Offline Mock test – 3 (paper II) 1

MPSC Civil Engineering Mains Exam 2019

Offline Mock TEST - 3

Paper – II
Answers with Explanation

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ANSWERS AND EXPLANATION

QUE ANS QUE ANS QUE ANS QUE ANS

01 A 26 C 51 D 76 A

02 D 27 C 52 C 77 A

03 B 28 B 53 D 78 B

04 D 29 A 54 C 79 B

05 A 30 A 55 C 80 B

06 C 31 B 56 A 81 B

07 B 32 A 57 B 82 B

08 A 33 A 58 A 83 D

09 C 34 C 59 B 84 C

10 A 35 C 60 C 85 C

11 C 36 B 61 A 86 C

12 C 37 B 62 D 87 D

13 C 38 C 63 D 88 B

14 A 39 C 64 A 89 D

15 C 40 B 65 B 90 B

16 C 41 B 66 B 91 C

17 B 42 D 67 B 92 C

18 C 43 D 68 D 93 D

19 B 44 B 69 B 94 A

20 D 45 D 70 B 95 D

21 A 46 D 71 B 96 B

22 C 47 C 72 D 97 B

23 A 48 B 73 C 98 D

24 B 49 A 74 D 99 A

25 D 50 C 75 C 100 D

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1. Answer: A
In 30 m chain length of single link is considered as 20 cm.

2. Answer: D
In reciprocal levelling the foresight and back sight are kept equal during levelling
observation which cause the refraction & curvature correction to be zero.

3. Answer: B
Tilting levelling instrument is mainly used when surveying work is to done for precise
levelling.

4. Answer: D
The process of turning the telescope about vertical axis in horizontal plane is called as
swinging.

5. Answer: A
A theodolite is used to measure horizontal & vertical angles only.

6. Answer: C
Stadia hair is used in
i. movable hair method.
ii. Fixed hair method.
iii. Subtense hair method only.

7. Answer: B
𝐿
Spiral angle of transition curve= 2𝑅

8. Answer: A
Rotation of camera at exposure about the line of flight is known as tilt.

9. Answer: C
Can not be determine from given data
Diff, between A and B
′
(ℎ𝐴 −ℎ𝐵 ′)+(ℎ𝐴 −ℎ𝐵 )
⟹𝐻= 2
= 0.5 𝑚

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𝑅𝐿 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 = 100 + 0.5
= 100.5𝑚

10. Answer: A
𝑓
Where, [ 𝑖 ] 𝑠 + [𝑓 + 𝑑] equation of tachometry.
Where, 𝑓 = Focal length
𝑖 = Image height
𝑑 = Distance between object.

11. Answer: C
Generally, specific gravity is represented either at 27°C or at 20°C. If test temperature is
different than the standard temperature, then correction has to be done as follows:
𝛾𝑆
𝐺=
𝛾𝑊
∴ 𝐺 × 𝛾𝑊 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
⟹ 𝐺27°𝐶 × 𝛾𝑊27°𝐶 = 𝐺𝑇°𝐶 × 𝛾𝑊27°𝐶
𝛾𝑤𝑇°𝐶
∴ 𝐺27°𝐶 = 𝐺𝑇°𝐶 ×
𝛾𝑊27°𝐶

12. Answer: C
Newmark's Influence Chart Method
In this method, soil is assumed to be homogenous, semi-infinite elastic and isotropic.
These charts are based on Boussinesq's equation so these charts are not applicable for
stratified soils.
The greatest advantage of this method is that it can be used for any shape of the loaded
area.
The influence chart consists of a no. of concentric circles and radial lines which divides it
into different area units where influence of each area unit at the centre of the chart is
same and is referred as INFLUENCE FACTOR.
Generally, 10 concentric circles and 20 radial lines are considered which divides it into
200 units.
𝑄
i.e. , 𝜎𝑧 = 𝐾𝐵 𝑧 2
1
𝐼=
𝑚×𝑛
Where
m = No. of concentric circles,
n = No. of radial lines

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13. Answer: C
The vane shear test is essentially a quick test used either in the laboratory or in the field.
In this test, there is no mechanism to measure pore pressure, hence it is essentially an
undrain test. So it is used to determine the undrain shear strength of soils.
This test is suitable for soft saturated clays and silts.
The mechanism of test in lab and field is same, the only difference is in the size.

