Abstract

Agriculture technology is changing rapidly. The variation of spatial and temporal distribution

of available water for irrigation makes significant demand on water conservation techniques.

Hence solar powered Automated Irrigation System provides a sustainable solution to enhance

water use efficiency in the agricultural fields using renewable energy. This system consists of

solar powered water pump along with an automatic water flow control using a moisture sensor.

This system allows farmers to apply the right amount of water at the right time. This

system can automatically irrigate the fields according to the pre-defined conditions. It allocates

water according to the crop water requirement and availability of solar radiation. When the

moisture content of the soil is reduced then the sensor sends detected value to the

microcontroller. Then the water pump is automatically ON according to the moisture level. The

main aim of this paper is to reduce the human intervention for farmers and use solar energy for

irrigation purpose.
Introduction

Solar energy is the most abundant source of energy in the world. Solar power is not

only an answer to today’s energy crisis but also an environmental friendly form of energy.

Photovoltaic generation is an efficient approach for using the solar energy. Solar panels (an array

of photovoltaic cells) are nowadays extensively used for running street lights, for powering water

heaters and to meet domestic loads. The cost of solar panels has been constantly decreasing

which encourages its usage in various sectors. One of the application of this technology is

used in irrigation systems for farming. Solar powered irrigation system can be a suitable

alternative for farmers in the present state of energy crisis in India. This green way for energy

production which provides free energy once an initial investment is made.

The irrigation system is defined as a system that distributes water to targeted area.

Basically, it is meant for agriculture purposes. The efficiency of the irrigation is based on

the system used. Since antiquity, the human life is based on agriculture and the irrigation

system is one of the tools that boost agriculture. There are many other types of irrigation

system all over the world but these irrigations are encountering many problems. The

automation plays an important role in the world economy; therefore, engineers struggle to

come out with combined automatic devices in order to create complex systems that help

human in its activities so that the system automatically processes itself without any human

intervention. So we would like to develop an automatic irrigation system.

In this system we propose an automatic irrigation system using solar power which drives

water pumps to pump water and the outlet valve of tank is automatically regulated using
controller and moisture sensor to control the flow rate of water from the tank to the irrigation

field which optimizes the use of water.

Purpose

The objective of our project is to reduce this manual involvement by the farmer by using an

automated irrigation system which purpose is to enhance water use for agricultural crops. The

inspiration for this project came from the countries where economy is based on agriculture and

the climatic conditions prime to shortage of rains & scarcity of water. The farmers working in

the farm lands are only dependent on the rains and bore wells for irrigation of the land. Even if

the farm land has a water pump, manual involvement by farmers is required to turn the pump

on/off when needed.

Scope of project

The following aspects were considered in the choice of design solution

1) Installation cost

2) Farm

3) Greenhouse

4) Garden
Existing System

According to the survey conducted by the Bureau of Electrical Energy in India in 2011 there are

around 18 million agricultural pump sets and around 0.5 million new connections per year is

installed with average capacity 5HP. Total annual consumption in agriculture sector is 131.96

billion KWh (19% of total electricity consumption).

In recent days, agriculture field farmers are facing many problems in watering their plants to

keep their crops green in summer season. It’s because they don’t have correct idea about the

availability of the power. Even if the power is available, they have to wait until the pitch is

properly watered. Thus this process restricts them to stop doing other deeds.

Need of the project

(i) In term of populations India is the second largest country after China. So it is

necessary to increase the production of food to feedstuff millions of people.

(ii) There is uneven and indeterminate distribution of rainfall which cause drought.

For different water necessities of crops can only be met through irrigation

amenities.

(iii) Being tropical country there is quick increase in the high temperature and

evaporation. So, for abundant cause of water artificial irrigation is essential.

Solar Powered Automatic Irrigation system is also automatic i.e. we can preset some certain

values for the moisture and when the moisture goes below the threshold level the system will

automatically switch on the sprinkler until the moisture level goes to the required. Findings: The

system is powered by a renewable source of energy i.e. solar energy. This system is connected to

the user by IOT (Internet of Things) .Moisture sensor monitor l moisture level in soil. If

moisture level is low then controller send signal to on sprinkler.

