American Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications

2018; 6(1): 23-29

http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajesa
doi: 10.11648/j.ajesa.20180601.14
ISSN: 2376-6069 (Print); ISSN: 2376-6085 (Online)

Micro-controller Based Mobile Weather Monitor System

Abubakar Ibrahim Musa1, *, Sulaiman Muhammad Bashir2
1
National Centre for Petroleum Research and Development (Energy Commission of Nigeria), Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi,
Nigeria
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Abubakatar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria

Email address:
*
Corresponding author

To cite this article:

Abubakar Ibrahim Musa, Sulaiman Muhammad Bashir. Micro-controller Based Mobile Weather Monitor System. American Journal of
Embedded Systems and Applications. Vol. 6, No. 1, 2018, pp. 23-29. doi: 10.11648/j.ajesa.20180601.14

Received: May 1, 2018; Accepted: June 4, 2018; Published: June 15, 2018

Abstract: Stored data and records of weather parameter like temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, wind
speed measured remotely by using appropriate sensors is important in environmental, weather monitoring and many industrial
processes. A device for weather monitoring through measuring, processing and recording is developed to monitor and display
the atmospheric temperature, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed. The aim is to design and
implement mobile weather monitoring system that can be remotely used. The materials that were used including: Anemometer
(wind speed sensor), DHT11 (temperature and relative humidity sensor), MPX5100AP (pressure sensor), LDR (Light
Dependent Resistor) for light intensity 16x2 LCD (Liquid Cristal Display), a microcontroller, and a Memory Card (MMC). At
the end, a weather monitoring system was implemented and it was used to monitor five weather parameters and store in the
memory Card.
Keywords: Weather Monitoring. Sensors, Mobile, Microcontroller, Light Intensity, Atmospheric Temperature,
Atmospheric Pressure, Relative Humidity, Solar Radiation and Wind Speed Memory Card (MMC)

1. Introduction
Weather Monitoring System (WMS) is a device help to human activities such as fossil- fuel combustion and
keep track of weather parameters. Before now, people have deforestation are changing the Earth’s climate (IPCC 2013).
been carrying out the same objectives using different devices, It is likewise clear that these changes have affected and will
such as satellite, radar until the modern method which is the continue to affect human society, natural ecosystems, and
application of microcontrollers. The device has units as managed ecosystems (IPCC 2013). An extensive body of
microcontroller, Liquid Crystal Display, power source and evidence shows that climate change will continue to have
parameters from sensors will be processed by microcontroller direct and indirect effects on food production throughout the
display on LCD and store in external memory for future next century [2].
purposes. Weather monitoring system is having much Climate and weather have demonstrable effects on food
usefulness particularly in Communication, Transportation prices, transportation infrastructure, and the costs and
and Agriculture. In Agriculture for example, weather plays a operations of food distributors, affecting food access and
major role in determining the success of agricultural pursuits. stability. Food access is strongly influenced by additional
Most field crops are dependent solely upon weather to factors outside of the food system, such as household
provide life-sustaining water and energy. Livestock are also income. The adaptive capacity of food access to changes in
dependent upon weather for their comfort and food supplies. climate is potentially very high but varies enormously
The connections among weather, climate, and food between high-income and low income countries and
production have long been recognized and studied. Over the individuals, between urban and rural populations, and the
last several decades, it has become increasingly clear that ways in which each of these develops in the future [1].
24 Abubakar Ibrahim Musa and Sulaiman Muhammad Bashir: Micro-controller Based Mobile Weather Monitor System

The proper knowledge of weather will help us to know the Technology.

