HMT Ex. 6 (RA1911002010062)

NAME: ANIH KISHOR REG. NO.
: RA1911002010062
EXPERIMENT 6: STEFAN BOLTZMAN APPARATUS
AIM:
To determine Stefan Boltzmann constant of thermal radiation.
EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:
Stefan Boltzmann apparatus.
THEORY:
Thermal radiation is the energy emitted by matter that is at a finite temperature. The radiation heat transfer
requires no medium and it travels in the form of electromagnetic waves. The radiation is relevant in many
industrial heating, cooling and drying processes as well as energy conversion methods that involve
combustion of fuels and solar radiation.
The Stefan Boltzmann law states that the thermal radiation heat flux or emissive power of a black surface is
proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature of the surface.
➢ Q/A = T
Where Q = Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.669 x 10⁻⁸ W/m²K
DESCRIPTION:
The apparatus (Fig. 7.1) is centred on a flanged copper hemisphere fixed on a flat insulated material plate.
The outer surface of the hemisphere is enclosed in a metal jacket used to heat the hemisphere to certain
constant temperature. The hemisphere shape is preferred for easy draining of water bath. Iron –Constantan
thermocouples are attached to measure its mean temperature and it is read by a temperature indicator. A
disc is mounted on an isolate Bakelite piece fitted on a hole at the centre of the base plate. Another similar
thermocouple is used to measure the temperature of the disc.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Mass of the test disc (m) = 25 gm
Specific heat of the disc material Cp = 0.3768 kJ/kg-K
Diameter of the disc (d) = 0.025 m
Hemisphere diameter = 200 mm
Page 1 of 7
PRE-LAB QUESTIONS:
1. Define Radiation.
Ans. The emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high
energy particles which cause ionization.
2. Define Black body.
Ans. A black body or blackbody is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic
radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. The name "black body" is given because it
absorbs all colours of light. A black body also emits black-body radiation.
3. Distinguish between black body and grey body.
Ans. A grey body is a non-ideal object that can absorb some of the incident radiation and emit only a
portion of the radiation. The difference between a black body and a grey body is that Black body is an
ideal physical body whereas the grey body is a non-ideal physical body.
PROCEDURE:
1) Switch on the geyser and allow the water temperature to reach 80º C
2) The window containing the disc is to be opened before letting the hot water into the jacket.
3) The hot water is filled in the jacket and the hemispherical enclosure will reach steady state
temperature in a short time.
4) Close the window containing disc and note down the temperature of the disc. Now observe the time
by stop watch and temperature of the disc at short temperature rising intervals.
5) Repeat the experiment for different temperatures.
Page 2 of 7
TABULATION (A):
Hemispherical Temperature Average

S. No. Time Taken (°C) T=(T1+T2+T3+T4)/4
(min) (°C)
T1 T2 T3 T4
1 2 82 84 87 88 85.25
2 4 89 90 92 90 90.25
3 6 92 91 92 91 91.5
4 8 92 91 92 91 91.5
Average T = 89.63 °C
TABULATION (B):
Time for every Test disc

S. No. (25 seconds) temperature T5
(°C)
1 0 41
2 25 42
3 50 43
4 75 44
5 100 45
6 125 46
7 150 47
8 175 47
9 200 48
10 225 49
11 250 49
12 275 50
13 300 51
14 325 51
15 350 52
16 375 52
17 400 53
18 425 53
CALCULATIONS AND FORMULAE:

Mass of the test disc = 6.2 gm = 6.2 x 10⁻³ kg
Specific heat of the disc material = 381 J/kg K
Temperature of the enclosure (T) = (T1 + T2 + T3 + T4)/4 (T in Kelvin)
Obtain slope from the temperature – time response of the disc

Q = m x Cp x (dT/dt)disc
A = Area of the disc = π.(d)²/4 m²
Page 3 of 7
σ = Q/A (Tenclosure - Ttest-section ) W/m²K
Draw a plot of temperature rise Vs Time and obtain the slope T/t.
Value of σ can be calculated from-

Q = m.Cp.(T/t) = A(T - Td )
σ = Q/A(T - Td )
Where-
A = Surface Area of the disc (m²)
Td = Steady state temperature of the disc (K)
GRAPH:
Draw a plot of Temperature rise Vs Time.
POST LAB QUESTIONS:

1. Distinguish Radiation and Irradiation.
Ans. The main difference between Irradiation and Radiation is that the Irradiation is a process by which
an object is exposed to radiation and Radiation is a waves or particles propagating through space or
through a medium, carrying energy.
2. Distinguish Absorptivity and Emissivity.
Ans. The main difference is that absorptivity is the quality of being absorptive; absorptiveness while
emissivity is (physics) the energy-emitting propensity of a surface, usually measured at a specific
wavelength.
3. Distinguish Radiosity and Reflectivity.
Ans. Radiosity is a global illumination algorithm in the sense that the illumination arriving on a surface
comes not just directly from the light sources, but also from other surfaces reflecting light. Radiosity is
viewpoint independent, which increases the calculations involved, but makes them useful for all
viewpoints.
The property of reflecting light or radiation, especially reflectance as measured independently of the
thickness of a material.
4. Explain the following laws related to thermal radiation. (a) Stefan Boltzmann law, (b) Kirchhoff’s
law & (c) Wien’s law.
Ans. a) Stefan Boltzmann Law: The Stefan–Boltzmann law describes the power radiated from a black
body in terms of its temperature. Specifically, the Stefan–Boltzmann law states that the total energy
radiated per unit surface area of a black body across all wavelengths per unit time.
b) Kirchhoff’s Law: Kirchhoff's law states that, for a body of any arbitrary material emitting and absorbing
thermal electromagnetic radiation at every wavelength in thermodynamic equilibrium, the ratio of its
emissive power to its dimensionless coefficient of absorption is equal to a universal function only of
radiative wavelength and temperature.
Page 4 of 7
c) Wein’s Law: Wien’s law, also called Wien’s displacement law, relationship between the temperature
of a blackbody (an ideal substance that emits and absorbs all frequencies of light) and the wavelength at
which it emits the most of the light.
INFERENCE:
RESULT AND CONCLUSIONS:
The Stefan Boltzmann constant was found as σ = 5.745 x 10⁻⁸ W/ m²K . Compare and comment the result
obtained in the experiment with standard conditions.
Page 5 of 7
Page 6 of 7
Page 7 of 7

HMT Ex. 6 (RA1911002010062)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HMT Ex. 6 (RA1911002010062)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

HMT Ex. 6 (RA1911002010062)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

NAME: ANIH KISHOR REG. NO.

EXPERIMENT 6: STEFAN BOLTZMAN APPARATUS

Where Q = Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.669 x 10⁻⁸ W/m²K

Hemisphere diameter = 200 mm

5) Repeat the experiment for different temperatures.

Hemispherical Temperature Average

Time for every Test disc

CALCULATIONS AND FORMULAE:

Obtain slope from the temperature – time response of the disc

Value of σ can be calculated from-

POST LAB QUESTIONS:

You might also like