Block Diagram
Hardware Components

Hardware requirement

Solar Panel

Moisture sensor

Arduino

Auto sprinkler

Software Requirement

Arduino IDE

Solar Panel:

A solar panel is set of solar photovoltaic modules electrically connected and mounted on

structure. A photovoltaic module is a packaged, connected assembly of solar cells. The solar

panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and supply

electricity in commercial and residential applications.

The Soil Moisture Sensor Module reads the amount of moisture present in the soil surrounding it.

This is ideal for monitoring a garden or your pet plant's water level. This sensor uses the two

probes to pass current through the soil then reads the resistance to determine the moisture

level. Since water conducts electricity, the higher the water content, the easier it for the

electrons to move. Similarly the soil is in dry condition causes the current do not passes

easily , the driver the soil the more resistance the electrons face. The varying resistance is

translated to an analog output

DC motor:
Electrical machine are converting energy. Motor take electrical energy and produce

mechanical energy. Electric motor use in water pumping application. Surface pumps, located

at or near the water surface, are used primarily for moving water through a pipeline.

Some surface pumps can develop high heads and are suitable for moving water distances

to high elevations.

Arduino:

Arduino consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller)

and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used

to write and upload computer code to the physical board.

Embedded C:

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C programming language by the C Standards

Committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for different

embedded systems.

Arduino IDE:

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application (for Windows,

macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It is used to write and upload programs

to Arduino board.

Feasibility study:

•The feasibility study is an evaluation and analysis of the potential of a proposed project which is

based on extensive investigation and research to support the process of decision making.

•Feasibility studies aim to objectively and rationally uncover the strengths and weaknesses of an

existing business or proposed venture, opportunities and threats present in the environment, the

resources required to carry through, and ultimately the prospects for success.

•A feasibility study evaluates the project’s potential for success; therefore, perceived Objectivity

is an important factor in the credibility of the study for potential investors and lending

institutions.

•It must therefore be conducted with an objective, unbiased approach to provide information

upon which decisions can be based.

The system must be evaluated from the technical point of view first. The assessment of this

feasibility must be based on an outline design of the system requirement in the terms of input,

output, programs and procedures. Having identified an outline system, the investigation must go

on to suggest the type of equipment, required method developing the system, of running the

system once it has been designed.

Economical feasibility

The cost of solar panels has been constantly decreasing which encourages its usage in various

sectors. One of the applications of this technology is used in irrigation systems for farming. Solar

powered irrigation system can be a suitable alternative for farmers in the present state of energy

crisis in India. This green way for energy production which provides free energy once an initial

investment is made

Moisture sensor: 600/-

Solar panel: 2,000

Auto sprinkler – 400/-

The price of solar panel is not higher. Solar panel can buy affordable for the general public.

3000 cost is not higher cost for today society.

Behavioral feasibility
Moisture sensor monitors moisture in soil. A moisture sensor is used to sense the level of

moisture content present in the irrigation field. It has a level detection module in which we can

set a reference value.

If soil moisture low then sprinkler on automatically and if moisture level of soil is equal then

sprinkler off automatically.

Schedule Feasibility:

A project will fail if it takes too long to be completed before it is useful. Typically this means

estimating how long the system will take to develop, and if it can be completed in a given time

period using some methods like payback period. Schedule feasibility is a measure of how

reasonable the project time table.

Sequence diagram

A sequence diagram is an interaction diagram that shows how objects operate with one another

and in what order. It is a construct of a message sequence chart. A sequence diagram shows

object interactions arranged in time sequence.

The use case diagram is used to identify the primary elements and processes that form the

system. The primary elements are termed as "actors" and the processes are called "use cases."

The use case diagram shows which actors interact with each use case
Activity diagram

Activity diagrams are graphical representations of workflows of stepwise activities andactions

with support for choice, iteration and concurrency. In the Unified Modeling Language, activity

diagrams are intended to model both computational and organizational processes (i.e.

workflows). Activity diagrams show the overall flow of control.