Description Lab size Field size

Height of vane (H) 20 mm 10 cm - 20 cm
Diameter (D) 12 mm 5 cm - 10 cm
Vane thickness (t) 0.5 mm - 1 mm 2 cm - 3 cm

The vane is pushed gently into the soil upto the required depth at the bottom of a
borehole and torque is applied gradually to the upper end of the rod until the soil fails in
shear, due to the rotation of the vane.

14. Answer: A
The Stokes law is valid for very small size particle i.e. 0.2mm.
Equation for stokes law is gives as
𝑔 𝑑2
𝑉𝑆 = [𝐺 − 1]
18 𝑠 Υ

15. Answer: C
Pile foundations:
 They are somewhat similar to column in that loads developed at one level are
transmitted to a lower level.
 Pile foundations is generally used when simple spread foundation at a suitable depth is
not possible either because the strata of required bearing capacity is available at a
greater depth or steep slopes are encountered.

16. Answer: C
Dilatancy or water table correction (𝐶2 ):
 In case of fine sand or silt below water table, apparently high values may be noted
for 𝑁0 . In such cases the following correction is applied.
 The value of SPT, corrected for overburden pressure i.e. 𝑁1 is further corrected for
dilatancy.

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1
𝑁 = 15 + (𝑁1 − 15)
2
Where, 𝑁1 = corrected SPT value after overburden correction.
N = finally corrected value.

17. Answer: B
The vertical pressure on element 1 is equal to ′𝑞𝑢 . ′ whereas on element '2' it is 𝛾𝐷𝑓
Element '1' is in active state. Hence, the vertical stress is the major principal stress and the
lateral stress is the minor principal stress. Whereas, element '2' is in passive state. Hence
lateral stress becomes the major stress, and the vertical stress becomes the minor
principal stress.
For element '2',
𝜎ℎ = 𝑘𝑃 𝜎𝑣
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
= 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 𝛾𝐷𝑓 (1)
For element 1,
𝜎ℎ = 𝑘𝑎 𝜎𝑣
= 𝑘𝑎 𝑞𝑢
Or
𝜎ℎ
𝑞𝑢 =
𝑘𝑎
= 𝑘𝑝 𝜎ℎ
1+𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
= 1+𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ . 𝜎ℎ (2)
From equation (1) and (2).
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ 2
𝑞𝑢 = [ ] 𝛾𝐷𝑓
1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛∅
∅
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑘𝑝2 𝛾𝐷𝑓 or tan4 (45 + 2) 𝛾𝐷𝑓

18. Answer: C
Equation for coefficient of consolidation
𝐾
𝐸𝑉 =
Υw . 𝑀
Hence it increases with increases in k.

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19. Answer: B
Droplet and Jet
When a droplet is separated initially from the surface of the main body of liquid, then
due to surface tension there is a net inward force exerted over the entire surface of the
droplet which causes the surface of the droplet to contract from all the sides and results
in increasing the internal pressure within the droplet.
The contraction of the droplet continues till the inward force due to surface tension is in
balance with the internal pressure and the droplet forms into sphere which is the shape
for minimum surface area.
The internal pressure within a jet of liquid is also increased due to surface tension.

20. Answer: D
Barometer
Atmospheric pressure is measured by a device called barometer, thus, the atmospheric
pressure is often referred to as the barometric pressure.
The barometer consists of a inverted mercury-filled tube into a mercury container that is
open to the atmosphere
The pressure at point B is equal to the atmospheric pressure, and the pressure at C can
be taken to be zero since there is only mercury vapour above point C and the pressure is
very low relative to 𝜌𝑎𝑡𝑚 and can be neglected. Writing a force balance in the vertical
direction gives
𝜌𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
In barometer, Hg is used because of its two important properties:
i) Hg is a high density fluid.
(ii) Hg has very low vapour pressure.

