“Real Time Automatic Drip Irrigation System” 1

A
Project Report on

“Real Time Automatic pump irrigation system”

Submitted to the

Vishwakarma Institute of Technology, Pune

(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated to Savitribai Phule Pune University.)

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

B. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)

By

Siddharth D. Deshmukh Gr.182097 Rohit R. Tambe Gr no. 182046

Suraj A. Shelar Gr no. 182073
Under The Guidance Of:
Prof. Dr. Deosarkar
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

VISHWAKARMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PUNE – 411 037

Academic Year: 2018-19

 CHAPTER 01
INTRODUCTION

1. INTRODUCTION TO IRRIGATION

Real Time Automatic Drip Irrigation System Project is about the Real Time Automatic
Irrigation System. The report consists of Introduction, Block Diagram, Interfaces, Soil Moisture
Sensor, Solenoid Valve, Relays. The continuous increasing demand of food requires the rapid
improvement in food production technology. In a country like India, where the economy is
mainly based on agriculture and the climatic conditions are isotropic, still we are not able to
make full use of agricultural resources. The main reason is the lack of rains & scarcity of land
reservoir water.

Irrigation is the artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing
crops. In crop production it is mainly used in dry areas and in periods of rainfall shortfalls, but
also to protect plants against frost A properly designed irrigation system addresses uniform
irrigation application in a timely manner while minimizing losses and damage to soil, water, air,
plant, and animal resources. The design of a conservation irrigation system matches soil and
water characteristics with water application rates to assure that water is applied in the amount
needed at the right time and at a rate at which the soil can absorb the water without runoff.
Physical characteristics of the area to be irrigated must be considered in locating the lines and
spacing the sprinklers or emitters, and in selecting the type of mechanized system. The location
of the water supply, capacity, and the source of water will affect the size of the pipelines,
irrigation system flow rates, and the size and type of pumping plant to be used
 CHAPTER02
LITERATURE REVIEW

Deweshvree Rane at el:(2015) (1) agriculture plays an important role for development in food
production. In our country, agriculture are depends on the monsoons which is not sufficient
source of water. So the irrigation is used in agriculture field. In Irrigation system, depending
upon the soil type, water is provided to plant. In this paper, automatic irrigation system based
on ARMs and RF module. All the system will be setup using ARM and RF module. The most
important factor of this system is RF module which is used to send and receiving the message
to the controller. This system used three nodes which communicate each other and irrigate
paddy field automatically. The aim of our project is to modernizing agriculture technology by
programming components and built the necessary component for the system. The system is real
time based and extracts the exact condition of paddy field. There is one central node used which
to control other node. The main function of RF module is to pass the message to the node and
operate the system.

Yogesh G. Gawali at el:(2016) (2) Automated irrigation system consists of a feedback control
system that employs monitoring of environmental parameters and controlling irrigation.
Environmental parameters such soil moisture, temperature and humidity plays an important role
in overall development of the crop and good yield. Conservation of water and other resource
can be achieved by optimizing these parameters. The advancements in science and technology
have enabled the use of modern technology, like Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), in such
system at very low cost. WSN can be incorporated to distribute the monitoring over entire crop
field. This paper reviews for various sensors available to monitor above environmental
parameters and focuses on wireless technologies to suite such types of end application

Prathyusha.K at el:(2013) (3) Agricultural sector is playing vital role in Indian economy, in
which irrigation mechanism is of key concern. Our paper aims to find the exact field condition
and to control the wastage of water in the field and to provide exact controlling of field by using
the drip irrigation, atomizing the agricultural environment by using the components and
building the necessary hardware. For the precisely monitoring and controlling of the agriculture
filed, different types of sensors were used. To implement the proposed system ARM LPC2148
Microcontroller is used. The irrigation mechanism is monitored and controlled more efficiently
by the proposed system, which is a real time feedback control system. GSM technology is used
to inform the end user about the exact field condition. Actually this method of irrigation system
has been proposed primarily to save resources, yield of crops and farm profitability

