Design of a Low-cost Remote Sensing IOT-

based Weather Data Acquisition Device

.
ABSTRACT

The knowledge of basic meteorological parameters is needful in terms of understanding the

atmospheric behavior for a given period and consequently also for creating the weather
forecast. In this study, an IOT based atmospheric weather data acquisition device is
designed to ease and improve on the current measuring technique of acquiring
Temperature, Pressure, and Relative Humidity measurement at different altitude levels. This
design aims at solving the problem of inadequate atmospheric data by monitoring
atmospheric weather conditions using sensors while the microcontroller processes the data
collected and relays it to the user. This research was carried out at the University of Uyo,
between September 2021 and January, 2023. Taking cognizance of the fact that weather
forecasting is of great relevance in our world, this system has been designed using a
BME280 module for the atmospheric parameters capturing, an ESP8266 as the
microcontroller for Data processing, and a wireless module for processing and transfer of the
data from the BME module, a NEO6M GPS module for longitude and latitude, a Li-ion cell to
power the components and then a TP4056 circuit to recharge the Li-ion cell. A web server
application known as Thingspeak.com was incorporated to help the user interact and access
the acquired data to make for ease of understanding and real-time logging of the data
obtained. This work is relevant in the weather forecasting sector, agricultural sector, as well
as to individuals who may have need of gathering information about the atmosphere for
proactive planning of daily activities. The results prove that this device is optimally effective
and viable for capturing atmospheric parameters for real-time monitoring purposes.

Keywords: Remote Sensing, IoT, Weather, Atmospheric parameters, Temperature.

1. INTRODUCTION

Accurate weather predictions are of high importance for humankind, from agriculture via air
traffic, warning of severe weather events like storm and heavy rain to the personal activities
of individuals. With increasing computational power, there have been significant
improvements in operational weather models [1]. However, these global and mesoscale
models require measurement data as input to tie the short-term forecast towards
observations [2]. In this computingintensive process, data can be assimilated continuously,
with high flexibility regarding spatial and temporal resolution andtrajectory [3].The data to be
assimilated originates from the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO)Global Observing
System [4], consisting of measurements using both in-situ and remote sensing techniques.
Atmospheric measurements of pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed and wind
direction are crucial to Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP).These measurements can
partially be provided by ground based remotesensing techniques [5]; [6], satellite based
remote sensing techniques [7]; [8], radiosondes [9], aircraft [10] and dropsondes
(meteorological sensor packets dropped from high altitude platforms [11] Each of these
observing system types has its own peculiarities which have to be considered for
implementing in weather models, and has a different impact on the forecast quality. Ground
based remote sensing instruments need significant financial effort to be deployed and
operated.
Apparently, rising sea levels and precipitation patterns, temperature, and more extreme
weather changes threaten food and water security, human health, security, and
socioeconomic development on the continent. For this reason, accurate and up-to-date data
is needed for adaptation planning that will help to curb these natural occurrences and seek
to proffer a positive prediction of the weather.

This paper, design of a low-cost IOT based weather capturing device comprises of Section 1
covering the introduction and related works, Section 2 highlighting the materials and
methods used for the design of the IOT based weather capturing device, Section 3
underscoring the observed findings and discussions, and section 4 provides the conclusion.