The class diagram is the main building block of object oriented modeling. It is used both for

general conceptual modeling of the systematic of the application, and for detailed modeling

translating the models into programming code.

An implementation methodology is a collection of practices, procedures and rules that must be

applied to perform a specific operation to provide deliverables at the end of each stage. The eight

principles listed below is built from a collection of procedures to establish an effective

implementation methodology framework. This framework provides flexibility to react and adapt

to the unique requirements of every project, incorporating the principles of:

1. Project Management Planning

2. Scope Requirements Specification

3. Risk Issues Management

4. Communication Training

5. Quality Management

6. Post-Implementation Review

7. Documentation G 8. Experience

Project Management

Planning Project management is the art and science of communicating between individuals with

different responsibilities, perspectives, and expectations so that the project team and the

sponsoring organization perceive value and quality in the end product. The implementation

process should be driven by solid project management principles and the concept of people
working in tandem. The project manager drives the collaborative process so team members work

together to accomplish agreed goals. Scope and Requirements Specification The implementation

approach should have an outcomes-based focus. This means that the process emphasizes on

identifying the business requirements that target an organization's specific goals and objectives.

This is achieved through a systematic manner which sets out a solution roadmap that transforms

goals and objectives into functional requirements (critical success factors, csfs).

Risk Management Risk is associated with almost everything we do and is definitely associated

with software implementation projects. A risk is something that may happen, implying a

probability of less than 100 percentage, and if it does transpire, will have an adverse impact on

the project. If it has a probability of 100 percentage, in other words, it occurs then it becomes an

issue. Such an issue is handled differently to a risk. Risk management An effective methodology

approach addresses risk management in four stages:

Stage 1: Identification Stage

2: Quantification Stage

3: Response Stage

4: Control Issue management

Issues are really problems. To solve the problem, an action must be assigned to someone who

has to do something by a due date. Issues should be tracked by type, status and priority. The

methodology should encapsulate the following steps when managing issues:

1. Define what an issue is.

2. Keep log of issues that is easily accessible to everyone on the project.

4. Assign an owner to the issue.

5. Most importantly, regularly monitor and report on the status of issues.

Communication Training Communication Communicate formally, informally and frequently.

Keep people informed so that they will support the outcome of the project, understand what they

need to do and the implications, and alert the project team to issues. Communication should be

targeted at two key groups stakeholders such as staff, management, regulators, contractors and

the project team.

Training

Training is essential for the uptake of the system by users. Some key considerations are:

Scheduling training Too early and all will be forgotten; The audience involved The training

strategy for management will be different for staff who are required to use the system as part of

their day-to-day activities;

Quality Management

Quality management ensures that the system meets or exceeds the customer expectations. It is a

method for ensuring that all the activities, procedures and documentation required to implement

a project are effective and efficient with respect to the system and its performance. The focus is

not only on the product but also on how to achieve it. Post-Implementation Review This stage

instigates learning from mistakes and identifying areas for improvement. In the context of quality

management, this is the review stage. At project sign-off,a project close-out meeting should be

held with all members of the project team, including stakeholders. Usually held as a workshop
scenario, project team members and stakeholders discuss and document project lessons learned

in the form of project outcomes, significant issues, benefits and risks.

Documentation An implementation methodology must be well documented. The

documentation should be content and audience-specific and usually comes in the form of:

Procedure An overview of the methodology, its phases, milestones and deliverables. This type

of documentation also includes templates that help promote efficiencies and streamline the

implementation process. This type of documentation is aimed at the project team. Technical

Describes the technical installation requirements for the information system. This type of

documentation is aimed at a technical audience.

End-User Refers to manuals for the end-user, system administrator and support staff. They

include resources such as training manuals, training aides (such as power point slides) and

automated training material (such as animations).