21. Answer: A
Uniform Flow and Non-uniform Flow:
When velocity of the fluid does not change, both in magnitude and direction, from point
to point, at any given instant of time, the flow is said to be uniform flow.
𝜕𝑉
i.e.( 𝜕𝑆 )
𝑡=𝑡𝑜

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22. Answer: C
Inertia - Elasticity Force Ratio (Mach Number)
Elasticity Force 𝐹𝑖 = 𝜌𝐿2 𝑉 2
(𝐹𝑒 ) = 𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝐾 × 𝐴 = 𝐾 × 𝐴
𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛
Mach Number (𝑀) = √ 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

𝜌𝐿2 𝑉 2 𝑉
=√ =
𝐾𝐿2 𝐶
𝐾
Where, 𝐶 = √ 𝜌 , which represents the velocity of sound in the fluid system of density 𝜌

23. Answer: A
We can see that the velocity of flow in a free vortex motion varies inversely with the radial
distance from the centre of vortex motion. i.e.
1
𝑉∝
𝑟
For 𝑟 → 0, 𝑉 → ∞ the point where the velocity of flow.

24. Answer: B
Velocity Distribution
In an open channel, velocity across any section is not constant, being zero at the channel
boundary and maximum at certain depth below the surface.
The contours of equal velocity are called Isovels.
The dip of the maximum velocity point depends on aspect ratio (depth to width) of the
channel.
For a deep narrow channel, the location of maximum velocity point will be much lower
than the wider channel with the same depth.
For rivers and canals, average velocity attains at a depth of 0.6 𝑦𝑜 below the free surface,
where, y is the depth of flow.

25. Answer: D
For kinematic similarity, geometrical similarity must exist.
For dynamic similarity, geometrical as well as kinematic similarity must exist but this is not
the sufficient condition for dynamic similarity.
For complete similarity, geometrical, kinematic and dynamic similarity must exist. A
model can be larger than prototype. Normally larger models are made when,

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(a) Flow field is very small

(b) Flow velocity is very fast
Impeller Power
𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Mechanical Efficiency (𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ ), 𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑤𝑟

26. Answer: C
The speed of a centrifugal pump may be defined as the speed in revolution per minute of
a geometrically similar pump of such a size that under corresponding conditions it would
deliver 1 liter of liquid per second against of a head of 1m.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (𝐻𝑚 ) =
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑁√𝑄
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 (𝑁𝑆 ) =
(𝐻𝑚 )3/4

27. Answer: C
The maximum flow velocity in circular channel the depth of flow show be
𝑦 = 0.81𝐷
& for discharge
𝑦 = 0.938𝐷

28. Answer: B
In centrifugal pump the inlet angle will be designed in such a way that the absolute
velocity vector will be in radial direction.

29. Answer: A
Equation for specific speed for
𝑁√𝑃
Turbine NS= 5
𝐻4
𝑁√𝑄
Pump NS= 3
𝐻4
It does not consist of diameter of impeller.

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30. Answer: A
Co-relation and use of experimental data.
𝑁
• Unit speed, 𝑁𝑢 =
√𝐻
𝑄
• Unit discharge, 𝑄𝑢 =
√𝐻
𝑃
• Unit power, 𝑃𝑢 = 3
𝐻2

31. Answer: B
The governor acts as a discharge regulator to keep constant speed of runner when load
on generator changes.

32. Answer: A
Centrifugal Pump C Centrifugal pump is reverse of inward flow reaction turbine. It works
on principle of forced vortex motion, it has high discharging capacity and can be used
for lifting highly viscous liquids e. g. sewage water, chemicals etc.
Priming is an operation in which liquid is completely filled in the chamber of pump so
that air or gas or vapour from the portion Radial vane of pump is driven out & no air
pocket is left.
Forward Forward vane
curve vane ne
l va
Radial vane dia
Ra
Head

Power

Backward
curve vane Backward vane
Discharge Discharge

In volute pump cross sectional area results in developing a uniform velocity throughout
casing & free vortex is formed.

33. Answer: A
Impeller is the central circular wheel which converts mechanical energy into hydraulic
energy.

34. Answer: C
The head developed in centrifugal pump is usually limited to 50m due speed of the
impeller.

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35. Answer: C
It pressure head when becomes less the discharge capacity of a centrifugal pumps more

36. Answer: B
Salvage value - It is the estimated value of a built up property at the end of its useful life
without being dismantled. This is generally accounted by deducting the depreciation from
its new cost.
But there are times when salvage value is of sizable amount, and there are other times
when it is a minus quantity. For salvage value deposition may take the form of a sale of
the asset to some purchaser who will continue to use it for the function for which it was
originally designed after replacement and remodelling.