Mritunjay Ojha at el:(2016) (4) Watering the plant is the most important cultural practice and
one of the labor intensive tasks in daily greenhouse operation. Watering systems ease the burden
of getting water to plants when they need it. Knowing when and how much to water is two
important aspects of watering process. To make the gardener works easily, the automatic plant
watering system is created. There have a various type using automatic watering system that are
by using sprinkler system, tube, nozzles and other. This system uses watering sprinkler system
because it can water the plants located in the pots. This project uses Arduino board, which
consists of ATmega328 Microcontroller. It is programmed in such a way that it will sense the
moisture level of the plants and supply the water when required. This type of system is often
used for general plant care, as part of caring for small and large gardens. Normally, the plants
need to be watered twice daily, morning and evening. So, the microcontroller has to be coded
to water the plants in the garden or farms about two times per day. People enjoy plants, their
benefits and the feeling related to nurturing them. However for most people it becomes
challenging to keep them healthy and alive. To accommodate this challenge we have developed
a prototype, which makes a plant more self-sufficient, watering itself from a large water tank
and providing itself with artificial sunlight. The pro-To type reports status of its current
conditions and also reminds the user to refill the water tank. The system automation is designed
to be assistive to the user. We hope that through this prototype people will enjoy having plants
without the challenges related to absent or forgetfulness.

Rahul Ghodake at el:(2016) (5) The developments in the agricultural field are the buzzword
in the market. In the field of agriculture, use of proper method of irrigation is important and it
is well known that irrigation by drip is very economical and efficient. In the conventional drip
irrigation system, the farmer has to keep watch on irrigation timetable, which is different for
different crops and it is very difficult. This paper mainly focuses on designing of an accurate &
cost effective Global System for Mobile (GSM) Based Automatic Drip Irrigation System using
micro-controller. In order to fulfill these objectives we have used relay and solenoid valve along
with a 16×2 Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) that can be connected to the microcontroller, which
will displays the soil moisture level and ambient temperature.
 CHAPTER 03

Methods of Field Water Application

Methods of Field Water Application

Surface Irrigation Sub Surface Irrigation

Border Irrigation Basin Border Natural Sub Surface Artificial Sub Surface
Irrigation Irrigation

Drip Sprinkler Furrow

Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation
Fig:-3.0 Tree Diagram Irrigation System.

.
 CHAPTER 04
DESIGN
4.1 Application of smart irrigation to field

Fig 4.1:-Smart Irrigation System.

Soil moisture sensors are designed to estimate soil volumetric water content based on
the dielectric constant (soil bulk permittivity) of the soil. The dielectric constant can be thought
of as the soil's ability to transmit electricity. The dielectric constant of soil increases as the water
content of the soil increases. This response is due to the fact that the dielectric constant of water
is much larger than the other soil components, including air. Thus, measurement of the dielectric
constant gives a predictable estimation of water content.
Bypass type soil moisture irrigation controllers use water content information from the
sensor to either allow or bypass scheduled irrigation cycles on the irrigation timer.
The microcontroller has an adjustable threshold setting and, if the soil water content
exceeds that setting, the event is bypassed. The soil water content threshold is set by the user.
The required readings can be transferred to the Remote Computer via Sigsbee for further
analytical studies, through the serial port present on microcontroller unit.
ADVANTAGES

1 .Are relatively simple to design and install

2. This is very useful to all climatic conditions any it is economic friendly
3. This makes increase in productivity and reduces water consumption
4. Here we are using micro controllers so there is error free
5. This is safest and no manpower is required. Permit other yard and garden work to continue
when irrigation is taking place, as only the immediate plant areas are wet
6. Reduce soil erosion and nutrient leaching.
7. Reduce the chance of plant disease by keeping foliage dry.
8. May be concealed to maintain the beauty of the landscape, and to reduce vandalism and
liability when installed in public areas.
9. Require smaller water sources, for example, less than half of the water needed for a sprinkler
system.
The Microcontroller based irrigation system proves to be a real time feedback control system
which monitors and controls all the activities of drip irrigation system efficiently. The present
proposal is a model to modernize the agriculture industries on a small scale with optimum
expenditure. Using this system, one can save manpower, water to improve production and
ultimately profit.

4.2 Soil Moisture

Soil moisture is an important component in the atmospheric water cycle, both on a small
agricultural scale and in large-scale modelling of land/atmosphere interaction. Vegetation and
crops always depend more on the moisture available at root level than on precipitation
occurrence.

