular interval of time and is
made up of two or more constituent materials tested, readings are tabulated. Firstly, the material
with different mechanical properties. The final is pre conditioned and ultimate load is
product has properties higher than that of determined using UTM and 30%, 50% and 70%
individual components. It is a combination of two of ultimate load is applied, for both
materials matrix phase and reinforcement phase, hygrothermally placed material and normal
matrix is a continuous phase usually more ductile material, results are compared in both the cases.
and holds the reinforced phase dispersed in it and The reasons behind the decrease or increase in
both shares the load applied. Different materials properties are discussed.
are obtained by changing the matrix and
reinforced phases. The material mentioned in this EXPERIMENTATION AND FABRICATION
paper is made by FRP as reinforced phase and OF SPECIMEN
epoxy as matrix phase. The main benefits of
composites is that, les weight, high strength-to- Specimens are made by using
weight ratio, directional stiffness and surface commercially available GFRP and CFRP sheets
properties like corrosion resistance etc. made to and placed along 0º orientation side for cutting
use composites in almost every field of purpose. In order to decide the specifications,
engineering including aerospace applications. As ASTM standard D3037/3039 and D790 were
the FRP material is concerned, the environmental used and are as follows
factors like moisture, temperature, heat or
Table-1. Specimen specifications used for testing
radiation from surroundings has a great impact on
the degradation of the material. The present study Specificatio For bending
deals with impact of hygrothermal loading on For tensile
S. n of the test
FRP materials, this effect is calculated by using testing (mm)
No Specimen (mm)
capacitance, impedance values and by calculating 1. Length 500 250
molecular diffusivity. The specimens are 2. Width 15 15
552
3(for
3(for GFRP)&
GFRP)&
3. Thickness 4.32(for
4.32(for
CFRP)
CFRP)
The specimens are placed in water bath and

maintained at a temperature(45º) and at regular
interval of time as mentioned in the preceding
tabular columns, specimen is taken out and test
are done accordingly:
TESTING METHODS USED Figure-2. LCR meter
1. Tensile testing: 3. Micro hardness test

A UTM is used for the testing the To estimate the hardness of the
tensile strength of the specimen and prepared specimen before and after thermal treatment
according to ASTM-D-3790 standard. Initial pre micro hardness test is used. A load of 200gm is
stretching is done, peak load is calculated i.e., applied and VHN values were determined by
ultimate stress value that the specimen can with applying this load and dwell time used while
stand. applying load is 20sec. A diamond shaped indent
is formed as shown in fig.4
Figure-1. Tensile laminate composite
2. Capacitance test
In order to relate the moisture
absorption rate with capacitance, the capacitance
and impedance readings from RCL meter are
used (shown in figure-2). To create magnetic
field in the specimen copper strips were used as Figure-3. Indent of the specimen
terminals.
4. SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope)
To find the micro structure of the
specimen scanning electron microscope is used
and polishing is done by gold coating equipment
and microstructure is obtained at magnification
factor of 2000X and 1500X.
553
FAILURE MODES IN COMPOSITES
Delamination and fibre pull-out are the failure CALCULATION OF APPARENT

mechanisms in composite materials. MOISTURE DIFFUIVITY
Delamination is an insidious kind of failure and it
develops inside of the material and it may be Assuming that the moisture absorption follows
detected in a material by its sound. Delaminated Frick‘s law, the diffusivity D can be calculate as,
part sounds fewer dull compared to solid
composite which give more sound. Non- 2
 h   M 2 – M1   h
2
destructive testing may also be used to determine h
D      1   
the failure in composites which include  4 Mm    t 2   t1   Le W
ultrasonic, radiographic and infrared imaging.
Where,
Le- length of the specimen
W-width of specimen
M1-moisture content at time t1
M2-moisture content at time t2
Mm- %weight gain from above equation
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
The initial specimen had a fine and

shiny epoxy coating, when loaded under uniaxial
tensile load showed a broom type failure due to
instant release of stored energy.
Figure-4. Failure of CFRP and GFRP laminates
after 1 month MOISTURE DIFFUSIVITY RESULTS OF
BENDING LAMINATE
PERCENTAGE WEIGHT GAIN
Table-2. Moisture diffusivity of GFRP
The pre conditioned sample is weighed
periodically and ensure that moisture on the GFRP GFRP GFRP GFRP
Time
surface is wiped before weighing. weight gain is 30% 50% 70% without
period
determined as follows loading loading loading load
3 0.0113 0.0109 0.0110 0.0112
(W1) - (W2) 6 0.0055 0.0055 0.0055 0.0056
9 0.0036 0.0036 0.0037 0.0037
% W= 10 0.0063 0.0061 0.0059 0.0060
12 0.0027 0.0027 0.0027 0.0028
(W2) 20 0.0018 0.0017 0.0016 0.0014
30 0.0011 0.0010 0.0010 0.0012
Where, 40 0.0009 0.0008 0.0009 0.0009
50 0.0014 0.0014 0.0013 0.0012
%W is weight gain percentage in
specimen
W1 is weight of specimen
W2 is weight of dry specimen