37. Answer: B
Sr No Brickwork in foundation and plinth 1.25
1 Brickwork in superstructure ground floor 1.10
2 Half brickwork in partition wall 7.00 sq. m
3 Brickwork in plain arches 1.00 cu m
4 Reinforced Brickwork in slabs 1.00 cu m

38. Answer: C
𝑘𝑔
The steel has the density as 7850 𝑚3
Weight is 7850 kg.

39. Answer: C
The unit of measurement for electric wining of electrification light, fan, plug point is in
number.

40. Answer: B
The cost optimization procedure is to find out the normal time and cost and at the same
time crash time and cost for each activity. The cost-slope for each item is to be found out
for each activity.
𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝐶𝑟𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 =
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 − 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
𝐶𝑐 − 𝐶𝑛
=
𝑇𝑛 − 𝑇𝑐

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41. Answer: B
1. This is the estimated value of an asset as a whole without dismantling at the end of its
useful life.
2. Ordinarily the salvage value factor in the calculation of depreciation is omitted by
accounting scrap value.
3. Salvage value deposition may take the form of a sale of the asset to a purchaser who
will continue to use it for the function for which it was originally designed. In this case
salvage value dominate scrap value in the calculation of depreciation. There are times
when it is a minus quantity.

42. Answer: D
If the person has the right and privileges to enjoy over the property of another is
basement.

43. Answer: D
Essentials of Contracts: Essentials of Contracts are the following particulars by which all
agreements must be made in order to constitute a valid contract:
1. That the contract shall be made by parties competent to contract;
2. That the contract shall be made by free consent of the parties;
3. That there shall be a definite proposal and its acceptance;
4. That the contract shall be made so that the considerations and objects are lawful;
5. That the meaning shall be certain.

44. Answer: B
Sr. Description Unit of Unit of Mode of measurement (See also
No of item. measurement rate Chapter XVI)
1 Earthwork: Cu m per % cum Measurement shall be taken as per
Earthwork in authorised dimensions from which
excavation in soil has been taken out and shall
any type of be measured without allowance for
soil. increase in bulk. Excavation
exceeding 1.5 m in width as well as
10 sq. m. on plan but not
exceeding 30 cm in depth shall be
considered as surface excavation

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and given in sq. m. stating the

average depth.
2 Excavation in Cu m per % cum Earthwork in different kinds of soil
hard rock and rock formation shall be kept
separate.

45. Answer: D
Mass of water inflow - mass of water outflow = change in mass of water storage.

46. Answer: D
Snow fall: Snow fall is a another important form of precipitation. Snow are made up of
ice crystals which usually combine to form flakes. When these flakes reaches to the
earth’s surface than snow fall occur. The snow fall occur when nearer to earth’s surface
the temperature is freezing (about 300m from surface) Average density of
snow 0.1𝑔/𝑐𝑚3 packed snow have high density.

47. Answer: C
An anemometer is a device used for measuring wind speed and is a common weather
station instrument.
A hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring the moisture content in the
atmosphere.
A lysimeter is a measuring device which can be used to measure the amount of actual
evapotranspiration which is released by plants. By recording the amount of precipitation
that an area receives and the amount lost through the soil the amount of water lost to
evapotranspiration can be calculated.

48. Answer: B
If soil moisture increases → infiltration capacity decreases.
If soil moisture decrease then infiltration capacity increases

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49. Answer: A

Flow hydrograph

Discharge inflow
rate

Area (A1) upto Time, t

= ordinate of mass curve
at time, t
t=0 t=t Time Year
Mass inflow

Mass inflow curve

Time, year

50. Answer: C
0.36Σ𝑄𝑡
𝑛=
𝐴
0.36 × 160 × 3
=
36
𝑛 = 4.8 𝑐𝑚

51. Answer: A
Rotational formula 𝑄𝑃 = 𝐾𝑖𝐴
There is a no term for duration of rainfall in the rotational formula so peak discharge will
not change.