type of crops that can grow in a particular area at a particular Edgar et al. worked on portable weather system for
time. In this 21st century, weather monitoring holds great measuring and monitoring temperature, relative humidity and
importance and have uses in several areas ranging from pressure based on Bluetooth communication. The system was
keeping track of agricultural field weather conditions to divided into subsystems; main control, weather measure
industrial conditions monitoring. Weather monitoring would control and Bluetooth control. Main control is responsible for
help in keeping track of different climatic behaviours initializing and prioritizing of processor tasks. Weather
including atmospheric temperature, atmospheric pressure, control is responsible for calibrating and controlling the
relative humidity, wind speed, and wind direction, light sensor in the system. It also computes the relative humidity,
intensity, rain gauge and many more. The art of weather average temperature, pressure and altitude. Bluetooth control
monitoring and weather forecasting began with early is responsible for calibrating and handling Bluetooth
civilizations using reoccurring astronomical and communication. It looks for Bluetooth devices in its vicinity
meteorological events to help them monitor seasonal changes to establish communication and data transfer [3].
in the weather. Around 650 B.C., the Babylonians tried to Nhivekar and Mudholker developed data logger and
predict short-term weather changes based on the appearance remote monitoring system for multiple parameter
of clouds and optical phenomena such as haloes. By 300 measurement applications. They used ATMEGA32
B.C., Chinese astronomers had developed a calendar that microcontrollers with two physical parameter sensors (LM
divided the year into 24 festivals, each festival associated 35 and module SY – HS 220, temperature and relative
with a different type of weather [15]. humidity sensor respectively). LCD 16 by 2 to display the
Around 340 B.C., the Greek philosopher Aristotle wrote a received data by the microcontroller, multi media memory
book titled “Meteorological”, a philosophical treatise that card (MMC) give non volatile storage for the system, then
included theories about the formation of rain, clouds, hail, TTL to RS 232 converter to interface the microcontroller to
wind, thunder, lightning, and hurricanes. In addition, topics mobile phone and personal computer with the help of
such as astronomy, geography, and chemistry were also graphical user interface (GUI) software. [4]
addressed. Aristotle made some remarkably acute Iswanto et al worked on Weather Monitoring System with
observations concerning the weather, along with some remote radio frequency wireless communication. They used
significant errors, and his four-volume text was considered speed sensor opto-coupler for wind sensor, LM35 for
by many to be the authority on weather theory for almost temperature sensor, LDR for light intensity, LCD, ATmega16
2000 years. Although many of Aristotle’s claims were as microcontroller and RS232 (serial level converter) as well
erroneous, it was not until about the 17th century that many as Rf-1020U as transmitter and receiver. Their aim was to
of his ideas were overthrown [16] design and construct a system that will measure temperature,
Throughout the centuries, attempts have been made to wind speed and light intensity but their major challenge is the
produce forecasts based on weather lore and personal distance it can cover. [5]
observations. However, by the end of the Renaissance, it had Nandar et al. implemented a microcontroller based
become increasingly evident that the speculations of the wireless weather station, aimed at developing simple,
natural philosophers were inadequate and that greater inexpensive and reliable wireless weather station. They used
knowledge was necessary to further our understanding of the MPX4115A as pressure sensor, DHT11 as temperature and
atmosphere. In order to do this, instruments were needed to relative humidity sensor and potentiometer as wind direction
measure the properties of the atmosphere, such as moisture, sensor, LCD, RF module and PIC18F452 as microcontroller
temperature, and pressure. The first known design in western [6].
civilization is hygrometer, an instrument to measure the Neha et al developed a wireless weather monitoring
humidity of air, was described by Nicholas Cusa (German) in system using global system for mobile-communication
the mid-fifteenth century. Galileo Galilei (Italian) invented an (GSM). The system was divided into two parts: Transmitter
early thermometer in 1592 or shortly thereafter; and and Receiver’s part. The transmitter unit consists of weather
Evangelista Torricelli (Italian) invented the barometer for sensors, microcontroller, and GSM while the receiver’s unit
measuring atmospheric pressure in 1643 [17] consists of a personal computer (PC) interfaced with GSM
through PC serial port. The data from the sensors are
2. Literature Review collected by the microcontroller and transmit to the receiver’s
section through wireless medium. These parameters are
A lot of research works were conducted in the areas of viewed at the PC using graphical user interface (GUI)
weather monitoring over the past decades. Some of the programme in the receiver’s side [7].
research works are hereby reviewed, taking into Jemilehin and Obiyemi also worked on weather
consideration their major components used, their sizes and monitoring by developing a mobile based online weather
their costs. Various researchers used different transceivers monitoring system with disaster alert. The system can be
in transmitting parameters from transmitting unit to used to remotely monitor weather variation for proper
receiving unit. Among them are those that used RF module, management of climate related disaster through the use of
Bluetooth, Short Message Service (SMS) and ZigBee early warning system. They harnesses the wide network
 American Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications 2018; 6(1): 23-29 25

