Bias Impact
Bias Impact
Bias Impact
A lifetime of experience and cultural history shapes people and their judgments of others. Research
demonstrates that most people hold unconscious, implicit assumptions that influence their judgments
and perceptions of others. Implicit bias manifests in expectations or assumptions about physical or social
characteristics dictated by stereotypes that are based on a person’s race, gender, age, or ethnicity. People
who intend to be fair, and believe they are egalitarian, apply biases unintentionally. Some behaviors that
result from implicit bias manifest in actions, and others are embodied in the absence of action; either can
reduce the quality of the workforce and create an unfair and destructive environment.
Explicit bias involves consciously held, self-reported attitudes that shape how people evaluate or behave
toward members of a particular group. Explicit bias is accessible – it can be measured with straightforward
questions in surveys, such as “do you agree or disagree with the statement that boys are better than girls
at math. It can also be combated with logic and discussion because it is acknowledged by the person
expressing the bias. Implicit bias, in contrast, is activated automatically and unintentionally, functioning
primarily outside of a person’s conscious awareness. Therefore, measuring implicit bias requires more
subtle tools, and combating it is challenging.
Implicit bias is usually thought to affect individual behaviors, but it can also influence institutional prac-
tices and structures.1 For example, many institutions adhere to certain practices that disadvantage a
subset of the institution’s members, such as holding faculty meetings at a time when parents are most
likely to be picking up children at day care, which discriminates against parents of young children. Insti-
tutional bias is usually not deliberate – schedules, for example, were often established at a time when
most faculty were men married to women who stayed home with children. Thus, it is important to con-
sider how past biases and current lack of awareness might make an institution unfriendly to members of
certain demographic groups.
Two methods are used to assess implicit bias. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) is commonly used to
measure implicit bias in individuals. The IAT measures the strength of associations between concepts
(e.g., black people, old people, or gay people) and evaluations (e.g., good or bad) or characteristics (e.g.,
athletic, smart, or clumsy). The IAT is based on the observation that people place two words in the same
category more quickly if the words are already associated in the brain. For example, the rate at which a
person can link the words “black” or “white” with “good” or “bad” indicates their implicit bias. In this
1
NRC. (2006) Beyond Bias and Barriers. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
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way, the IAT measures attitudes and beliefs that people may be unwilling or unable to report.2
The second method of measuring implicit bias uses randomized experiments on populations of people.
In these studies, each participant is asked to evaluate an item, which might be a resume, a photograph,
or a job-performance description. One characteristic of that item is varied randomly. For instance, in one
type of experiment all evaluators see the same resumé, which has been randomly assigned a woman’s
or a man’s name. If the evaluators who have seen the resume with the man’s name are more likely to
hire the candidate, but they believe they have no a priori preference for a man or woman, then this is
evidence that, on average, this group of evaluators is expressing implicit bias.
Experiments show that people are more likely to hire a male candidate for a science position,3 rate the
athletic ability of a person higher if they believe the person is African-American rather than white, and
rate the verbal skills of a person higher if they think the writer is a woman rather than a man.4 Some ste-
reotypes are fictional, whereas some are real generalities about a demographic group, but either way,
stereotypes can lead to flawed assessments of individuals. For example, when evaluators are asked to
estimate heights of subjects standing in a doorway, the evaluators will typically underestimate the
heights of the women and overestimate the heights of the men5. In this case, the bias is based on a true
generalization – men are, on average, taller than women – but applying the bias that is derived from the
generalization to assessments of individuals leads to erroneous estimates about them.
Institutional bias is often studied by comparing trends at institutions that have different policies, or by
comparing outcomes within one institution before and after implementation of a policy. Many universi-
ties, for example, experienced an increase in the proportion of women faculty who received tenure after
implementing a flexible tenure-clock policy. Although definitively establishing that the policy is responsi-
ble for the change is not possible, strong associations can suggest that certain institutional changes have
positive outcomes on reducing institutional bias.6 More research is needed to analyze the impact of poli-
cies and practices on institutional bias against various groups within the STEM community.
Biases are destructive for those who apply them as well as those being judged based on stereotypes.
Various experiments suggest that those who judge others through a biased lens can miss the chance to
hire superior employees or appreciate the true talents of others, including their own children. For in-
stance, parents rate the math abilities of their daughters lower than parents of boys with identical math
performance in school.7,8 College faculty are less likely to respond to an email from a student inquiring
about research opportunities if the email appears to come from a woman than if the identical email ap-
pears to come from a man.9 Science faculty are less likely to hire or mentor a student if they believe the
student is a woman rather than a man.10 In all of these experiments, expressions of bias are the same
2
https://implicit.harvard.edu/
3
Moss-Racusin, C.A., Dovidio, J.F., Brescoll, V.L., Graham, M.J., and Handelsman, J. (2012) Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male stu-
dents. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 109:16474-17479.
4 https://www.zotero.org/groups/wiseli_library/items/collectionKey/4JXCFD2K
5 Biernat, M., Manis, M., & Nelson, T. (1991) Stereotypes and standards of judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66:5-20.