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52. Answer: C
𝑆 = 𝐾[𝑥𝐼 𝑚 + (1 − 𝑥)𝑄 𝑚 ]
𝑆 = 𝐾𝑥𝐼 𝑚 + 𝐾(1 − 𝑥)𝑄 𝑚
𝑚 = Constant of exponent
𝑥= weightage constant unitless
𝑠= storage
∴ 𝑆 ≈ 𝑘(1 − 𝑥)𝑄 𝑚
𝑚3
𝑚3 = 𝐾 ×
𝑠
𝑠=𝑘
𝑘 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑟

53. Answer: D
i) Prism Storage: It is the volume formed by an imaginary plane parallel to channel bed
drown upstream from the outflow section to the inflow section.
ii) Wedge Storage: It is the triangular volume enclosed between the actual water surface
profile and the top surface of the prism storage.

54. Answer: C
The Per Capita Demand (q)
It is the annual average amount of daily water required by one person and includes the
domestic use, industrial use and commercial use, public use, waste thefts etc.
It may be, therefore expressed as Per Capita Demand (q) in litres per day per head
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑙𝑦 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 (𝑖. 𝑒 𝑉)
=
365 × 𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

55. Answer: C
Bleaching Powder (Hypochlorites): Powdered chlorine which may be chlorinated lime
(bleaching powder) or its more stable variant. Chlorinated lime approximately comprises
of:
𝑃𝐻 < 7
2+ 20𝐶𝑙 − − 𝐻𝑂𝐶𝑙
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐶𝑙)2 ⇌ 𝐶𝑎 + 𝑂𝐶𝑙 ⇌
𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑐ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑐ℎ𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑
𝑝𝐻 > 8
𝑂𝐶𝑙 and 𝐻𝑂𝐶𝐼 are disinfectant in this case. This process is called hypochlorination.
100% pure hypochlorite should contain free available chlorine equal to Oct value of the
compound. E.g. 142 gm of 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝑐𝑙)2 will contain 102 gm of 𝑂𝐶𝑙 − i.e. free chlorine in
100% column hychlonite is 70%. But the actual chlorinating ability is lesser because

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bleaching powder is unstable and goes on loosing its chlorine content when exposed to
atmosphere.
Hypochlorites are generally not used in modern days because they increase pH, which is
result of lime content and finally, sludge is formed in this case.
Hypochlorite contains very low amount of chlorine as 40 % - 50%.

56. Answer: A
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
Detection period = discharge
𝜋 2
𝑑 𝐻
=4
𝑄
Where,
𝑑 = Diameter of tank =26 m
𝐻 =Side water depth=2.1m
𝑄 = Two Tank are in operation
= 13000 𝑚3 /𝑑𝑎𝑦
1300 3
= 𝑚 /ℎ𝑟 = 541.67 𝑚3 /ℎ
24
𝜋
(26)2 × 2.1
∴ 4 = 2.05ℎ𝑟
541.67

57. Answer: B
The fresh sewage is generally alkaline in nature (with pH more 7) but as time passes its
pH tends the to fall due to production of acids by bacterial action in anaerobic or
nitrification processes.

58. Answer: A
The fresh sewage contains high amount of OH n it. The fresh sewage is always alkaline.

59. Answer: B
Kutter's Formula:
0.00155 1
(23 + )+𝑛
𝐶= 𝑆
0.00155 𝑛
1 + (23 + ).
𝑆 √𝑅
Where, 𝑛 = Rugosity coefficient depending upon the type of the channel surface.

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Table: Mannings or kutter's Rugosity Coefficients (n)

S. Pipe Material Values of n at full depth for
No.
1 2 Good interior Surface Fair interior
condition (3) surface condition
(4)
1. Salt glazed stoneware pipes 0.012 0.014
2. Cement concrete pipes 0.013 0.015
3. Cast iron pipes 0.012 0.013
4. Brick, unglazed sewers/dains 0.013 0.015
5. Asbestos cement 0.011 0.012
6. Plastic (smooth) pipes 0.011 0.011