capability of the internet to stream weather information from Tanmay et al. developed a weather monitoring system
weather station to a remote online server via a GSM modem, using Wi-Fi. They used readily available sensors for
where the information is harvested by the mobile phone temperature, pressure and humidity measurement whereas
applications assigned for it. The setup was divided into three wind-speed, wind direction and rainfall were measured
sections: the Node, the Storage/Server, and the mobile using rotary encoder, opto-coupler, tipping bucket
application [8]. technique respectively. The measured data were processed
Setu et al, make use of ZigBee technology to develop using microcontroller-based system and made available
weather monitoring system. In their work, they divided the wirelessly on the server for storage and access continuously
system into two sections; transmitter and receiver section. [14].
The transmitter section consists of weather sensors,
microcontroller and ZigBee/transmitter while the receiver 3. Method
section consists of ZigBee interfaced with personal computer
through PC serial port. The system monitors temperature For the design and development of the system, the
wind speed, and humidity, the data from the sensors are methodology used involves the software, and hardware
collected by the microcontroller and transmitted to the implementation. The actual implementation of the system
receiver section through wireless medium. The transmitted involves the following steps:
data will be received at the receiver section and displayed on (i). System Definition: Broad definition of system
the PC using program in the receiver side [9]. hardware including microcontroller, and its interface
Shailaja and Manchiryal proposed weather monitoring with display, Anemometer (wind speed sensor),
system in Hazardous zones survey. The fundamental point of DHT11 (temperature and relative humidity sensor),
this proposed framework is to plan a remote climate station MPX5100AP (pressure sensor), LDR (Light
which will monitor climate parameters despite the hazardous Dependent Resistor) for light intensity 16x2 LCD
conditions using ZigBee innovation and send the data to that (Liquid Cristal Display), MMC Memory/Storage, etc.
concern using GSM, SMS strategy [10]. (ii). Circuit Design: Selection of ATMEGA328
Kirankumar in his work developed a low-cost wireless microcontroller and other interfacing devices as per
weather monitoring system using ZigBee wireless module system definition. Design of hardware circuit and its
and the parameters measured are temperature, humidity and testing on laboratory kits with some simple
light intensity. His argument was that the node of wireless microcontroller software routine;
sensors network are just two; ZigBee and Bluetooth and on (iii). Generation of schematic diagrams;
extensive study of the two, ZigBee technology is more (iv). Hardware Modifications: Making any hardware
reliable for both indoor and outdoor sensors network. He changes found necessary after the initial hardware
divided the system into two parts: transmitting and receiving test, to produce a revised circuit board schematic
part. The major components at the transmitter part are the diagram and layout;
microcontroller (AT 89C52) ZigBee/Transceiver while the (v). Software Design: Developing algorithm for the
major component at the receiver part are ZigBee/Transceiver, system.
Max 232, and personal computer [11] (vi). Integration and Final Testing: Integrating the entire
Nisha et al also worked on this field using the same hardware and software modules and its final testing
technology titled ZigBee based weather monitoring system. for data logging operation.
The system consists of transmitting as well as receiving The complete design is divided into two parts: Hardware
section. Transmitting section consists of sensors Implementation and Software implementation. The system
(temperature, humidity, rain-gauge, wind direction and sun overview includes the power supply, input components,
intensity), Micro controller (ARM LPC2148), LCD 16 by 2 controller, as well as output components.
and Max 232. The receiver’s section consists of At modular level of this project implementation the
ZigBee/Receiver and the personal computers, so the data microcontroller processes input data from the various
received can be monitored on PC [12]. measuring devices, stored it and displayed it on the LCD.
Kalyani and Snehlata also used the same technology. They External memory was connected to the microcontroller for
titled their work as a survey on weather monitoring system in sufficient storage space, so that the received data can be
agriculture zone using ZigBee. They developed a wireless stored after been processed.
sensor network based on ZigBee/IEEE802.15.4 standard that GSM module connected to the microcontroller received
can be used to check and monitor the weather parameters command signals for transmitting the weather variables been
through wireless sensors devices during some weather hazard measured to remote location(s) via the internet. Furthermore,
and make the data known to farmers using GSM/SMS provision was made such that personal computer (PC) can be
techniques. The weather parameters that were measured are interfaced with the microcontroller to display the received
temperature, humidity, and wind speed and wind direction data.
[13].
26 Abubakar Ibrahim Musa and Sulaiman Muhammad Bashir: Micro-controller Based Mobile Weather Monitor System

on Memory Card, go back to 4, read sensors

(viii). If no display sensors value on LCD, go back to read
sensors
(ix). End

Figure 1. Different capacity of memory card.

Figure 2. Anemometer (wind speed sensor).

