Canal Irrigation Introduction

Water
resources
Modern types of
irrigation
● Furrow Irrigation
● Spray Irrigation
● Drip Irrigation
● Sprinkler Irrigation
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Spray Irrigation
Spray irrigation is a modern and commonly-used system of

irrigating, but it also requires machinery. This system is similar to
the way you might water your lawn at home - stand there with a
hose and spray the water out in all directions. Large scale spray
irrigation systems are in use on large farms today. The systems
can simply be long hoses with sprinklers along the length or a
center-pivot system that traverses a circle in the fields. This
picture shows a simple sprinkler irrigation system—it is one of
the less-efficient models because a large part of the water shot
into the air evaporates.
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Furrow Irrigation
● Furrow irrigation is a type of surface irrigation in which trenches or

“furrows” are dug between crop rows in a field. Farmers flow water
down the furrows and it seeps vertically and horizontally to refill the
soil reservoir. Flow to each furrow is individually controlled. Furrow
irrigation works well for row crops, tree crops and, because water does
not directly contact the plants, crops that would be damaged by direct
inundation by water such as tomatoes, vegetables, potatoes and
beans.
● Advantages to furrow irrigation include lower initial investment of
equipment and lower pumping costs per acre-inch of water pumped.
● Disadvantages include greater labor costs and lower application
efficiency compared to sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation.
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Drip Irrigation
Drip irrigation is a type of micro-irrigation system that has the

potential to save water and nutrients by allowing water to drip
slowly to the roots of plants, either from above the soil surface or
buried below the surface. The goal is to place water directly into the
root zone and minimize evaporation. Drip irrigation systems
distribute water through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and
emitters. Depending on how well designed, installed, maintained,
and operated it is, a drip irrigation system can be more efficient than
other types of irrigation systems, such as surface irrigation or
sprinkler irrigation.
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Sprinkler Irrigation
Sprinkler Irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to

rainfall. Water is distributed through a system of pipes usually by pumping. It
is then sprayed into the air and irrigated entire soil surface through spray
heads so that it breaks up into small water drops which fall to the ground.
Sprinklers provide efficient coverage for small to large areas and are suitable
for use on all types of properties. It is also adaptable to nearly all irrigable
soils since sprinklers are available in a wide range of discharge capacity.
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Canal
Irrigation
What is Canal Irrigation?
● Canals are fed by rainwater received by rivers, and the water is

used for irrigation.
● Dependence on rainfall is minimized through canal development.
● Production of crops needing more water is also possible through
canals.
● Un-irrigated wastelands can be developed by canal irrigation thus
increasing the quantity of biomass in the area.
● Ground water level is also maintained on account of canal
irrigation.
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Types of Canal Irrigation
● Inundation canal irrigation :- These canals are taken Out directly
from the rivers Without even constructing barrages.
● Perennial canal irrigation :- Perennial canals are lined to dams and
barrages to provide water throughout the year and they irrigate a vast
area.
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Advantages of canal irrigation
● It controls the growth of weeds along the canal sides .
● It reduces the loss of water due to seepage.
● It prevents the sub-soil salt to come in contact with the canal water.
● It reduces the maintenance cost for the canals.
● It helps combat water deficiency.
● In regions like Tamil Nadu enjoy rainfall during winter season while
summer remains dry,hence irrigation is required during summer.This
problem is solved by canal irrigation.
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Disadvantages of canal Irrigation
● 1. Due to imbalance in distribution of canal water, a situation of
scarcity somewhere and water logging in other areas is caused due to
collection of water there. It makes the soil unproductive as harmful
underground salts and alkalies come to the surface level due to water
logging. Land can also become marshy there.
● 2. Many diseases are caused due to spread of mosquitoes, worms and
insects on account of stationary water in canals.i
● 3. Sometimes efficient canal management results in excessive
production of crops, due to which the farmers are not able to get
suitable price for their product in the market.
● 4. Due to shortage of water in inundational canals, crops are destroyed
for want of water for irrigation.
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Distribution of canal irrigation
The canal system, as explained earlier , consists of:
● Main canal
● Branch canals
● Distributaries
● Minors
● Watercourses
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Water

Spray irrigation is a modern and commonly-used system of

● Furrow irrigation is a type of surface irrigation in which trenches or

Drip irrigation is a type of micro-irrigation system that has the

Sprinkler Irrigation is a method of applying irrigation water which is similar to

● Canals are fed by rainwater received by rivers, and the water is

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