Water budgeting for irrigation planning, as well as the actual scheduling of irrigation
action, requires local soil moisture information. Knowledge of the degree of soil wetness helps
to forecast the risk of flash floods, or the occurrence of fog.
 Fig: soil moisture sensor

4.2.1 Making of the Soil Moisture Sensor Parts:

1. A pair of 5 inch nails.
2. A block of wood (2 inch by 2 inch by 1 inch in length width and height)
3. Insulation Tape
4. Soldering Iron
5. Signal processing board.
6. Connecting Wires
The steps involved in the construction are as follows:
1. Prepare 4 blocks (for 4 sensors) of wood of given dimension (2, 2, and 1)
2. Drill two holes through each block of wood, for the nails to go through. These holes must be
at a constant distance from one another for all blocks. (The distance used was 1 inch).
3. Insert the nails through the holes.
4. Insulate the exposed part of the nails from top to bottom leaving a certain length of nail
exposed at the bottom. This length that is left insulated will act as the probes. This length
must be common to all nails. The length also determines the depth of soil which is tested for
soil moisture.
5. Solder connecting wires onto the top of the nails.
6. Take leads from the signal processing board and connect it to the sensor via these connecting
wires.
7. (Optional) to make the wood water resistant, oil paint the blocks of wood.
The working of the sensor is simple and straightforward. The probes (the 5 inch nails)
will be connected to the signal processing board via the soldering at the top of the nails as shown
in the figure. The resistance of the soil between the probes changes with changes in soil moisture
content. The signal processing board basically consists of a voltage divider circuit as shown
below.
With increasing levels of soil moisture, the voltage output between the probes will
decrease. By tabulating the output voltage values for different levels of soil moisture, we can
calibrate the sensors. The table below shows the tabulated values for the following values of
resistance and capacitance in the signal processing board.

Circuit Diagram
4.3 Soil Water Content
Soil water content is an expression of the mass or volume of water in the soil, while the
soil water potential is an expression of the soil water energy status.
The relation between content and potential is not universal and depends on the characteristics
of the local soil, such as soil density and soil texture.
The basic technique for measuring soil water content is the gravimetric method. Because
this method is based on direct measurements, it is the standard with which all other methods are
compared. Unfortunately, gravimetric sampling is destructive, rendering repeat measurements
on the same soil sample impossible. Because of the difficulties of accurately measuring dry soil
and water volumes, volumetric water contents are not usually determined directly.

4.3.1 Measurement of Soil water content: indirect methods

The capacity of soil to retain water is a function of soil texture and structure. When
removing a soil sample, the soil being evaluated is disturbed, so its water-holding capacity is
altered. Indirect methods of measuring soil water are helpful as they allow information to be
collected at the same location for many observations without disturbing the soil water system.
Moreover, most indirect methods determine the volumetric soil water content without any need
for soil density determination. A few of the indirect methods are listed below.

4.4 Component Design

4.4.1 Power supply unit:-

To provide regulated power supply to all blocks a special required power supply is designed
for digital IC +5v is achieved for Op-Amp adder is +12V is generated as well as for ADC a
signal +10Vis generated power supply. Block consists of transformer the sensor and switches.
Power supply is the first and the most important part of our project. For our project we
require +5v regulated power supply with maximum current rating 500 mA Following basic
building blocks are required to generated power supply.
 POWER SUPPLY

1N4007Х4
+5V
IC 7812

D1 D2 - 5V

D3 D4
IC 7912
9

3 Terminal
Step Down Rectifie Filter Vtg.
230vac Transforme r
RegulatorRegion/p r r

DESIGN OF SUPPLY OF 5V

Consider Transformer of 12 – 0 12 volt. I.e. center trap transformer

Vin = (2) 1/2 * Vin

= (2) 1/2 Vin = 21.213V

PIV for center trap transformer and rectifier

PIV = 2 * Vin

= 2*21.213

= 42.426V

Diodes are an4001 to 1N4007

 We use here 1N4007 having PIV = 1000v

Value of capacitor as filter

DC = Vin – 50001 * dc/c

4.4.2 Relay Board:-

A relay is device that functions as an electrically operated switch. Most relay
are electromagnetically operated. Current through a coil generates a magnetic field that attract
and armature, which inter closes or opens the electrical contacts.

 Working
Drip irrigation is today’s need because Water – nature’s gift to mankind is not unlimited and
free forever. World water resources are fast diminishing.
After detailed study of inter–relationship among soil, water, crop, land terrain and related agro
climatic conditions, designed a suitable and economically viable system to deliver a measured
quantity of water at the root zone of each plant at regular intervals. This is to ensure that the
plants do not suffer from stress or strain of less and over watering. The system installed at the
farmer’s field is commissioned and training imparted to the farmer, followed by regular after
sales services.