1.1 REVIEW OF RELATED WORKS

Several weather monitoring systems and stations have been proposed and implemented
worldwide; some of these proposed devices have one or more improvements in terms of
design, cost, and accuracy.
However, this proposed method employs Internet of Things (IOT) technology in which
microcontrollers and sensors linked wirelessly to a web server are used to monitoring
atmospheric variations and predict the weather. Hence, this section underscores existing
studies and their limitations in monitoring climate change. Akhilesh Chawla et al. [12]
proposed a Bluetooth Based Weather Station that uses DHT11 sensor and HC-05 Bluetooth
module to measure temperature and humidity. Ukhurebor, K. E et al. [13] proposed a low-
cost weather-monitoring device that uses Arduino Mega 2560 and other devices to monitor
temperature, pressure, humidity, and light intensity. Dushyant Pande et al. [14] in their study
proposed the Measurement and transmission of atmospheric parameters using radio
frequency communication. Deeksha Srivastava et al. [15] also proposed the Measurement of
Temperature and Humidity that uses Using Arduino Tool And DHT11 to measure
temperature and humidity. Nisha G et al. [16] also made use of ZigBee wireless technology
and other sensors to monitor temperature, humidity, light intensity, and raindrop. Zahra
Ghattan et al. [17] designed and fabricated an Atmospheric Parameter Monitoring System
for Weather Forecast using radiosounde attached to a weather balloon that measures
various atmospheric para-meters such as pressure, temperature, relative
humidity, wind (both wind speed and wind direction), then transmits them by radio to a
ground receiver. Wanogho et al. [18] make use of an ESP32 microcontroller and other
sensors to monitor weather conditions like humidity, temperature, and light intensity. An IoT-
based weather station with embedded system was developed by Olanrele et al. [19] using
ESP8266/Nodemcu to monitor temperature, humidity, and light intensity. Rajesh Singh et al.
[20] designed a temperature monitoring device in a wireless sensor network using ZigBee
transceiver communication module with IC-CC2500 and 2.4GHz as RF transceiver to
monitor temperature. A wireless mobile microcontroller-based weather monitoring device
was designed by Devaraju et al. [21] using a PIC16f887 microcontroller and other sensors to
measure. N. V. Gowtham et al. [22] proposed the Design, Development and Implementation
of Real Time Canal and Weather Monitoring Devices using an ultrasonic sensor (HC-SR04)
used for measurement of carnal depth and a water flow Sensor YF-S403 ¾, for measuring
Velocity of water flow in Canal. Both sensors were interfaced with the arduino UNO
microcontroller board and results were displayed on LCD I2C display. The weather
monitoring device was made up of DHT11 sensor (for measuring Temperature and
Humidity), and an IR sensor (active type) to sense certain characteristics of its surroundings
by either emitting and/or detecting infrared radiation all of which were interfaced with the
arduino UNO microcontroller. Jayashree T. R. et al. [23] also proposed a Li-Fi & Wi-Fi Based
Drone for Weather Monitoring with Data Storage in Cloud Using IoT. Mohamed Abdelkader
et al. [24] designed a UAV based system for real time flash flood monitoring in desert
environments using Lagrangian microsensors. Kirankumar Sutar [25] designed a cost-
effective weather monitoring system that uses a ZigBee radio communication module and
other sensors to monitor temperature, humidity, and light intensity. [26] designed and
implemented a microcontroller-based weather acquisition device that measures temperature,
pressure and relative humidity. Accordingly, Lopez et al. [27] published a tool to store IoT-
based data in cloud.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

This low cost IOT based weather capturing device is made up of a BME280 module for the
atmospheric parameters acquisition, an ESP8266 as the microcontroller for Data
processing, and a wireless module for processing and transfer of the data from the BME
module, a NEO6M GPS module for longitude and latitude, a Li-ion cell to power the
components and a TP4056 circuit to recharge the Li-ion cell. A web application
Thingspeak.com is incorporated to help the user interact and access the data to enable
ease of understanding and real-time logging of the data collected.
The intervals between meteorological measurements might range from 1 to 6 seconds,
depending on the type and maker of the weather station. The suggested model creates a
weather- acquisition device to capture atmospheric parameters using sensors. The sensors
are used to measure atmospheric changes every minute and the information sent to the
web server for immediate access by users, providing a precise forecast of the weather by
using Thing Speak IoT platform as a display.
Every five (5) minutes, the weather capturing device will submit weather-related data to the
database, including data on temperature, humidity, and pressure. The weather data will be
saved in the database and provided to the application. Through the program, the user will
ask for weather information. The application will then ask the database for the information
and deliver it back to the user. Fig.1 displays the block diagram of the weather capturing
device and under listed are the components that make up the weather capturing device:

 BME280 Sensor: for measuring Temperature, Humidity and Pressure

 Noe6M GPS module: GPS for longitude and latitude
 POWER SUPPLY (TP4056) Power supply with1500mAh lithium polymer battery
 ESP8266 Devkit: Microcontroller that connects the sensor data to your Wi-Fi, and
sends data to the web server.
 Jumper wires for connections
 3D printed enclosure for the protection of the entire device
 Power Module Data Acquisition Module

Tp4056 BME280

Wireless GPS

NEO6M ESP8266

Communication Module Data Processing Module

Fig. 1: Block Diagram of the Weather Capturing Device

2.1 BME280- Data capturing or acquisition module

The BME280 is an integrated environmental sensor for pressure, humidity and temperature,
combining high linearity, high accuracy and low power consumption. The humidity sensor
features an extremely fast response time which supports performance requirements for
emerging applications such as context awareness, and high accuracy over a wide
temperature range. The pressure sensor is an absolute barometric pressure sensor with
features exceptionally high accuracy and resolution at very low noise. The integrated
temperature sensor has been optimized for very low noise and high resolution. It is primarily
used for temperature compensation of the pressure and humidity sensors, and can also be
used for estimating ambient temperature. Fig. 2 displays the picture of the BME280 module.

Fig. 2: BME280 Module

Features of BME280
 High accuracy
 Easy-to-use Grove Compatible Interface
 Supports both I2C and SPI communication
 Can be used as an altimeter with an accuracy of ±1 meter and low altitude noise of
0.25m

Pressure and temperature range

 Pressure range: 300hPa to 1100 hPa with an absolute accuracy of ±1 hPa.
 Temperature range: -40 to 85℃ with an accuracy of ±1 hPa
 Humidity Range: 0 to 100% RH (±3% accuracy)
 Power consumption: 1mA (typ.) and 5μA (idle)
 Sensor Size: 15mm x 12mm x 5mm

2.2 ESP8266 – Data Processing Module

As shown in Fig. 3, the ESP8266 is a low-cost Wi-Fi microchip, with built-in TCP/IP
networking software, and microcontroller capability. Espressif Systems created a low-cost
Wi-Fi chip called the ESP8266. To enable other microcontrollers to connect to a Wi-Fi
network, it can be used as a standalone device or as a UART to Wi-Fi adaptor. For instance,
to add Wi-Fi functionality to your Arduino board, you can attach an ESP8266. Utilizing it as a
standalone device is its most useful use. Similar to how you could control inputs and outputs
with an Arduino, the ESP8266 has Wi-Fi capabilities.

Fig. 3: ESP8266 Module

Features of ESP8266
 The CPU is based around ESP8266 at 240MHz dual-cord
 Wi-Fi is up to 150Mbps 802.11 b/g/n/e/h, direct P2P soft app
 Has a flash size of 4MB (32Mbit)
 Uses CP2102 as the USB-Serial converter
 It uses Semtech SX1276 Radio module
 It uses an external antenna connector: IPX (UFL)
 Integrated TCP/IP protocol stack
 Built-in low-power 32-bit CPU
2.3 NEO-6M - Data Communication Module

The NEO-6M module is a powerful full-featured GPS receiver with a ceramic antenna built-in
25 x 25 x 4mm that provides a powerful satellite search function. NEO-6M GPS chip is the
heart of the module from u-blox. The chip packs a surprising number of functions into its
small frame and measures less than a postage stamp. Unlike other GPS modules, it has a
horizontal position precision of 2.5m and can update its location up to 5 times per second.
The Time-To-First-Fix of the u-blox 6 positioning engine is also sub-one second (TTFF).
The image of the NEO-6M Module is shown in Fig. 4.