Figure 4. System flowchart.

Figure 3. System Block Diagram.
4. Result and Discussion
The control unit algorithm is as follows;
The constructed device was tested by mounting it for a
(i). Start the microcontroller. period of one month alongside the standard existing system
(ii). Configuration and initialization of port i.e. set port at two different locations; Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
direction (input/output pin). University Bauchi and NIMET at international airport
(iii). Display the start-up message on the LCD i.e. name, Durum, Bauchi. Sample of the recorded parameters have
num. title etc been summarized as shown in the following tables. For each
(iv). Get the sensors value. of the tables, percentage error in measurement were
(v). Convert sensors value from analog to digital evaluated. As a result of that, the low percentage error
(vi). Check sampling time for saving obtained served as strong indicator of high accuracy of the
(vii). If yes Display the sensors value on LCD, save data newly constructed device.
 American Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications 2018; 6(1): 23-29 27

MMC Card
RV2 LCD1
LM016L

R3
10k
U4
6 1
R4 SCL X1

CLK
10k 5

DO

CS
SDA

DI
10k

VDD
VSS

VEE
X2

RW
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
7 CRYSTAL
SOUT
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
3 2
VBAT X2
DS1307
BAT1
3V

U1
2 14 C2
PD0/RXD/PCINT16 PB0/ICP1/CLKO/PCINT0
3 15
PD1/TXD/PCINT17 PB1/OC1A/PCINT1
4 16
PD2/INT0/PCINT18 PB2/SS/OC1B/PCINT2
5
PD3/INT1/OC2B/PCINT19 PB3/MOSI/OC2A/PCINT3
17 X1 22pF
6 18 CRYSTAL
PD4/T0/XCK/PCINT20 PB4/MISO/PCINT4 C1
11 19
PD5/T1/OC0B/PCINT21 PB5/SCK/PCINT5
12
PD6/AIN0/OC0A/PCINT22 PB6/TOSC1/XTAL1/PCINT6
9 R9
13 10 10k
PD7/AIN1/PCINT23 PB7/TOSC2/XTAL2/PCINT7
22pF R11
21
AREF PC0/ADC0/PCINT8
23 R12 47K
20 24 1K
AVCC PC1/ADC1/PCINT9
25
PC2/ADC2/PCINT10
26
PC3/ADC3/PCINT11
PC4/ADC4/SDA/PCINT12
27
R10 Q3
28 BC547
PC5/ADC5/SCL/PCINT13
1 10k
PC6/RESET/PCINT14

K
ATMEGA328P
R1
D7 D6
10k LED PHOTODIODE

A
U3
1 U2
VDD 7805
2 > 80
4
DATA
27
SW1
GND LDR1
1.0 3 1
%RH °C
LDR VO VI
SW-SPST

GND
DHT11 R5
100r
B1

2
12V
C8
2200u
R2 D3
220R LED-GREEN

Figure 5. Model Circuit Diagram.

Table 1. Wind speed data recorded on 9/8/2017 at International Airport, Durum, Bauchi.

Time (hrs) NIMET value (m/s) Constructed device (m/s) Difference (m/s)
7:00am 2.75 2.60 0.03
8:00am 1.54 1.60 0.06
9:00am 2.06 2.10 0.04
10:00am 2.06 2.10 0.04
11:00am 3.09 3.10 0.01
12:00am 2.06 2.10 0.04
1:00pm 0.00 0.00 0.00
2:00pm 0.00 0.00 0.00
3:00pm 3.60 3.65 0.05
4:00pm 1.54 1.54 0.00
5:00pm 1.54 1.55 0.01
6:00pm 2.06 2.10 0.04
7:00pm 1.54 1.60 0.06
TOTAL 23.66m/s 24.04m/s 0.38m/s

Table 2. Wind speed data recorded on 9/8/2017 at International Airport, Durum, Bauchi.

Time (hr) Wind speed for NIMET (m/s) Wind speed for constructed device (m/s) Difference (m/s)
7:00am 2.57 2.67 0.10
8:00am 4.12 4.20 0.08
9:00am 3.60 3.70 0.10
10:00am 3.60 3.70 0.10
11:00am 2.57 2.70 0.13
12:00am 2.06 2.16 0.10
28 Abubakar Ibrahim Musa and Sulaiman Muhammad Bashir: Micro-controller Based Mobile Weather Monitor System

Time (hr) Wind speed for NIMET (m/s) Wind speed for constructed device (m/s) Difference (m/s)
1:00pm 2.57 2.60 0.03
2:00pm 3.09 3.10 0.01
3:00pm 0.00 0.00 0.00
4:00pm 2.57 2.60 0.03
5:00pm 2.57 2.60 0.03
6:00pm 2.06 2.20 0.14
7:00pm 1.54 1.60 0.06
TOTAL 32.92 33.83 0.91

Table 3. Wind speed data recorded on 10/8/2017 at International Airport, Durum, Bauchi.