554
0.012 The moisture diffusivity is compared
for various loads and is noted that the specimens
0.01
kept in water-bath (T2) for two months absorbed
DIFFUSIVITY
0.008
more moisture than that of specimens of first
0.006
month in almost all the specimens. The reason
0.004
behind the decrease in moisture diffusivity is that,
0.002
0 Weight gain of specimen increases with time for
0 20 40 60 a given hygrothermal load giving way to
TIME PERIOD moisture. The moisture diffusivity in GFRP is
almost same as shown in fig. 6. The range of
GFRP GFRP 50%loading moisture diffusivity values of CFRP specimens
GFRP GFRP were low compared to GFRP as shown in figure-
7.
Figure-5. Graph for moisture diffusivity of

GFRP
LCR METER RESULTS OF BENDING
Table-3. Moisture diffusivity in CFRP laminated SPECIMEN
specimen
CFRP CFRP CFRP7 CFRP

Time
30% 50% 0% without Table-4. Capacitance results in GFRP laminated
period
loading loading loading load specimen
3 0.007 0.020 0.018 0.020
6 0.022 0.010 0.009 0.010 GFRP GFRP GFRP GFRP
9 0.011 0.007 0.006 0.007 Time
30% 50% 70% Without
10 0.006 0.006 0.008 0.008 period loading loading loading load
12 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 3 1.78E-11 2.90E-11 2.58E-11 2.08E-11
20 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.002 6 4.38E-11 3.35E-11 3.45E-11 2.59E-11
30 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 9 4.61E-11 3.60E-11 3.60E-11 2.63E-11
40 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 10 8.85E-11 3.73E-11 4.62E-11 3.42E-11
50 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.001 12 8.92E-11 3.99E-11 6.19E-11 3.58E-11
20 8.97E-11 5.31E-11 7.11E-11 3.69E-11
0.03 25 9.00E-11 6.12E-11 7.16E-11 4.79E-11
30 9.20E-11 7.04E-11 7.67E-11 6.95E-11
DIFFUSIVITY
0.02 40 9.30E-11 7.74E-11 8.36E-11 7.52E-11

0.01
50 9.52E-11 8.51E-11 8.56E-11 9.13E-11
0
0 20 40 60
TIME PERIOD
CFRP 30%loading CFRP 50%loading

CFRP70% loading CFRP
Figure-6. Graph for moisture diffusivity in

CFRP
555
1.00E-10 capacitance increasing with respect to time
indicating the degradation of the fibre. There is a
8.00E-11
marginal increase during early days but with
DIFFUSIVITY
6.00E-11 course of time i.e. after 40days in GFRP and 50

4.00E-11 days in CFRP there is a marginal increase. The
2.00E-11 reason behind the increase in capacitance is that
with time the %weight gain increases for a given
0.00E+00
0 10 20 30 40 50
hygrothermal load giving way to moisture. The
60
capacitance of 30%loaded GFRP specimen has
TIME PERIOD
attained saturation before other specimen as
GFRP GFRP 50%loading GFRP GFRP
shown in figure-9. whereas for CFRP specimen
started increasing after one month as it started
gaining weight as shown in figure-9.
Figure-7. Graph for capacitance results in
GFRP
Table-5. Capacitance results in CFRP laminate PERCENTAGE WEIGTH GAIN OF

specimen BENDING SPECIMEN
CFRP CFRP CFRP CFRP Table-6. percentage weight gain results of

Time
30% 50% 70% Without laminated bending composites
period
loading loading loading load
3 1.03E-12 1.86E-12 3.40E-12 4.20E-13 GFRP GFRP GFRP GFRP
6 2.04E-12 2.28E-12 3.60E-12 1.20E-12 Time 30% without 70% 50%
9 2.60E-12 4.20E-12 4.36E-12 6.20E-12 period loading load loading loading
10 4.82E-12 4.98E-12 5.30E-12 1.32E-11
12 5.10E-12 5.70E-12 7.40E-12 1.40E-11 3 9.58 9.78 9.48 9.25
20 5.70E-12 7.90E-12 9.80E-12 1.54E-11
25 1.24E-11 9.00E-12 1.86E-11 1.93E-11 6 10.51 10.57 9.26 10.00
30 1.75E-11 2.22E-11 2.89E-11 2.27E-11
40 1.94E-11 2.37E-11 4.63E-11 5.47E-11 9 11.13 10.60 11.97 9.88
50 3.50E-11 5.93E-10 5.58E-11 6.95E-11
7.00E-10 10 9.14 8.88 8.95 10.29
6.00E-10
12 12.17 12.97 13.43 11.50
DIFFUSIVITY
5.00E-10
4.00E-10
3.00E-10 20 14.37 16.81 14.22 14.69
2.00E-10
1.00E-10 30 14.01 16.34 17.20 17.65
0.00E+00
0 20 40 60 40 16.58 16.85 19.35 18.11
TIME PERIOD
50 14.15 20.06 21.62 18.22
CFRP CFRP CFRP CFRP
Figure-8. Graph of capacitance results in CFRP
The capacitance of various loaded

specimens are compared and is noted that
556
30
20 The Percentage weight gain(of

moisture) was compared for various loads. It is
10
noted that the percentage weight gain is
0 increasing with respect to time indicating more
0 20 40 60 moisture is absorbed after two months compared
to first month in almost all the cases. The
GFRP 30% loading GFRP without load
moisture absorption of CFRP specimen is
GFRP 70% loading GFRP 50% loading comparatively low so more time to degrade. The
reason for increasing the weight gain is that with
Figure-9. Graph of percentage weight gain in time the pores of epoxy will loosen due to given
GFRP hygrothermal load giving way to moisture.
Table-7. Percentage weight gain in CFRP MICRO HARDNESS OF BENDING

laminated specimen SPECIMEN
CFRP CFRP CFRP CFRP Table-8. Micro-hardness results in GFRP