Benefits of irrigation system

• Has recorded increase in yield up to 230%.

• Saves water up to 70% compared to flood irrigation. More land can be irrigated with the
water thus saved.
• Crop grows consistently, healthier and matures fast.
• Early maturity results in higher and faster returns on investment.
• Fertilizer use efficiency increases by 30%.
• Cost of fertilizers, inter–culturing and labor use gets reduced.
• Fertilizer and Chemical Treatment can be given through Micro Irrigation System itself.
 • Undulating terrains, Saline, Water logged, Sandy & Hilly lands can also be brought
under productive cultivation.

4.4.5 Frequency-Domain Measurement

While time-domain reflectometry uses microwave frequencies in the gigahertz range,
frequency domain sensors measure the dielectric constant at a single microwave megahertz
frequency.
The microwave dielectric probe utilizes an open-ended coaxial cable and a single
reflectometer at the probe tip to measure amplitude and phase at a particular frequency. Soil
measurements are referenced to air, and are typically calibrated with dielectric blocks and/or
liquids of known dielectric properties. One advantage of using liquids for calibration is that a
perfect electrical contact between the probe tip and the material can be maintained (Jackson,
1990). As a single, small probe tip is used, only a small volume of soil is ever evaluated, and
soil contact is therefore critical.

 Resistance blocks
Electrical resistance blocks, although insensitive to water potentials in the wet range, are
excellent companions to the tensiometer. They consist of electrodes encased in some type of
porous material that within about two days will reach a quasi-equilibrium state with the soil.
The most common block materials are nylon fabric, fiber glass and gypsum, with a working
range of about –50 kPa (for nylon) or 100 kPa (for gypsum) up to –1 500 kPa. Typical block
sizes are 4 cm × 4 cm × 1 cm. Gypsum blocks last a few years, but less in very wet or saline
soil (Perrier and Marsh, 1958). This method determines water potential as a function of

direct current gives polarization effects. However, resistance decreases if soil is saline, falsely
indicating a wetter soil.

Gypsum blocks are less sensitive to soil saltiness effects because the electrodes are
consistently exposed to a saturated solution of calcium sulphate. The output of gypsum blocks
must be corrected for temperature (Aggelides and Londra, 1998).

Because resistance blocks do not protrude above the ground, they are excellent for semi-
permanent agricultural networks of water potential profiles, if installation is careful and
systematic (WMO, 2001).
 When installing the resistance blocks it is best to dig a small trench for the lead wires
before preparing the hole for the blocks, in order to minimize water movement along the wires
to the blocks. A possible field problem is that shrinking and swelling soil may break contact
with the blocks. On the other hand, resistance blocks do not affect the distribution of plant roots.
Resistance blocks are relatively inexpensive. However, they need to be calibrated individually.
This is generally accomplished by calibrating the sensors for maximum point and minimum
points of the range.
As resistance-block calibration curves change with time, they need to be calibrated
before installation and to be checked regularly afterwards, either in the laboratory or in the field.
This last method mentioned was the one we have used in this project. We picked it for feasibility
and fairly accurate readings that the sensors provided. Let us look at the construction of the
sensor.
Technically a resistance block measures soil water tension. When the soil is dry it is
not possible for electricity to pass between the probes, essentially making the probe an insulator
with infinite resistance. As water is added to the soil more electrons can pass between the probes
effectively reducing the amount of resistance between the problem to the point when it is fully
saturated where the probe has virtually zero resistance. By using this range of values you can
determine the amount of water than exists in your soil.

4.5 Step Down Transformer:

Step down transformer is the first part or regulated power supply. To step down the
mains 230V A.C. we require step down transformer. Following are the main characteristic of
electronic transformer.
1. Power transformer are usually designed to operate from source of low impedance
at a single freq.
2. It is required to construct with sufficient insulation of necessary dielectric
strength.
3. Transformer rating are expressed in volt-amp. The volt-amp of each secondary
winding or windings is added for the total secondary VA. To this are added the
load losses

4.6Rectifier Unit:
 Rectifier unit is a ckt. Which converts A.C. into pulsating D.C. Generally
semiconducting diode is used as rectifying element due to its property of conducting current in
one direction only generally there are two types of rectifier.
1. Half wave rectifier.
2. Full wave rectifier.
3. In half wave rectifier only half cycle of mains A.C. rectified so its efficiency
is very poor. So we use full wave bridge type rectifier, in which four diodes
are used. In each half cycle, two diodes conduct at a time and we get
maximum efficiency at o/p

4.7Filter circuit:
0Generally a rectifier is required to produce pure D.C. supply for using at various places
in the electronic circuit, however, the o/p of rectifier has pulsating character i.e. if such a D.C.
is applied to electronic circuit it will produce a hum i.e. it will contain A.C. and D.C.
components. The A.C. components are undesirable and must be kept away from the load.