Features of NEO-6M GPS module

 High sensitivity for tracking
 Low supply current (~45mA)
 Operating temperature range: -40 TO 85°CUART TTL socket
 Is able to track 5 locations per second with an accuracy of 2.5m (horizontal).
 Comes equipped with PSM also known as Power Saving Mode. This mode causes very
less power consumption by turning the module ON/OFF according to the need.
 Rechargeable battery for Backup
 The cold start time of 38 s and Hot start time of 1s
 Supply voltage: 3.3 V

Fig. 4: NEO-6M GPS Module

2.4 TP4056-POWER SUPPLY

The TP4056 is a complete constant-current/constant-voltage linear charger for single cell

lithium-ion batteries. Its SOP package and low external component count make the TP4056
ideally suited for portable applications. Furthermore, the TP4056 can work within USB and
wall adapter. TP4056 automatically terminates the charge cycle when the charge current
drops to 1/10th the programmed value after the final float voltage is reached. TP4056 Other
features include current monitor, under voltage lockout, automatic recharge and two status
pin to indicate charge termination and the presence of an input voltage.
A compact lithium-ion battery charger module is the TP4056 charging module. One IC and a
few discrete components are used to create a high-quality charging module that can provide
the necessary charging procedures for li-ion batteries, extending their useful lives and
enabling them to supply their full backup. The images of the Power Supply module and
lithium Battery is displayed in Fig. 5.
 Fig. 5: Power Supply module and lithium Battery

Features of Power Module TP4056

 Low weight
 Higher energy density for a given weight (WH/kg)
 Slightly higher top usage temperature.
 It can charge any size of 3.7V Li-ion cell
 Low-cost and reliable Li-ion battery charger
 Battery temperature measurement inside (Disconnect charging when the
temperature of the battery goes high than normal)
 Can connect to any USB port with a USB cable
 Power: 4.2W.
 Charging accuracy: 1.5%
 Operating Temperature: -10 to +85ºC.
 Input voltage: 4.5V ~ 5.5V.
 A full charge voltage: 4.2V.

2.5 JUMPER WIRE

As shown in Fig. 6, jumper wires are electrical wires with connector pins at each end. They
are used to connect two points in a circuit without soldering. You can use jumper wires to
modify a circuit or diagnose problems in a circuit.

Fig. 6: Jumper Wires

2.6 DEVICE SCHEMATIC

A schematic is a straightforward, symbol-based representation of a topic. a diagram that

shows all important components, tasks, or parts of the circuitry, device, flow process, or
project, together with their relationships and connections to one another.The schematic
diagram and the images of the weather capturing device are shown in Fig.7 and Fig. 8
respectively.

Fig. 7: Schematic Diagram of the weather Capturing Device

Fig. 8: The Weather Capturing Device

2.6 WEBSERVER

A webserver is where the resources of a website live, it could be a local host or remote, the
localhost can sometimes suffer proper maintenance and live data feed. The remote type is
more reliable since they are mostly paid services and will be properly maintained such that
data can be sent or retrieved at any time without complications. The Thingspeak webserver
is a host to a lot of could data that relates to data logging being that it has some analysis
tools to help in processing the data logged in the webserver. Thingspeak webserver is
owned by Mathworks, you will need an active account before you can publish sensor data to
their webserver.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Unit testing, integration testing, and system testing are the tests that were performed to
ensure that this system achieved its goals. Usually, a weather monitoring device consists of
sensors that take the atmospheric measurements at different levels of the atmosphere and
transmit them by radio to a base station on land or water and use the result for weather
forecasting or to predict natural disasters such as hurricanes, tornadoes and the like that
can destroy lives and property. For this system, a microcontroller is connected to sensors
that can read temperature, humidity, pressure and altitude is then programmed to take such
readings in the fastest possible time, typically between one hundred milliseconds and five
seconds, as a physical quantity and these faint signals then amplified using a cascaded
amplifier configuration and then later convert these amplified readings of physical quantities
into electrical impulses which in most cases appear in analog form since their readings vary
over time. The electrical pulses are then converted into a digital signal that can be read by a
microcontroller using an analog-to-digital converter built into the microcontroller's circuitry
for this function. The signal is then processed by the microcontroller's arithmetic and logic
unit (ALU) to perform calculations and return a result of the measured physical quantity.
Often times, the results are compared to some standard to determine if the result is correct
before its answer is validated as correct, or if it needs to be corrected by the error amplifier.
The result is now ready to be sent. Before connecting the sensor to the microcontroller, a
boot loader must first be loaded onto the microcontroller, the first time it is used, the chip is
then ready to be programmed thousands of times depending on the read and write cycles.