Time laminated specimen
30% 50% 70% without
period
loading loading loading load
GFRP GFRP GFRP GFRP
Time
3 4.39 3.71 3.88 3.80 30% without 70% 50%
period
loading load loading loading
6 3.48 3.25 3.55 3.00
3 14.75 13.78 15.71 12.85
9 3.80 4.04 4.80 3.98
6 12.81 12.56 13.63 12.79
10 4.26 4.51 4.44 4.10
9 11.95 11.92 12.97 11.60
12 4.75 4.08 5.91 3.94
10 11.12 11.42 12.24 11.10
20 6.05 7.09 4.83 4.83
12 10.42 10.84 11.55 10.88
30 8.34 8.53 7.87 7.07
20 10.34 10.60 10.93 9.74
40 9.45 10.89 9.46 8.39
25 10.16 10.03 10.44 9.70
50 7.22 11.51 10.16 11.58
30 9.96 9.69 9.66 9.58
15
40 9.66 9.55 9.42 9.01
10
5 50 8.22 9.36 8.63 8.91
0
0 20 40 60
CFRP 30% loading CFRP 50% loadING

CFRP 70% loading CFRP without load
Figure-10. Graph of percentage weight gain in

CFRP
557
20 treatment due to hardening of epoxy with
absorption of water and micro hardness of GFRP
15 specimen is same at the end of exposure duration.
10 %AREA FRACTION OF BENDING

LAMINATE
5
Table-10. Percentage area fraction for bending
0
0 20 40 60 specimen
GFRP 30% loading GFRP without load %area %area %area %area
fraction of fraction fraction fraction of
GFRP 70% loading GFRP 50% loading Time period
fibre of fibre of epoxy epoxy
(GFRP) (CFRP) (GFRP) (CFRP)
Figure-11. Graph of micro-hardness in GFRP Initial 69.2 68.8 30.8 31.2
Table-9. Micro-hardness results in CFRP 30% loading

67.3 64.1 32.7 35.9
laminated specimen (month 1)
30% loading
CFRP CFRP CFRP CFRP 67.8 57.8 42.2 42.2
Time (month 2)
30% 50% 70% without
period
loading loading loading load 50% loading
3 14.53 15.84 12.84 12.79 67.3 60.7 32.7 39.3
(month 1)
6 11.70 10.66 11.91 12.22
9 11.35 10.63 11.46 12.07 50% loading
60.9 51.3 39.1 48.7
10 10.66 10.51 11.25 11.23 (month 2)
12 10.59 14.50 11.15 10.94
70% loading
20 10.44 10.31 10.84 10.37 (month 1)
66.2 62.6 33.8 37.4
25 9.41 10.27 9.90 9.96
30 9.39 9.38 9.48 8.75 70% loading
65.8 63 34.2 37
40 8.94 8.49 9.33 8.69 (month 2)
50 8.40 7.11 9.07 8.60
20
15
30% loading 70%loading
10
50%loading
5
70
0
% AREA OF FRACTION
0 20 40 60 65
60
CFRP 30% loading CFRP 50% loading
55
CFRP 70% loading CFRP without load
50
0 1 2 3 4
Figure-12. Graph of micro-hardness in CFRP TIME PERIOD
The micro hardness readings of GFRP