Time (hr) Wind speed for NIMET (m/s) Wind speed for constructed device (m/s) Difference (m/s)
7:00AM 0.00 0.00 0.00
8:00am 1.03 1.08 0.05
9:00am 2.57 2.60 0.03
10:00am 1.03 1.06 0.03
11:00am 1.54 1.58 0.04
12:00am 3.09 3.12 0.03
1:00pm 2.57 2.59 0.02
2:00pm 0.00 0.00 0.00
3:00pm 1.54 1.56 0.02
4:00pm 1.54 1.58 0.04
5:00pm 1.54 1.55 0.01
6:00pm 1.03 1.08 0.05
7:00pm 1.03 1.08 0.05
TOTAL 18.51 18.88 0.37

Table 4. Recorded temperature from the two sensors (newly constructed device and NIMET) Day 1: 8/8/2017, Day 2 9/8/2018.

NIMET Temperature New Device Temperature Readings

Difference (°C) Percentage Error
Readings (°C) (°C)
Time Day 1 Day 2 Day 1 Day 2 Day 1 Day 2 Day 1 Day 2
7:00am 21.6 22.3 22.0 23.5 0.40 1.2 1.85% 5.38%
8:00am 24.5 24.1 25.0 25 0.50 0.9 2.04% 3.73%
9:00am 25.2 25.3 26.5 26.5 1.30 1.2 5.16% 4.74%
10:00am 26.4 26.5 27.5 27.5 1.10 1 4.17% 3.77%
11:00am 27.3 27.6 28.0 28.8 0.70 1.2 2.56% 4.35%
12:00am 28.2 28.1 29.0 29.5 0.80 1.4 2.84% 4.98%
1:00pm 27.7 28.8 28.0 29.9 0.30 1.1 1.08% 3.82%
2:00pm 26.7 29.8 27.7 29.9 1.00 0.1 3.75% 0.34%
3:00pm 28.6 30 29.5 31 0.90 1 3.15% 3.33%
4:00pm 28.4 28.5 29.5 29.5 1.10 1 3.87% 3.51%
5:00pm 28.5 21.5 29.5 22.5 1.00 1 3.51% 4.65%
6:00pm 22.8 26.2 23.5 27.0 0.70 0.8 3.07% 3.05%
7:00pm 21.9 24.5 23.0 25.0 1.10 0.5 5.02% 2.04%
Average Percentage Error 3.24% 3.67%

Table 5. Recorded relative humidity from the two systems (newly constructed device and NIMET) Day 1: 8/8/2017, Day 2: 9/8/2018.

NIMET Readings % New Device Readings % Difference % Percentage Error

Time
Day 1 Day 2 Day 1 Day 2 Day 1 Day 2 Day 1 Day 2
7:00am 95 94 96 95 1 1 1.05% 1.06%
8:00am 95 88 95 88 0 0 0.00% 0.00%
9:00am 96 87 96 88 0 1 0.00% 1.15%
10:00am 96 83 97 84 1 1 1.04% 1.20%
11:00am 95 77 96 79 1 2 1.05% 2.60%
12:00am 89 71 89 71 0 0 0.00% 0.00%
1:00pm 94 76 95 76 1 0 1.06% 0.00%
2:00pm 88 65 89 66 1 1 1.14% 1.54%
3:00pm 74 65 75 65 1 0 1.35% 0.00%
4:00pm 73 62 74 62 1 0 1.37% 0.00%
5:00pm 68 62 69 63 1 1 1.47% 1.61%
 American Journal of Embedded Systems and Applications 2018; 6(1): 23-29 29

NIMET Readings % New Device Readings % Difference % Percentage Error

Time
Day 1 Day 2 Day 1 Day 2 Day 1 Day 2 Day 1 Day 2
6:00pm 68 72 68 75 0 3 0.00% 4.17%
7:00pm 70 79 71 79 1 0 1.43% 0.00%
Average Percentage Error 0.84% 1.03%

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