4G

It is the fourth generation of broadband cellular

network technology, succeeding 3G. A 4G system must provide
capabilities defined by ITU in IMT Advanced. Potential and
current applications include amended mobile web access, IP
telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video
conferencing, and 3D television.

Why I choose 4g?

I heard that 4G is better than 3G. I’m curious how it does

happen, how it works and I want to learn more about its
features, applications and advantages.

4G Features

 Support for interactive multimedia, voice, streaming video,

Internet, and other broadband services

 IP based mobile system

 High speed, high capacity, and low cost per bit

 Global access, service portability, and scalable mobile
services
 Seamless switching, and a variety of Quality of Service
driven services
 Better scheduling and call admission control techniques
 Ad hoc and multi hop networks (the strict delay
requirements of voice make multi hop network service a
difficult problem)
  Better spectral efficiency
 Seamless network of multiple protocols and air interfaces
(since 4G will be all •]IP, look for 4G systems to be
compatible with all common network technologies,
including802.11, WCDMA, Blue tooth, and Hyper LAN).
 An infrastructure to handle preexisting 3G systems along
with other wireless technologies, some of which are
currently under development.

4G technologies are significant because users joining

the network add mobile routers to the network infrastructure.
Because users carry much of the network with them, network
capacity and coverage is dynamically shifted to accommodate
changing user patterns. As people congregate and create pockets
of high demand, they also create additional routes for each
other, thus enabling additional access to network capacity.
Users will automatically hop away from congested routes to less
congested routes. This permits the network to dynamically and
automatically self-balance capacity, and increase network
utilization. What may not be obvious is that when user devices
act as routers, these devices are actually part of the network
infrastructure.

So instead of carriers subsidizing the cost of user

devices (e.g., handsets, PDAs, of laptop computers), consumers
actually subsidize and help deploy the network for the carrier.
With a cellular infrastructure, users contribute nothing to the
network. They are just consumers competing for resources. But in
wireless ad hoc peer-to-peer networks, users cooperate - rather
than compete - for network resources. Thus, as the service gains
popularity and the number of user’s increases, service likewise
improves for all users. And there is also the 80/20 rules.
 With traditional wireless networks, about 80% of the
cost is for site acquisition and installation, and just 20% is
for the technology. Rising land and labor costs means
installation costs tend to rise over time, subjecting the
service providers 7 business models to some challenging issues
in the out years. With wireless peer-to-peer networking,
however, about 80% of the cost is the technology and only 20% is
the installation. Because technology costs tend to decline over
time, a current viable business model should only become more
profitable over time. The devices will get cheaper, and service
providers will reach economies of scale sooner because they will
be able to pass on the infrastructure savings to consumers,
which will further increase the rate of penetration.

Application of 4g

4G Car

With the hype of 3G wireless in the rear view mirror,

but the reality of truly mobile broadband data seemingly too far
in the future to be visible yet on the information super
highway, it may seem premature to offer a test drive 4G. But the
good news is, 4G is finally coming to a showroom near you.

4G and public safety:

There are sweeping changes taking place in

transportation and intelligent highways generally referred to as
“Intelligent Transportation Systems” (ITS). “ITS” is comprised
of a number of technologies, including information processing,
communications, control, and electronics. Using these
technologies with our transportation systems, and allowing first
responders access to them, will help prevent or certainly
mitigate future disasters. Communications, and the cooperation
and collaboration it affords, is a key element of any effective
disaster response. Historically, this has been done with bulky
handheld radios that provide only voice to a team in a common
sector. Furthermore, this architecture is still cellular, with
singular point of failure, because all transmissions to a given
cell must pass through that one cell. If the cell tower is
destroyed in the disaster traditional wireless service is
eliminated.

Sensors in public vehicle

Putting a chemical-biological-nuclear (CBN) warning

sensor on every government-owned vehicle instantly creates a
mobile fleet that is the equivalent of an army of highly trained
dogs. As these vehicles go about their daily duties of law
enforcement, garbage collection, sewage and water maintenance,
etc., municipalities get the added benefit of early detection of
CBN agents. The sensors on the vehicles can talk to fixed
devices mounted on light poles throughout the area, so positive
detection can be reported in real time. And since 4G networks
can include inherent geo-location without GPS, first responders
will know where the vehicle is when it detects a CBN agent.

Cameras In traffic light:

Some major cities have deployed cameras on traffic

lights and send those images back to a central command center.
This is generally done using fiber, which limits where the
cameras can be hung, i.e, no fiber, and no camera. 4G networks
allow cities to deploy cameras and backhaul them wirelessly. And
instead of having to backhaul every camera, cities can backhaul
every third or fifth or tenth camera, using the other cameras as
router/repeaters. These cameras can also serve as fixed
infrastructure devices to support the mobile sensor application
described above.

History of 4G

The first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard was

commercially deployed in Oslo, Norway, and Stockholm, Sweden in
2009, and has since been deployed throughout most parts of the
world. It has, however, been debated whether first-release
versions should be considered 4G LTE.

The 4G system was originally envisioned by the DARPA -

the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.DARPA selected
the distributed architecture and end-to-end Internet protocol
(IP), and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking
in which every mobile device would be both a transceiver and a
router for other devices in the network, eliminating the spoke-
and-hub weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems. Since the 2.5G
GPRS system, cellular systems have provided dual
infrastructures: packet switched nodes for data services, and
circuit switched nodes for voice calls. In 4G systems, the
circuit-switched infrastructure is abandoned and only a packet-
switched network is provided, while 2.5G and 3G systems require
both packet-switched and circuit-switched network nodes, i.e.
two infrastructures in parallel. This means that in 4G
traditional voice calls are replaced by IP telephony
 Advantages of 4G

 Quickly download files over a wireless network.

 Extremely high voice quality.
 Easily access Internet, IM, social networks, streaming media,
video calling.
 Higher bandwidth.
 4G is 10 times faster than 3G.

Disadvantages of 4g

 New frequencies means new components in cell tower

 Higher data prices for consumers
 Consumer is forced to buy a new device to support 4g
 It is impossible to make your current equipment compatible
with the 4G network

Frequencies for 4G LTE networks

Mobile 4G network uses several frequencies:

700 MHz (Band 28 - Telstra / Optus)

850 MHz (Band 5 - Vodafone)
900 MHz (Band 8 - Telstra)
1800 MHz (Band 3 - Telstra / Optus / Vodafone)
2100 MHz (Band 1 - [a small number of Telstra sites] /
Optus [Tasmania] / Vodafone)
2300 MHz (Band 40 - Optus [Vivid Wireless spectrum])
2600 MHz (Band 7 - Telstra / Optus)
 In Australia, the 700 MHz band was previously used for
analogue television and became operational with 4G in December
2014.The 850 MHz band is currently operated as a 3G network by
Telstra and as a 4G network by Vodafone in Australia.

Summary of Learnings

I learned that a 4g modern technology had many applications

like 4G car, 4G and public safety, Sensors in public vehicle.4G
also had a power to help us to improve our internet connection
in terms of searching and downloading. A 4G Modern Technology is
the fourth Generation Mobile Network Technology. 4G will replace
3G in the future; 4G provides a more reliable connection and
higher speeds to people. 4G LTE means fourth generation long
term evolution. LTE is a kind of 4G that provides fastest
connection to mobile Internet experience-10 times faster than
3G.