and CFRP laminates specimen decreased when Figure-13 Graph for area of fraction of GFRP
compared to initial readings before hygrothermal
558
specimen decrease. It was also observed that with
time %area of fraction of fibre decreases.
REFERENCES
30% loading 70%loading
[1] Toshio Ogasawara, Yuichi Ishida and
50%loading Tetsuokasa I [2009],Mechanical properties of
carbon fiber /fullerene -dispersed epoxy
80
composites science and technology ,vol.69,issues
% AREA OF FRACTION
60 11-12,pp.2002.2007
[2] S.K.Panigrahi and B.Pradhan[2009], through
40 the width delamination damage propagation
characteristics in single lap laminated FRP
20
composite joints, vol.29,issue 2, International
0 journal of adhesion and adhesives.
0 1 2 3 4 [3] Hiroshi Saito and Isao Kimpara[2009],
Damage evolution behavior of CFRP laminates
TIME PERIOD
under post impact fatigue with water absorption
environment, composites science and technology
,volume 69,issue 6,pp.847-855
[4] Buket O Kutan ,Ramazankarakuzu[2009],the
failure strength for pin loaded multi directional
fiber glass reinforced epoxy laminate, journal of
composite materials ,vol.36 and pp.2695-2712
Figure-14 Graph for area of fraction of CFRP [5] S.Yashiro and K.Ogil[2009],fracture behavior
in CFRP cross play laminates with initially cut
The GFRP bending specimen fibres, applied and manufacturing.
percentage area fraction for 50%UTL GFRP [6] Xiaodong Shi ,Braian R.Hinderliter and Stuart
specimen shows decreasing whereas for 70% G.Croll[2009],environmental and time
UTL CFRP bending specimen percentage area dependence of moisture transportation in an
fraction is almost same after one month and for epoxy coating and its significance for accelerated
70% UTL GFRP specimen decreasing after one weathering ,presented at the coating tech
conference Indianapolis.
month [7] CHuhne,A-K-Zerbst, G.Kuhlmann, C.Huhne,
C.Steenbock and R.Rofles[2009], progressive
damage analysis of composite bolted joints with
liquid slim layers using constant and continuous
CONCLUSION degradation models , composite structures
,vol.92,issue 2,pp.189-200.
Moisture diffusivity of GFRP [8] F.Elgabbas, A.A.Ei-Ghandour,
specimen is decreasing relatively with time for all A.A.Abdelrahman and A.S.Ei-Dieb [2009],
specimens whereas for CFRP specimen decrease Different CFRP strengthening techniques for
is almost same for all materials and after one prestressed hollow core concrete slabs:
month moisture diffusivity of CFRP specimen Experimental study analytical investigation ,
has decreased. composite structures , vol.92, issue 2,pp.401-411
[9] R.M.O
Capacitance of CFRP specimen had not attained Higgins,M.A.Mccarthy[2008],Comparison of
open hole tension characteristics of high strength
saturation as water absorption is slow and the
glass and carbon fiber –Reinforced composite
capacitance was increasing with time. materials ,composite science and technology
,vol.68, issue 13,pp.2770-2778
The reduction in strength and damage in fibre is [10] Alaattin Aktas and Ibrahim Uzun [2008], sea
investigated using SEM. It was observed that water effect on pinned glass fiber composite
with increase in %weight gain, micro hardness of materials,volume 85,pp.59-63
[11] Thomas Schambron, Adrian Lowe and
Helen V.Mcgregor[2008], Effects of
559
environmental ageing on the static and cyclic composites, vol.128, iisue3, Journal of
bending properties of braided carbon fiber /PEEK engineering materials and technology
bone plates ,composites part B ,engineering [22] E.C.Botelho, L.C pardini and M.C.Rezende
vol.399,issue7-8, pp.368-380 [2006], Hygrothermal effects on the shear
[12] B. Kolesnkov, L. Herbeck and A.Fink properties of carbon fibre/epoxy composites,
[2008], CFRP/titanium hybrid material for volume 41, pp7111-7118.
improving composite bolted joints, composite [23] J.Lee and C.Southis [2005],Thickness and
structures, vol.83, issue 4,pp.368-380. compressive strength of T800/924C carbon fibre-
[13] Z. Sereir and E.A. Adda-Bedia[2007],Use of epoxy laminates, applied science and
hybrid composites for reduction of hygroscopic manufacturing, vol. 36,issue2,pp,213-227.
stresses at the edge of plates exposed to the [24] X.W.Wag.I.Pont
symmetrical environmental conditions, materials Lezica,J.M.Harris,F.J.Guild and
and design , volume 28, Issue2, pp.448-458. M.J.Pavier[2005], compressive failure of
[14] Sung-Choong Woo and Nak-Sam Choi composite laminates containing multiple
[2007], Analysis of fracture process in single delamination,vol.65, issue 2, pp.191-
edge notched laminated composites based on the 200,composites sciences and technology
high amplitude acoustic emission events, [25] W.J.Hwang, Y.T.Park and W.Hwag [2005],
composite science and technology, volume 67, strength of fibre reinforced metal laminates with
Issue 7-8, ppl.1451-1458. a circular hole, metal and material international
[15] Xi Liu and Guoping Wang [2007], journal, vol.11, pp.197-204
Progressive failure analysis of bonded composite [26] Jorge Borges De Almeida [2005], Analytical
repairscomposite structures, volume 81, Issue 3, and experimental study on the evolution of
pp331-340. residual stresses in composite material,
[16] K.Nakatani, S Kubo, T Sakagani, University of Porto
D.Shiozawz and M. Takagi [2007], an [27] Filiz Civgin [2005], Analysis of composit
experimental study on the identification of bars in torsion,Dukezeylul University
delamination in a composite material by the [28] M.Raghavendra1. C.M. Manjunatha2.M.
passive electric potential CT method, volume 18, Jeeva Peter3, C.V.Venugopal and H.K.Rangvittal
pp 49-56. Measurement science and technology. [2004], Effect of moisture on the mechanical
[17] Myung- Gonkim, Sang_Gukkang , Chun- properties of GFRP composite fabric material,
Gon Kim and Cheol-Won Kong [2007].tensile International Symposium of Research Students
response of graphite/epoxy composites at low on Material Science and Engineering
temperatures, composite structures, vol.79, issue [29] Z.Zou, S.R.Reid and S.Li[2003], A
1, pp84-89 continuum damage model of delaminations in
[18] M. De Freitas and R.De Cavalho [2006] , laminated composites , journal of the mechanics
Residual strength of a damaged laminated CFRP and physics of solids ,volume 51, Issue 2, pp.333-
under compressive fatigue stresses, Composites 356
science and technology, volume 66, ISSUE 3-4, [30] B.Pradhan and D.Chakraborthy [2002],
PP 373-378 Fracture behavior of FRP composite laminates
[19] Z.Sereir, E.A.Adda-Bedia and with embedded two interacting delamination at
A.Tounsi[2006]. Effect of temperature on the the interface, vol.21,pp681-698, Journal of