6 NRC. (2006) Beyond Bias and Barriers. National Academies Press, Washington, DC
7
Yee, D. K., & Eccles, J. S. (1988) Parent perceptions and attributions for children's math achievement. Sex Roles, 19, 317–333.
8 Espinoza, P., Areas da Luz Fontes, A.B., and Arms-Chavez, C.J. (2014) Attributional gender bias: teachers’ ability and effort explanations for
tially shape bias on the pathway into organizations. J. Applied Psychology 23:710-717.
10 Moss-Racusin, C.A., Dovidio, J.F., Brescoll, V.L., Graham, M.J., and Handelsman, J. (2012) Science faculty’s subtle gender biases favor male
The IAT is useful in bias training as a tool to raise people’s awareness about their own implicit biases, but
it is not a perfect yardstick of bias mitigation. Even when outcomes indicate that the influence of bias on
a person's behavior has been reduced, IAT scores may remain constant. Therefore, it is important to use
behavioral and attitudinal metrics to evaluate bias-mitigation success.
Studies have also documented the influence of bias-mitigation approaches on behavior and decision-
making:
Organizational leadership can create greater value for equitable behaviors.16
A multicultural approach to race reduces bias whereas attempts at "color blindness" can in-
crease expressions of bias.17
11 Lai, C.K., Marini, M., Lehr, S.A., Cerruti, C., Shin, E.L., Joy-Gaba, J., Ho, A.K., Teachman, B.A., Wojcik, S.P., Koleva, S., Frazier, R.S., Heiphetz, L.,
Chen, E., Turner, R.N. Haidt, J., Kesebir, S., Hawkins, C.B., Sartori, G., Schaefer, H.S., Rubichi, S., Dial, C.M.,Sriram, N., Banaji, M.R., Nosek,
B.A. (2014) Reducing implicit racial preferences: I. A comparative investigation of 17 interventions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 143:
1765-1785.
12 Jackson, S. M., Hillard, A. L., & Schneider, T. R. (2014) Using implicit bias training to improve attitudes toward women in STEM. Social Psychol-
learning tool to reduce reactance and promote self-efficacy. Sex Roles 67: 605-616.
14
Fine, E., Sheridan, J., Carnes, M., Handelsman, J., Pribbenow, C., Savoy, J., & Wendt, A. (2014) Minimizing the influence of gender bias on the
faculty search process. Advances in Gender Research 19:267-289.
15 Carnes, M., Devine, P. G., Manwell, L. B., Byars-Winston, A., Fine, E., Ford, C. E. & Sheridan, J. (2015) The effect of an intervention to break the
gender bias habit for faculty at one institution: a cluster randomized, controlled trial. Academic Medicine 90:221-230.
16
Valian, V. Why So Slow? The Advancement of Women. Cambridge, Mass., MIT Press; 2000.
17 Richeson, J. A., & Nussbaum, R. J. (2004) The impact of multiculturalism versus color-blindness on racial bias. Journal of Experimental Social
Psychology 40:417-423.
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Multifaceted, repeated training seems more effective than uni-dimensional training.18
Bias in selection processes can be reduced by developing objective criteria before evaluating
candidates, ensuring that reviewers adhere to the criteria, and discussing alignment of criteria
with selections.19
Reviewers rely less on implicit biases when they focus their full attention on reviewing candi-
dates than when they multitask or have cognitive distractions.20
18Devine, P. G., Forscher, P. S., Austin, A. J., & Cox, W. T. (2012) Long-term reduction in implicit race bias: A prejudice habit-breaking interven-
tion. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48:1267-1278.
19
Uhlmann, E.L. and G.L. Cohen. (2005) Constructed criteria: Redefining merit to justify discrimination. Psychological Science 16:474-480.
20 Martell, R.F., (1991) Sex bias at work: The effects of attentional and memory demands on performance ratings for men and women. Journal
and disliked individuals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81: 800-814.
23 Dasgupta, N., & Asgari, S. (2004) Seeing is believing: Exposure to counterstereotypic women leaders and its effect on the malleability of
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their ability to contribute to institution's mission.
Numerous resources have been developed to assist administrators and institutional leaders in designing
optimal programs for fostering a diverse community. For example, the National Science Foundation's
ADVANCE program produced a suite of empirically tested tools to generate discussion and understand-
ing of implicit bias and the institutional policies that can persist because of unexamined bias.30
Most people want to be fair, but are unaware of their own biased tendencies. Introducing implicit bias
into the national dialogue will change awareness of and accountability for bias, making it possible to
have civil conversations without people feeling accused or blamed for diversity challenges. By making
implicit bias familiar and providing visibility to practices that minimize or mitigate its effects, the Nation
can reduce an important barrier to achieving the best workforce in which people are evaluated based on
their abilities and accomplishments rather than on stereotypes and assumptions. Achieving an excellent,
fair, and equitable workforce should be a shared American goal.
30 http://www.portal.advance.vt.edu/index.php
http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/npr/library/workforce-diversity.pdf; http://graphics.eiu.com/upload/eb/DiversityandInclusion.pdf
https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/diversity-and-inclusion/reports/governmentwidedistrategicplan.pdf
http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d0590.pdf