Experience

Experience is a valuable commodity and vital ingredient for improving the success of any

project. Leveraging the knowledge, talent and skills acquired through years of operational

experience drives the development of a proven deployment methodology. It is not possible to

sustain a quality model without continual improvement initiatives. Software providers

implementation consultants should have extensive actual experience in addressing the day-to-day

issues with which their clients are confronted. They must be able to advise, instruct, apply

creative solutions, resolve process issues and leverage organizational resources. In this way, they

also help develop the methodology through refinements and application of best practices.
TYPE OF TESTING USED:-

White Box Testing

WHITE BOX TESTING (also known as Clear Box Testing, Open Box Testing, Glass Box
Testing, Transparent Box Testing, Code-Based Testing or Structural Testing) is a software
testing method in which the internal structure/design/implementation of the item being tested is
known to the tester. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determines
the appropriate outputs. Programming know-how and the implementation knowledge is essential.
White box testing is testing beyond the user interface and into the nitty-gritty of a system.

This method is named so because the software program, in the eyes of the tester, is like a
white/transparent box; inside which one clearly sees.

Black Box Testing

BLACK BOX TESTING, also known as Behavioral Testing is a software testing method in which
the internal structure/design/implementation of the item being tested is not known to the tester.
These tests can be functional or non-functional, though usually functional.
This method is named so because the software program, in the eyes of the tester, is like a black
box; inside which one cannot see.

Black Box testing method is applicable to the following levels of software testing:

 Integration Testing
 System Testing
 Acceptance Testing

UNIT TESTING:

Unit testing concentrates verification on the smallest element of the program the module. Using

the detailed design description important control paths are tested to establish errors within the

bounds of the module. In this system each sub module is tested individually as per the unit

testing such as campaign, lead, contact etc are tested individually. Their input field validations

are tested.

INTEGRATION TESTING:

Once all the individual units have been tested there is a need to test how they were put together

to ensure no data is lost across interface, one module does not have an adverse impact on another

and a function is not performed correctly. After unit testing each and every sub module is tested

with integrating each other.

SYSTEM TESTING FOR CURRENT SYSTEM:-

modules were integrated and the flow of information among different modules was checked.

It was also checked that whether the flow of data is as per the requirements or not. It was also

checked that whether any particular module is non-functioning or not i.e. once the integration is

over each and every module is functioning in its entirety or not. In this level of testing we tested

the following: - Whether all the forms are properly working or not. Whether all the forms are

properly linked or not. Whether all the images are properly displayed or not. Whether data travel

is proper or not.

TEST CASES AND TEST RESULTS:-

Knowledge in general is not required. The tester is aware of what the software is supposed

to do but is not aware of how it does it. For instance, the tester is aware that a particular

Input returns a certain, invariable output but is not aware of how the software produces the

Output in the first place.

TEST CASES:

Test cases are built around specifications and requirements, i.e., what the application is supposed

to do. Test cases are generally derived from external descriptions of the software, including

specifications, requirements and design parameters. Although the tests used are primarily

functional in nature, non-functional tests may also be used. The test designer selects both valid

and invalid inputs and determines the correct output without any knowledge of the test objects

internal structure.
 Software Development Life Cycle

The Waterfall Model Waterfall model is also called linear sequential model or classic life cycle

model. In our proposed system we need to follow a particular sequence thats why we are using

waterfall model in proposed system. This waterfall model paradigm begin at system level and

goes through analysis, design, coding and maintenance.

1. Communication: Project development process starts with communication between group

members. We need to specify all the requirements.

2. Planning: It includes complete estimation and scheduling of project.

3. Modeling: It includes detail requirement analysis and project design (algorithm and

flowchart).
4. Construction

a. Coding

b. Testing

5. Deployment: It includes software delivery, support and feedback from customer

TEST DESIGN TECHNIQUES:-

Typically black box test design technique includes:

Decision table testing

All-pairs testing
State transition Analysis

Equivalence partitioning

Boundary value analysis

Cause effect graph

Error guessing

Software Quality Attributes:

1. Reliability:

Reliability is the ability of a system to remain operational over time. Reliability is measured as

the probability that a system will not fail to perform its intended functions over a specified time

interval.
 2. Availability:

Availability defines the proportion of time that the system is functional and working.