hygrothermal behavior of unidirectional reinforced plastics and composites
laminated plates with asymmetrical [31] Buket Okutan [2002], Effect of geometrics
environmental conditions, Composite structures parameters on the failure strength for pin-loaded
,volume 72, Issue 3, pp383-392. multi-loaded multi-directional fibre-glass
[20] B.Pradhan and S.K.Panda[2006] the reinforced epoxy laminate,composites part-B
influence of ply sequence and thermos elastic engineering, vol.33, issue 8, and pp.567-578
stress field on asymmetric delamination crack [32] K.L Singh, B.Datta Guru, TS Ramamurthy
growth behavior of embedded elliptical and PD Mangalgiri [2000], Delamination
delaminations in laminated FRP composites, tolerance studies in laminated composites panels,
vol66, issue 3-4, pp 417-426, composites science vol. 25, pp.409-422
and technology. [33] M. A. Aiello and L. Ombre [2000],
[21] Brajabandhu Pradhan, Saroja Kanta Panda Environmental effects on the mechanical
[2006], effect of material isotropy and curing properties of glass-Frp and aramid-FRP rebar,
stresses on interface lamination propagation Mechanics of Composites Material, vol. 36
characteristics in multiple laminated FRP
560
[34] H,J.Lin, C.C.Tsai and J.S.Shie [1995],
Failure analysis of woven fabric composites with
moulded in holes , composites science and
technology, vol.55, issue 3,pp.231-239
[35] Sergio Franscino Muller De Almeida and
Zabulon Dos Santos Nogueira Neto [1994],
Effect of void content on the strength of
composite materials, composite structures,
vol.28, issue 2, pp139-148
[36] C.Soutis . N.A.Fleck and P.T. Curtis [1991],
Hole interaction in carbon fibre/epoxy laminates
under uniaxial compression ,composites. Vol.14,
issue 1,pp.31-38
[37] S.Kellas, J.Mortan and P.T.Curtis [1990],
the effect of hygrothermal environments upon the
tensile and compressive strength of notched
CFRP laminates part 1: static loading composites
, vol.21,issue 2, and pp.41-51
[38] C.Soutis and N.A.Fleck [1990], static
compression failure of carbon fibre T800/924
composite plate with a single hole, Journal of
Composite material, volume 24, Issue 5,pp.536-
558
[39] Hole in a laminated composite plate,
composite structure article in press.
[40] R.T.Potter [1985], the interaction of impact
damage and tapered thickness sections in CFRP,
composites, vol.3, isuue 3-4, pp.319-339
[41] D.Purslow and R.T.Potter [1984], The effect
of environment on the compression strength of
notched CFRP a fractographic investigation,
composites, Vol.15, issue2,pp.112-120.
561
INVESTIGATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTY
EVALUATION OF JUTE-GLASS FIBRE REINFORCED
HYBRID EPOXY COMPOSITE
R.Praveen Kumar1, A.R.Sivaram1, N.Baranitambachyavaradarajan2 Dr.R.Rajavel3
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, AMET University, Chennai.
2
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, SAVEETHA University, Chennai
3
Professor and Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, AMET University, Chennai.
ABSTRACT
In recent years, Natural fibers being used widely in Engineering and Technological fields. Natural
fibers like jute, sisal, hemp, lufa, coir, banana, oil palm, flax etc., which are derived from annually
renewable resources, are compatible with the environment. In an effort to develop a Superior but economical
composite, a natural fiber can be combined with a synthetic fiber in the same matrix material which gives
well advantage of the properties of both the fibers. This project deals with the mechanical testing of tensile,
impact and flexural properties of alkali treated woven jute natural fiber and woven glass fiber reinforced
epoxy composite has been evaluated experimentally. Hand lap up method is used to fabricate the jute-glass
fiber laminates of hybrid epoxy composite with Iron-Oxide/Ferric-Oxide (Fe2O3) as a filler material.
Specimen preparation and testing carried out as per ASTM standards.
Keywords: Natural Fiber, Epoxy Composite, Ferric-Oxide (Fe2O3)
I. INTRODUCTION combined with a synthetic fiber in the same
A composite is a material which is matrix material which yields hybrid composite
produced by the combination of two or more to attain a cheap price.
different materials with a distinct interface II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
between superior to the original. The A. Materials
constituent materials maintain their separate The jute and glass fiber were cut
identities in the composite, yet their into the size of (300x300) mm with
combination produces properties and different stacking sequence of specific
fiber orientation and jute fiber soaked
characteristics that are superior to those of the
in 5% of NaOH for 2hrs. Materials
constituents. One of the constituents forms a
used here is
continuous phase and is called the matrix. The
1. Jute fiber
other major constituent is reinforcement in the
2. Glass fiber
form of fibers or particulates that is in general
3. Epoxy resin (LY556)
added to the matrix to enhance matrix
4. Hardener (Aradur LY951)
properties. In most of the cases, reinforcement
5. Filler material (Ferric oxide –
is harder, stronger and stiffer than the matrix. Fe2O3)
In an effort to develop a superior and 1) Jute Fiber
economical composite, a natural fiber can be Jute (the golden fiber) is a
562
DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF NOVEL REMOTE
CONTROLLED ELECTRICALLY OPERATED HYDRAULIC JACK
Deepa A*1a, Naveenkrishna B1b and Sagarnath G1c
1
School of Mechanical Engineering, VIT University, Vellore, India
a
*Professor, [email protected]
b
[email protected]
c
[email protected]
ABSTRACT
Now a days, people have a penchant for luxury, comfort and safety in each and every aspect of their lives
provided money and technology available with the mankind. This project aims towards reducing the physical effort by
humans to lift an automobile by automating the Hydraulic Jack through coupling it with a wiper motor and a radio
frequency (RF) module. It works on the mechanism of conversion of rotatory motion of the wiper motor into the
reciprocating motion of the hydraulic jack‘s plunger. The functioning of the motor being controlled by the RF module and
a remote, through simple push of a button one could lift a heavy vehicle thereby reducing the physical effort considerably.
A prototype illustrating the aforementioned mechanism was designed and fabricated. Also, it was tested and its functioning
can be successfully illustrated.
Keywords: Hydraulic, Remote, Design, Four-bar and Jack
INTRODUCTION which requires negligible physical effort to lift a hefty