60. Answer: C
Now a days, these screens are generally kept inclined at about 30° to 60° to the direction
of tow, so as to increase the opening area and to reduce the flow velocity and thus
making the screen more effective. While designing the screens, clear openings should
have sufficient total area, so that the velocity through them is not more than 0.8 to 1
m/sec. These limits, placed on velocity, limits the head loss through the screens and thus,
reduces the opportunity for materials to be pushed through the screens

61. Answer: A
The favorable P.H range is 7 to 8.5 if it falls below 5 it is called as Acidic Rain.

62. Answer: D
Elutriation is a process for separating particles based on their size, shape and density,
using a stream of gas or liquid flowing in a direction usually opposite to the direction of
sedimentation. This method is mainly used for particles smaller than 1 um. The smaller
or lighter particles rise to the top (overflow) because their terminal sedimentation
velocities are lower than the velocity of the rising fluid. The terminal velocity of any
particle in any medium can be calculated using Stokes' law if the particle's Reynolds
number is below 0.2. Counter flow centrifugation elutriation is a related technique to
separate cells.

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63. Answer: D
The construction of an Expressway was planned in Lucknow plan 1600 km
The third twenty year plan:
(1981-2001) (Lucknow plan)
 (Target 82km/100sq.km)
 Expressways 2000km.
 Length of NH=area in 𝑘𝑚2 /50
Length of SH=area in 𝑘𝑚2 /25𝑜𝑟 62.5

64. Answer: A
Bridge should be passed through straight aligned road curve band induces extra
centrifugal force.
The road bridge across the river can be located only at a place where the river has a
straight and permanent path away from bends where good foundation start is available.
Alignment should pass along a hill side pass (if possible) so that the tunnel or heavy
cutting is avoided.

65. Answer: B
Right of way: -carriage way + Shoulders + Road margins
Formation width (roadway):-carriage way + shoulder
Highway cross section element:
Shoulder Shoulder
Carriage way
Road boundary

Road Margin
Building Line

Road margin
Control line

formation width
(or) road way
Right of way or Land width
(or) road land

66. Answer: B
In the calculation of signal wheel load desperation of loads is considered with an angle
45°

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67. Answer: B
Plain and railing - 7%
Hilly without snow - 10%
Fully with snow bounded terrain - 7%

68. Answer: D
Viscosity test: Viscosity is the general term for consistency and it is a measure of resistance
of flow.
 ‘Orifice type viscometer’ may be used.
 It is the number of seconds required for 50ml of material to flow through an orifice of
specified size at specified temperature.

69. Answer: B
The test load for 2.5mm and 5.0mm penetration are recorded.
𝑃2.5 𝑜𝑟 5𝑚𝑚
𝐶𝐵𝑅(%) = × 100
𝑃𝑠𝑡𝑑 2.5 𝑜𝑟 5𝑚𝑚
𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝐶𝐵𝑅2.5𝑚𝑚 > 𝐶𝐵𝑅5𝑚𝑚
(CBR reported is higher of the two).

70. Answer: B
The valley curvy is never designed for drainage condition.

71. Answer: B
In order to have a better construction of road, the relative magnitude of free carbon in
bitumen on that of tar should be less.

72. Answer: D
Weaving angle and weaving length: The angle between the path of a vehicle entering the
rotary to that of another vehicle leaving the rotary is called weaving angle. It should be
kept as small as possible≥ 15°
The length of rotary roadway between any two adjacent canalizing islands is called
weaving length. (45m and 90 m for 40 kmph; 30m to 60m for 30kmph).

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73. Answer: C
Cumulative Speed Distribution Curve:
 85th percentile speed: The speed at or below which 85% of vehicles are passing a point
on the highway or only 15% of vehicles exceed the speed at that point.
 This is adopted for safe speed limit at this zone.

74. Answer: D
 Leaching is the process of removal of alkali salts dissolved in irrigation water by
flooding the land with adequate amount of water.
 This is mainly done to remove the alkali salts in the top layer of land for allowing the
crop to be grown on the land.

75. Answer: C
R. G. Kennedy in 1895 selected a number of sites on Upper Bari Doab canal System
[now in Punjab (pakistan)] for carrying out investigations about velocity and depth of the
channels.
He selected some straight reaches of the canal section for a long period in the past.
On the basis of his observations Kennedy conducted the following
i) Following water has to counter-act some amount of friction against the bed canal.
ii) Friction to the following water gives rise to vertical eddies rising up gently to the
surface.
iii) Generation of eddies are responsible for keeping most of the silt in suspension.