It can be measured as a percentage of the total system downtime over a predefined period.

Availability will be affected by system errors, infrastructure problems, malicious attacks, and

system load.

3. Portability:

This tool is portable because it can be installed on any operating system of windows. This tool

enables us to reuse the existing code instead of creating new code when moving software from

an environment to another. When the same operating system version is installed on two

compatible computers, it is often possible to transfer one or more program files between them.

4. Performance:

Performance is an indication of the responsiveness of a system to execute any action within a

given time interval. It can be measured in terms of latency or throughput. Latency is the time

taken to respond to any event. Throughput is the number of events that take place within a given

amount of time.

5. Security:

Security is the capability of a system to prevent malicious or accidental actions outside of the

designed usage, and to prevent disclosure or loss of information. A secure system aims to protect

assets and prevent unauthorized modification of information.

Maintainability is the ability of the system to undergo changes with a degree of ease. These

changes could impact components, services, features, and interfaces when adding or changing

the applications functionality in order to fix errors, or to meet new business requirements.

Maintainability can also affect the time it takes to restore the system to its operational status

following a failure or removal from operation for an upgrade. Improving system maintainability

can increase availability and reduce the effects of run-time defects.

7. Robustness:

This system is Robust. Robustness reduces the impact of operational mistakes, erroneous input

data, and hardware errors. This software is robustness so that this is reduced the impact of

operational mistakes and erroneous input data.

Project problem statement feasibility assessment using NP-Hard, NP-Complete or satisfiability

issues using modern algebra and/or relevant mathematical models.

Theory:

What is P?

• P is set of all decision problems which can be solved in polynomial time by a deterministic.

•Since it can be solved in polynomial time, it can be verified in polynomial time.

•Therefore P is a subset of NP.

What is N?

•”N” in ”NP” refers to the fact that you are not bound by the normal way a computer works,

which is step-by-step. The ”N” actually stands for ”Non- deterministic”. This means that you are

dealing with an amazing kind of computer that can run things simultaneously or could somehow

guess the right way to do things, or something like that.

•So this ”N” computer can solve lots more problems in ”P” time - for example it can just clone

copies of itself when needed.

solved quickly on this amazing ”N” computer and so are in ”NP”.

•Thus ”NP” means ”we can solve it in polynomial time if we can break the normal rules of step-

by-step computing”.

What is NP?

•”NP” means ”we can solve it in polynomial time if we can break the normal rules of step-by-

step computing”.

What is NP-Complete?

•Since this amazing ”N” computer can also do anything a normal computer can, we know that

”P” problems are also in ”NP”.

•So, the easy problems are in ”P” (and ”NP”), but the really hard ones are *only* in ”NP”, and

they are called ”NP-complete”.

•It is like saying there are things that People can do (”P”), there are things that

•Super People can do (”SP”), and there are things *only* Super People can do (”SP-complete”).

What is NP-Hard?

•A problem is NP-hard if an algorithm for solving it can be translated into one for solving any

NP-problem (non- deterministic polynomial time) problem. NP- hard therefore means”at least as

hard as any NP-problem,” although it might, in fact, be harder. ”Our proposed system goes under

the category of NP-complete Class because we are using LSB algorithm for the Image

Encryption and Decryption”. An algorithm is called nondeterministic ally polynomial time

to which one cannot determine which path is to be followed after particular stage. Here we

define many techniques to find the appropriate result like cryptography, stenography, Data

hiding, Lossless and reversible scheme. In our proposed system, as the number of embedding

bits in the cover image increases, the time complexity increases significantly. Since the capacity

to embed data increases. Note that the LSB algorithm is non-deterministic polynomial, so our

proposed system comes under

NP-Complete Class.

NP-Complete class of problems: A problem is NP-Complete if it is NP-Hard and it is NP (i.e.

there exists a non-deterministic algorithm running in polynomial time which solves it).