load in the most comfortable manner.
In this project fluid power technology is
integrated with electronics to control the hydraulic Hydraulic Jack
components and systems of a car jack. An alternate source
of energy was provided by taking the power from wiper A hydraulic jack uses an incompressible fluid,
motor to drive the hydraulic jack automatically that will which is forced into a cylinder by a pump plunger and
substantially reduce the physical burden. hence is based on the force generated by pressure. The
plunger, when pulled back, draws oil out of the reservoir
The underlying principle is, converting rotatory through a suction check valve into the pump chamber and
motion of the wiper motor into the reciprocating motion of when moved forward, it pushes the oil through a discharge
the hydraulic jack plunger which was done by using a four check valve into the cylinder. In this case, a bottle
bar link designed based on Freudenstein equation. The jack replaces the hydraulic jack as it resembles a bottle in
crank of the four bar link is connected to the motor and the shape, having a cylindrical body and a neck, from which
rocker acts as the hydraulic jack plunger. When the crank the hydraulic ram emerges. In the bottle jack, a vertical
is being rotated by the motor, the rocker or the jack piston directly supports a bearing pad that supports the
plunger reciprocates. The plunger is first drawn back, object being lifted. With a single action of the piston, the
which opens the suction valve ball within the hydraulic lift is slightly less than twice the collapsed height of the
jack and draws oil into the pump chamber. As the plunger jack.
is pushed forward, the oil moves through an external
discharge check valve into the cylinder chamber, and the Wiper Motor
suction valve closes, which results in pressure building
A wiper motor employs the combination of two
within the cylinder. However, because one cylinder has mechanical technologies which are, a combination of
larger area compared to other, the force produced by the electric motor and worm gear reduction that powers the
larger cylinder is higher, although the pressure in the two wipers and a neat linkage that converts the rotational
cylinders remains the same allowing the jack to lift hefty output of the motor into to and fro motion of the wipers.
loads. In this project, the linkage is a four bar mechanism that is
connected to jack plunger and the rotational output of
It is mainly focused towards assisting the ones motor is converted into the reciprocating motion of jack
physically weak and to ease the physical effort required to plunger.
It takes a lot of force to accelerate the wipers
lift a weight using a jack. Briefly, a system was developed
back and forth across the windshield so quickly and a
832
worm gear is used on the output of a small electric motor c – b  3
to serve this purpose. The worm gear multiplies the torque
of the motor by fifty times, while slowing the output of 10 – b  3
the electric motor by same number as well. The output of b  7
the gear reduction operates a linkage that moves the
hydraulic jack plunger back and forth. Therefore, b was assumed to be 6 cm.
Four bar Mechanism
Now, to check the assumptions, Freudenstien equation is
The four bar mechanism was designed using
used
Freudenstein equation, that results from an analytical
approach towards analysis and design of four-link
mechanisms which, along with its variants, are present in R1 cos()  R2 cos( )  R3  cos    
a large number of machines used in daily life. An RF
module based remote is used to control the wiper motor Where
which in turn controls the jack.
An optimal synthesis of a four-bar linkage by
1
method of controlled deviations was adapted. The R1 
advantage of this approximate method is that it allows d
control of motion of the coupler in the four-bar linkage so 1
R2 
that the path of the coupler is in the prescribed b
environment around the given path on the segment
(1  b2 – c 2  d 2 )
observed. R3 
2bd
Now,
DESIGN APPROACH
R1  0.0667
A four bar crank rocker Mechanism was
R2  0.167
employed to convert the rotating motion from the motor to
linear motion of the piston and the lengths of rocker (d) R3  0.9
and the distance between fixed points (a) was assumed to
be 15 and 18 cm respectively. The lengths of the crank (b) By Freudenstien equation,
and connecting rod (c) are calculated using the Grashoff‘s
Law and Freudenstien equation.   34
Firstly, by Grashoff‘s Law, The transmission Angle came out to be 34° and
the lengths of the crank, connecting link, rocker and fixed
d  c  a  b link are 6, 10, 15 and 18 cm respectively.
15  c  18  b
c – b  3
CAD MODELLING
b  c  a  d
b  c  18  15 The whole setup was designed in Solidworks for
simulation and later analysis.
b  c  33
To satisfy the inequality, assume
c  10
Now,
833
Figure-3. Front view of the model subjected to static
stress in ANSYS 14.0 workbench.
Figure-1. Solid Oblique view of the CAD model
Figure-4. Oblique view of the hydraulic jack model