76. Answer: A
Canal fall is the structure constructed across a canal to allow the lowering of water level
of the canal and dissipate the surplus energy liberated from the falling water. The surplus
energy may scour the bed and banks of the canal if not controlled.
Canal falls are also called as canal drops.

77. Answer: A
i) Outer faces of end sheet piles were much more effective than the inner ones and the
horizontal length of the floor.
ii) Intermediate piles of smaller length were ineffective except for local redistribution of
pressure

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iii) Undermining of floor started from tail end.

iv) It was essential to have a deep vertical cut off at the downstream end to prevent
undermining.
v) Flow pattern below the impermeable base of hydraulic structure was taken into
account to calculate uplift pressure and exit gradient.
vi) Seeping water just below a hydraulic structure does not follow the bottom profile of the
impervious floor as suggested by Bligh but each particle traces its path along a series of
streamlines.

78. Answer: B
i) Earth dams are made of locally available soils and gravels and hence are most
common types of dams used upto moderate height.
ii) A rock fill dam is an embankment which uses variable sizes of rock to provide stability
and impervious membranes to provide water tightness.
iii) Earth and rock fill dams cannot be used as overflow dams. So, separate spillways has
to be provided.

79. Answer: B
Trap efficiency is defined as the ratio of total sediment deposited in a given period
sediments in flow in that period.

80. Answer: B
Effect of horizontal acceleration of earthquake:
Horizontal acceleration due to earthquake causes two forces
A) Inertia force in the body of the dam.
B) Hydrodynamic pressure of water.
A) Inertia force:
 Inertia force is the product of mass and acceleration.
 It acts in the direction opposite to the ground motion.
 For reservoir full condition the worst case due to an earthquake will occur when
earthquake acceleration acts in the upstream direction and corresponding inertia
force acts in the downstream direction.
 For reservoir empty condition the worst case occurs when earthquake acceleration act
in the downstream direction and corresponding inertia force acts in the upstream
direction.

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Consider a structure of mass M moving with acceleration 𝑎ℎ 𝑔 in the horizontal direction

during an earthquake. Hence the horizontal inertia forces acting on the structure will be
given as 𝑃𝑖ℎ = 𝑀𝑎ℎ 𝑔 = 𝑊𝑎ℎ Where, W=weight of the structure.
In the absence of any other specified value, value of 𝑎ℎ is taken as 0.1

81. Answer: B
It is essentially a close conduit system which uses principle of siphonic action.
It consists of reinforced concrete hood constructed over an over flow section of gravity
dam.

82. Answer: B
GIR is the amount of water required to meet the FIR plus the amount of irrigation water
lost in conveyance through canal system by evaporation and seepage.

83. Answer: D
Following points should be noted:
i) For high level bridges the freeboard should not be less than 600mm.
ii) The provision of clearance may be relaxed in case of the irrigation channel at the
discretion of the engineer in charge of the project.
iii) For structures provided with the metallic bearings the clearance between the highest
flood level including afflux and the base of bearings should not be less than 500mm.
iv) For arch bridges the clearance below the crown for the intrados of the arch should not
be less than the result obtained by the following equation:
1 1
Clearance= 10 × 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 3 × 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑐ℎ

84. Answer: C
Definition: The abatement and piers of a bridge cause obstruction to the natural flow of
river or stream. It results in the reduction of the natural waterway of river or stream.
Hence, the velocity of flow under the bridge increases during maximum flood discharge.
It is due to the fact that as per low of continuity of flow in hydraulics the multiplication of
area and velocity remains the same at all sections in the flow of water.
Now, the velocity is developed due to head of water and hence to increase the velocity
there is sudden rise or heading up of water level on the upstream side of the bridge.
Such rise of water level on the upstream side is known as the afflux and it is desirable to
keep its value as far as possible to 150mm.