Therefore, our system is NP-Complete.

Objects:

Input1: Ip1 = controller send signal to sensor

Input2: Ip2= sensor detect moisture level low

Input3: Ip3= moisture level high

Output1: Op1 = sensor monitor soil

Output2: Op2 = sprinkler on

Output3: Op3 = sprinkler off

Algorithm Steps:-

(1) Start.

(2) Centralized server running.

(3) Controller send signal to sensor.

(4) Sensor monitors soil moisture.

(5) If (low level soil moisture detect) sprinkler on;

Else

Sprinkler Off;

(6) End.

•Our Project Is NP-Complete

Our project comes into the NP Complete, because in particular time it will not give the result.

For the decision problem, so that it will give the solution for the problem within polynomial
time. The set of all decision problems whose solution can be provided into polynomial time by

using the attribute enhanced index.

Other Non- functional requirements.

Performance Requirements:

The performance requirement is the connection of Bluetooth module which is mounted on robot

and the Bluetooth in a phone. High Speed: System should process requested task in parallel for

various action to give quick response. Then system must wait for process completion.

Safety Requirements:
If the connection of Bluetooth module which is mounted on robot and Bluetooth on mobile is

not establish then we are not able to access the robot or there is problem between any other

connections in system, then we will check connections again and again

Security Requirements:

We will be using authentication for connection between Bluetooth module which mounted on

system and Bluetooth on mobile. So that only authenticate person can access the system.

Advantages

 Minimize human effort

 Reduce losses and wastage of water

 Minimize interaction of farmers.

 environmental friendly

 energy and fuel saving

Disadvantages

 high capital investment

Conclusion
The proposed system is beneficial to the farmers when this system is implemented. And also useful

to the government with solar panel energy, solution for energy crisis is problem. When the soil needs

water is indicated by the sensor by this automatic irrigation system is implemented. Automatic

irrigation system is used to optimize the usage of water by reducing wastage and reduces the human

work. The energy needed to the water pump and controlling system is given by solar panel. Solar panels

which are small grid that can be produce excess energy. By using solar energy reduces the energy crisis

problem.

Future scope

In future, the Automated Irrigation System Using Linear Programming provides to be a real time

feedback control system. This control system monitor and controls all the activities of drip irrigation

system efficiently and also efficient water management gives more profit in less cost.
Using this system, manpower and water can be saved, as well as with this system the productivity

improved and ultimately the profit. In future with some modification in this system can also supply

agricultural chemicals like sodium, ammonium, zinc, calcium to the field along with fertilizers by

adding new sensors and valves.

Further we can also attach a smoke sensor to prevent fire in the fields. The smoke sensor will sense the

smoke or fire and will start sparkling water through Rain gun or pipes. We can use the concept of solar

tracking to make our solar panel, a solar tracker which will track sunlight and increase efficiency of

system by giving more output

References

1) Liu Xiaochu Wu Hualong Engineering Quality Control of Solar-powered Intelligent Water-

saving Irrigation 2010 2nd International Asia Conference on Informatics in Control, Automation

and Robotics
2) Gouthami Eragamreddy K.Ramya Sree Solar Powered Auto Watering System for Irrigation

using Embedded Controller International Conference on Energy, Communication, Data Analytics

and Soft Computing (ICECDS-2017)

3) Jia Uddin1 , S.M. Taslim Reza2 , Qader Newaz2 , Jamal Uddin2 , Touhidul Islam2 , and Jong-

Myon Kim1,* Automated Irrigation System Using Solar Power 2012 7th International

Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering 20-22 December, 2012, Dhaka, Bangladesh

4) S. Harishankar1 , R. Sathish Kumar2 , Sudharsan K.P, U. Vignesh and T.Viveknath Solar

Powered Smart Irrigation System

5) Saurabh Suman, Shanu Kumar, Ratnajeet Sarkar, Gautam Ghosh Solar Powered

Automatic Irrigation System on Sensing Moisture Content Using Arduino and GSM

Volume 6, Issue 6, June 2017