The booted microcontroller is then connected to a network capable of transmitting data over
long distances, one such network is the Lora gateway, which allows long-distance radio
communication with constant connectivity. An example sketch is uploaded to the
microcontroller to test its functionality before the firmware is uploaded to it. The uploaded
firmware took care of the data transfer and internet connection between the microcontroller
and the remote server used to publish or log the weather data. The device is encased in an
inexpensive 3D-printed case so it can shield the weather-capturing device's components
while leaving the sensors outside to read the atmospheric data. In order for the weather
station to take the vertical profile measurements, it can either be attached to a drone or a
glider. The basic atmospheric elements in Atmospheric Boundary Layer detection include
Pressure, humidity, and temperature. In this project, an atmospheric parameter capturing
device was developed based on the actual need for atmospheric weather parameters
Pressure, humidity, and temperature as well as altitude, latitude, and longitude.

More so, the hardware circuit is the foundation of the whole detection platform, and its
design needs to consider many aspects, such as working environment and component
model selection, and only reasonable development of the entire hardware circuit can finish
the work of the hardware system of this weather-acquisition device. NEO-6M GPS module
has an LED that shows the status of the positioning. When there is no blinking, it is
searching for satellites, when it blinks for 1 second: the position is found. The design
involves the weather-capturing device made up of ESP8266 that connects the sensors and
sends data to your browser. It also processes the weather data collected such as
temperature, humidity, pressure, altitude, longitude and latitude using the BME280 sensor.
TP4056 and lithium polymer battery serve as the main power to the device, and NEO-6M
captures the longitude and latitude. The Microcontroller processes the information captured,
the Wi-Fi router, and the 4G cellular and network modem convey the processed information
to the Thinkspeak web server. The schematic diagram in Fig. 7, shows how the components
were soldered.
The atmospheric parameter weather-acquisition device includes temperature and humidity
sensing, pressure sensing, and geographic coordinate sensing. The communication mode of
the atmospheric element detection sensor was as follows: Temperature and humidity were
sent over one bus, pressure was sent through his I2C in an ESP8266 microcontroller, and
altitude, latitude, longitude and west African time were sent through a serial port.
The screenshots in Fig. 9, Fig. 10 and Fig. 11 were taken by the Thingspeak web server
and they display the data collected by the weather collection device. Also, the data
captured in Thingspeak was converted to Excel format as shown in Fig. 12 for easy export
and usage.

Fig. 9: Temperature screenshot from Thingspeak

Fig. 10: Humidity screenshot from Thingspeak

 Fig. 11: Pressure screenshot from Thingspeak

Fig. 12: Excel Presentation of the data captured by the device

The IOT based-weather-capturing device was tested by continuously monitoring the

atmospheric parameter changes with sensors. The output of the monitored atmospheric
parameters weather changes is reported from the 4G networks to the Thingspeak web
 server, verifying the accuracy of the developed model. The results are shown above present
the data monitored and reported via Thingspeak.

4. CONCLUSION

The design of a low cost IOT based weather capturing device is a project ostensibly geared
towards enabling individual users access real-time atmospheric weather data from any
location. Using a real-time data logger, this paper shows how to develop and implement a
weather-acquisition device that can capture data on certain weather variables, including
pressure, temperature, humidity, altitude, latitude, and longitude. This study offers
forecasting data that can be used to examine weather trends and forecast upcoming
weather conditions.

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