To do so a filter circuit is used which removes (or filter out) the A.C. components
reaching the load. Obviously a filter circuit is installed between rectifier and voltage regulator.
In our project we use capacitor filter because of his low cost,small size and little weight and
good characteristic. Capacitors are connected in parallel to the rectifier o/p because it passes
A.C. but does not pass D.C. at all.

Controls:
1) Time setting timer on delay type IC PIC 16F877A – 1 Nos. 2) Pump controllers
only ON / OFF

Technical Specifications:- 1)
Supply – 230V AC.
2) Logic – Timer based.
3) Pump- AC
4) Relay – 12V dc.
 CHAPTER 05

5.0 Scope Of Project:-

Day by day, the field of electronics is blooming and have caused great
impact on human beings. The project which is to be implemented is an automated irrigation
method and has a huge scope for future development. The project can be extended to
greenhouses where manual supervision is far and few in between. The principle can be extended
to create fully automated gardens and farmlands. Combined with the principle of rain water
harvesting, it could lead to huge water savings if applied in the right manner. In agricultural
lands with severe shortage of rainfall, this model can be successfully applied to achieve great
results with most types of soil.

5.1 Advantages Of Project:-

1) It is real time operating system.

2) It is accurate.
3) The system is MC programmable.
4) The battery back-up is NOT provided.
5) Cost is less.
6) Construction is very simple and Suitable.

5.2 Disadvantages:-

1) It is not very fast in action.

2) Accuracy is most important
3) Motor assembly is very accurate that time system work.
4) When power supply system fail that time system not useable.

5.3 APPLICATION:-

1) Mostly advance irrigation system

2) In educational organization.
3) In industries.
4) It is used in poll house manufacturing industries.
 RESULT

A totally customized, efficient and long–life system early maturity and a bountiful
harvest, season after season, year after year. Apart from all this,

1. Savings In Labour And Fertilizer Costs.

2. Time Saving.

3. Power Saving.

4. Water Saving.
 CONCLUSION

The proper guidance of project head and the sincere efforts of our group have lead
to the successfully accomplishment of our concerned projects.
The project based on Automatic real time Drip irrigation System was
interesting to work on and was also gained in this project work.
The primary applications for this project are for farmers and gardeners who
do not have enough time to water their crops/plants. It also covers those farmers who are
wasteful of water during irrigation. As water supplies become scarce and polluted, there is a
need to irrigate more efficiently in order to minimize water use and chemical leaching. Recent
advances in soil water sensing make the commercial use of this technology possible to automate
irrigation management for vegetable production. However, research indicates that different
sensors types perform under all conditions with no negative impact on crop yields with
reductions in water use range as high as 70% compared to traditional practices.
 REFERANCES

[1] Deweshvree Rane “Automatic Irrigation System Based On Rf Module” IJAICT Volume
1, Issue 9, January 2015
[2] Yogesh G. Gawali “Automated Irrigation System Using Wireless Sensor Network”
(IJARECE) Volume 5, Issue 6, June 2016
[3] Prathyusha.K “A Real–Time irrigation control System” (IJCSEA) Vol.3, No.4, August
2013
[4] Mritunjay Ojha “Microcontroller Based Automatic Plant Watering System” Vol. 5, Issue
3, Apr - May 2016; 25-36 © IASET
[5] Rahul Ghodake “Sensor Based Automatic Drip Irrigation System” Journal For Research|
Volume 02 | Issue 02 | April 2016 ISSN: 2395-7549
[6] Nagarajapandian M “Sensor Based Automatic Drip Irrigation System” Journal For
Research| Volume 02 | Issue 02 | April 2016 ISSN: 2395-7549
[7] N.Prakash “Embedded System Based Monitoring And Control System Of Submersible
Pump” (IJETTCS) Volume 3, Issue 6, November-December 2014