subjected to static stress in ANSYS 14.0 workbench.
The calculations based on ANSYS 14.0 static stress

analysis results are depicted below.
The ultimate strength of the material divided by
its factor of safety gives the allowable stress
SM
SW 
Figure-2. Wireframe oblique view of the Solidworks CAD FS
model.
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS
The numerical stress analysis of the CAD model
was performed using Finite Element based software
package ANSYS 14.0 .The equivalent stress developed
was determined and is shown below in figures 3 and 4.
When the ultimate Strength of the material is
834
within narrow limits, as for structural steel for which Max Height: 270 mm
tests of samples have been made, when load is
entirely a steady one of a known value, the factor of Lifting Height: 120 mm
safety should be adopted as 3.
Net weight: 3.3 kg
Testing the Design

Wiper Motor
Factor of safety is, FS = 3
Operating voltage: 12 V
Ultimate Yield Stress for AISI1045 Cold Drawn
Operating Current: 30 Amp
Steel is, 77000 psi = 53.089 × 107 Pa
Maximum Equivalent Yield Stress calculated from

ANSYS 14.0 is, 7.4113 × 107 Pa RF Module
Therefore, working stress is, 17.653 × 107 Pa FS1000A Wireless Radio Transmitting Module
7 7
Since, 7.4113 × 10 < 17.653 × 10 , Operating Voltage: 2.5 V to 12 V
Hence, the design is proven safe. Operating Current: 4mA @ 5V, 15mA @ 9V
Quiescent Current: 10uA
FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY Modulation: ASK

The required hydraulic jack was chosen Max. Data Rate: 9.6K
according to the load, it was connected to the wiper
motor of an according load rating and then finally the RF Power: 20 mW at 5V
components were assembled on a frame to make the
device compact and portable. The portable hydraulic
jack selected has a 3 ton capacity. The pumping unit
is connected to the hydraulic jack by means of a rigid CALCULATIONS
connecting flat 150 mm long and acts as a rocker in
four bar mechanism. The crank of the Four bar The hydraulic jack consists of a handle cum
mechanism is connected to the wiper motor. The
lever of 15 cm length and an assembly of
approximate lift of the ram is 90 to 120 mm. The
pumping unit is a single plunger type with a aforementioned dimensions. In order to determine the
detachable handle. The unit is fixed on a metal frame force exerted on the handle,
base which is fastened with supporting bars. The
wiper motor using a worm gear reduction is Area of cross section of the larger piston
connected to an RF module and a remote containing
the Transmitter module controls the motor.   0.05
2
d2
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF A    0.0196 m2
PROTOTYPE 4 4
Hydraulic Jack Figure-5. Cross-section of hydraulic jack with

dimensions
Capacity: 3 Tons
835
Pressure of the hydraulic fluid under the lowered by pressure release valve which is provided
piston should be such as to balance the force applied on the pumping unit.
on the piston. So,
Results from Stress Analysis
The CAD model of the prototype was
20  1000
P   10.18  106 N / m2 generated using SolidWorks and then imported to
0.0196 ANSYS 14.0 for analysis. A static structural analysis
was done on the model. The material selected was
The force exerted on the smaller piston must be
AISI 1045 Cold Drawn Steel. Keeping the base of the
model as fixed support, a force of 20 kN was applied
 d2
Fp  P  at the plunger of the Hydraulic Jack. Secondary
4 forces of 9.2 kN and 60 N were applied at the rocker
   0.015
2
arm and connecting link respectively. The model was
 10.18  10  6
then meshed and solved. Equivalent stress was
4 calculated and the model was well within the
 1800 N permissible stress limits for the desired factor of
safety. Therefore the design was considered safe.
The force desired to be exerted at the handle of lever
should be
25
Fh  1800   300 N
150
The torque required
T  300  0.15  45 N  m
Torque supplied by motor