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85. Answer: C
Indian Roads Congress:
For I.R.C class A or B loading:
4.5
𝐼 = 6+𝐿………
(for R.C.C bridges of span less than 3m. with a maximum value of 0.50)

86. Answer: C
Deck bridges: For many bridge the following two levels are to be carefully decided:
i) Formation level: The ground level of approaches is to be taken into consideration for
fixing the formation level of road or railway lone.
ii) Highest flood level or H.F.L: While making the calculations for maximum flood
discharge the H.F.L for the river or stream is determined.
It is possible to accommodate the super structure of bridge between these two levels with
suitable allowance for clearance as shown in fig, the bridge is known as the deck bridge.
Formation level Super structure

H.F.L.

Piers

Deck bridge

87. Answer: D
Above all conditions are suitable for staging.

88. Answer: B
The terms free bearing and fixed bearing are used to indicate the function which is
executed from a particular bearing.
A free bearing is free to solid or move or roll and it thus allows longitudinal movement of
the girder.
A free bearing is fixed in position but it rotates according to the deflection of the structure
which is being supported by it. Thus a fixed bearing allows free angular movement and it

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does not permit any longitudinal movement of the girder. The design of fixed bearing
depends on the length of span type of supports and type of super-structure.

89. Answer: D
Class 70R loading: This is an additional loading which is sometimes specified for use in
place of class AA loading. The letter ‘R’ indicates revised classification and it is based on
one of the various other hypothetical vehicles as per revised classification.

90. Answer: B
Gradient: The approaches should not have gradient more than the ruling gradient.
Generally 1 in 30 to 1 in 20 gradient is specified for the approaches. It is desirable for
the approaches to be level for some distance beyond the end of bridge proper. In any
case the provision of steep gradients on approaches should be avoided.

91. Answer: C
Grip length:
In case of erodible soil the depth of foundation of piers and abutment is kept more than
the maximum scour depth. This depth of foundation below maximum scour is called grip
length.
1
For road bridges, Grip length> 3rd of maximum scour depth
1
For railway bridges Grip length> 2rd of maximum scour depth
Following are the advantages to provide grip length:
i) It protects the foundation from the scouring action of water.
ii) It helps in resisting horizontal forces acting on pier or abutment due to lateral earth
pressure.

92. Answer: C
Open cut: It is open to sky passage excavated through huge soil mass of obstacle, like
hill, run in required direction to connect two roads or railways.

93. Answer: D
a) Tack hammer percussion drill: Weighs 0 kg to 40 kg working on air pressure in dry
and wet conditions. Used when holes are to be drilled upto 5 m depth.
b) Tripod percussion drill: Jack hammer drill supported on tripod for stability
c). Drifter percussion drills: Weigh 30 kg to 115 kg. Such drills can bore hole upto 12
cm diameter in any direction with the help of compressed air.
d) Wagon drills: Such drills are mounted on wagons.

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94. Answer: A
Assertion & reasoning type question.

95. Answer: D
Trimmets are the instrument which gives the proper shape to the tunnel.

96. Answer: B
Inclination of holes: Holes inclined to the surface to be blasted have proved to be more
effective than holes driven perpendicular to the surface as there are nearly no chances
8.96 of misfiring of inclined holes.

97. Answer: B
Volume of air considerations: During working, each worker should be supplied with 6 𝑚3
to 14 𝑚3 of fresh air per minute constantly in the working area. Any compressed air used
for the drills is usually contaminated with oil and dust when released from drills and
should not be expected to be helpful. After each explosion, the air near the face is filled
with fumes and dust and is unfit for breathing. This foul air has to be exhausted and
replaced with fresh air, before the workmen start removing the debris from the explosion.

98. Answer: D
When the tunnel has to used as shield driven tunnel especially subageous regions cost
iron lining proves to be more beneficial.

99. Answer: A
This is probably the only system which could be advocated for running ground and
similar soils. It is very old method and it is being gradually replaced by compressed air
tunnelling method, wherever possible. The process is slow and tedious requiring skilled
labour. Tunnels of small dimensions, for laying sewers, gas pipes, etc., at ordinary
depths, could advantageously be constructed by this method. It is very important that the
sequence of operations has to be strictly adhered to, in the correct order.

100. Answer: D
All of the above options are suitable condition for the setting of an inclined tunnel.

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