P 360  60
T    230 N  m
2 N₁ 2    15
Figure-6. Assembled prototype of the hydraulic jack.
Hence Torque supplied is good enough for
functioning of the model. CONCLUSION
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A handy and compact model of a remote

controlled electrically operated hydraulic jack was
Testing the Prototype designed, developed and fabricated to serve the
people thereby reducing the physical burden of using
The standard voltage requirement for the car jacks manually.
wiper motor, 12 volts DC, is supplied by means of a
battery. Since the motor uses only what it needs, so
It is also possible that the wiper motor can
the need to bother about battery getting weaker is
unnecessary in this operation. After attaining the be replaced by stepper motor to have more torque and
required lift, using remote, further motion can be less space consumption resulting in reduction of
halted and the operation can be carried out. Once the weight and cost, also the range of operation can be
task is performed, by remote control, the jack can be increased.
836
Thus, this model is a limelight of its kind
with limited number of links and rather simple
mechanism that could serve mankind by making the
life easier.
REFERENCES
[1] K. Sainath, Mohd Jibran Baig, Mohd

Sulahuddin, July 2014, Design of Mechanical
Hyadraulic Jack, IOSR Journal of Engineering
ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719
Vol.4, Issue 7.
[2] Tian Hongyu, Zhang Ziyi, 2011, Design and
Simulation based on Pro/E for a Hydraulic Lift
Platform in Scissors Type, Procedia Engineering,
16, pp.772 – 781.
[3] Ghosal. A, 2010, The Freudenstein equation:
Design of four-link mechanisms, Resonance,
Vol. 15, pp. 699-710.
[4] K. L. Kumar, January 2008, Engineering Fluid
Mechanics - 8th Edition, S. Chand Limited.
[5] R. Bulatovic, S. Djordjevic, 2004, Optimal
synthesis of a four-bar linkage by method of
controlled deviation, Theoretical and Applied
Mechanics, Vol. 31. pp. 265-280.
[6] S. R. Majumdar, 2002, Oil Hydraulics Systems:
Principles and Maintenance, Tata McGraw-Hill
Education.
[7] Freudenstein. F, April 1954, An Analytical
Approach to the Design of Four-Link
Mechanisms, ASME Trans., 76(3), pp. 483–492.
[8] www.astm.org/Standards/E8.
[9] Neil Sclater, Nicholas P. Chironis,
Mechanisms and Mechanical Devices
Sourcebook – Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill
Education.
837
View publication stats

Conferencepreceedings

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Conferencepreceedings

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Conferencepreceedings

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

EFFECT OF HYGROTHERMAL LOADING ON LAMINATED COMPOSITES

Conference Paper · April 2016

Padmanabhan Krishnan Deepa Akepati

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

MS thesis project. View project

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

INTRODUCTION fabricated according to ASTM standards and is

The specimens are placed in water bath and

TESTING METHODS USED Figure-2. LCR meter

1. Tensile testing: 3. Micro hardness test

Figure-1. Tensile laminate composite

Delamination and fibre pull-out are the failure CALCULATION OF APPARENT

Le- length of the specimen

M1-moisture content at time t1

M2-moisture content at time t2

Mm- %weight gain from above equation

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The initial specimen had a fine and

W2 is weight of dry specimen

Figure-5. Graph for moisture diffusivity of

CFRP CFRP CFRP7 CFRP

0.02 40 9.30E-11 7.74E-11 8.36E-11 7.52E-11

CFRP 30%loading CFRP 50%loading

Figure-6. Graph for moisture diffusivity in

6.00E-11 course of time i.e. after 40days in GFRP and 50

Table-5. Capacitance results in CFRP laminate PERCENTAGE WEIGTH GAIN OF

CFRP CFRP CFRP CFRP Table-6. percentage weight gain results of

Figure-8. Graph of capacitance results in CFRP

The capacitance of various loaded

20 The Percentage weight gain(of

Table-7. Percentage weight gain in CFRP MICRO HARDNESS OF BENDING

CFRP CFRP CFRP CFRP Table-8. Micro-hardness results in GFRP

CFRP 30% loading CFRP 50% loadING

Figure-10. Graph of percentage weight gain in

10 %AREA FRACTION OF BENDING

Figure-11. Graph of micro-hardness in GFRP Initial 69.2 68.8 30.8 31.2

Table-9. Micro-hardness results in CFRP 30% loading

The micro hardness readings of GFRP

Keywords: Hydraulic, Remote, Design, Four-bar and Jack

INTRODUCTION which requires negligible physical effort to lift a hefty

To satisfy the inequality, assume

Figure-1. Solid Oblique view of the CAD model

Figure-4. Oblique view of the hydraulic jack model

The calculations based on ANSYS 14.0 static stress

When the ultimate Strength of the material is

Testing the Design

Maximum Equivalent Yield Stress calculated from

Quiescent Current: 10uA

FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY Modulation: ASK

Hydraulic Jack Figure-5. Cross-section of hydraulic jack with

The torque required

Torque supplied by motor

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A handy and compact model of a remote

[1] K. Sainath, Mohd Jibran Baig, Mohd

View publication stats

You might also like