CHINESE CIVILIZATION

 Considered to be the oldest Civilization in asia, if not in the world

 AKA as Middle Kingdom
 China is located on the far east asia

CONTRIBUTION OF CHINESE CIVILIZATION

Tea Production - According to the Chinese tradition, tea was taken

initially by the Chinese Emperor Shen Nong in 2,737 BC. There was an
unknown Chinese inventor who is supposed to have crafted a device that
led to quite small but impressive tool to tear up tea leaves. It was built
with a strong wheel in the center of a solid wood or porcelain vessel that
could tear up the dried leaves in tiny pieces. Especially during the Song
(960-1279) and Tang (618-907) dynasties, tea farming accelerated at a
fast rate and tea evolved into a beverage preferred by billions across the
world.

Silk - Every one of us is obligated to pay to the Chinese for our

precious silk. It’s well known that silkworms induce the fabric to
produce silk aided in their nature, yet it’s the Chinese people who
applied this to generate silk that has turned out to be really
advantageous for clothing and various other purposes. Silk, in its
original varieties, was discovered in Henan Province. Dating back to
3630 BC, a few breakthrough discoveries reveal that silk came in use in
Liangzhu tradition in Zhejiang Province from 2570 BC. Back then, silk
in China was actually the cornerstone of trading as well as further
dealings with other parts of the globe

The Great Wall of China is one of the greatest sights in the world
— the longest wall in the world, an awe-inspiring feat of ancient
defensive architecture. Its winding path over rugged country and steep
mountains takes in some great scenery. The "Long Wall" has a long
history — more than 2,300 years. It was built in different areas by
different states/dynasties to protect different territorial borders. In the
Qin Dynasty, the First Emperor of Qin inked the northern walls to
prevent invasion from northern nations. In the Han Dynasty, the
emperors extended the Great Wall far into today's western China
to protect Silk Road trade. The height of the Great Wall is 5–8
meters (16–26 feet), where intact/restored. It was designed to be at least three times the height of a man.
Some of the Wall was built along ridges, which make it look taller.
 GUNPOWDER-Experimenting with life-lengthening elixirs around A.D.
850, Chinese alchemists instead discovered gunpowder. Their explosive
invention would become the basis for almost every weapon used in war from
that point on, from fiery arrows to rifles, cannons and grenades.

Gunpowder made warfare all over the world very different, affecting the way
battles were fought and borders were drawn throughout the Middle Ages.

FOOT BINDING-was a practice first carried out on young girls in Tang

Dynasty China to restrict their normal growth and make their feet as small as
possible. Considered an attractive quality, the effects of the process were
painful and permanent. Widely used as a method to distinguish girls of the
upper class from everyone else, and later as a way for the lower classes to
improve their social prospects, the practice of foot-binding would continue
right up to the early 20th century CE. The Process Chinese girls had their feet
bound typically from the age of five to eight. The process began by choosing
an auspicious day in the calendar. Next prayers and offerings were offered to
the Tiny-Footed Maiden Goddess; another recipient was the Buddhist figure
of Guanyin, a bodhisattva or enlightened one who was thought to protect
women in general. When all was ready, the task was done by the older women of the family or by a professional foot-
binder. The big toe was left facing forwards while the four smaller toes were bent under the foot. In this position, the feet
were tightly bound using long strips of cloth, which then restricted any future growth and gave the foot a pronounced arch.
The feet were unbound after one month, any ulcerations of the skin treated, and the foot rebound again. The bindings were
loosened and retightened thereafter once each month until the girl reached her early teens (or even longer depending on the
desired effect). It was not uncommon for one or more toes to be lost or to have infections in the foot or gangrene. Even as
an adult a woman continued to wrap her deformed feet in bindings, wearing them at all times in public and when bathing.
The aimed result of the long and excruciating process was to have feet no longer than 7.5-10 cm (3-4 inches), when they
were known as jinlian - “Golden Lotus” or “Lotus” feet after the central life symbol of Buddhism. The smaller the feet the
more attractive they were, even erotic for some, and it became a distinct mark of elegance. The same was true of the style
of walking a woman with bound feet was now forced to adopt - small, light steps. With servants to perform menial tasks, a
lady’s mobility was limited even in normal circumstances, but with bound feet, walking must have only been achieved with
great difficulty. Smaller feet required especially dainty shoes, and these, made of silk or cotton and often beautifully
embroidered, have been found in abundance in tombs of Chinese.
 Top 20 Ancient Chinese Inventions
Ancient China held leading positions in many fields in studying nature in the world. Besides the four great
inventions – papermaking, printing, gunpowder and the compass, Ancient China contributed countless other
inventions to the world, how many other creations do you know? Below is a list of the 20 inventions created by
ancient Chinese and some may surprise you.

1. Paper Making 105 A.C

The invention of paper greatly affects human history. Paper already existed
in China since 105 A.C, however, a eunuch named Cai Lun (ca. 50 AD –
121) made significant innovation and helped drive its widespread adoption.
His advanced paper-making technology then spread to central Asia and the
world through the Silk Road.

For more information:

http://www.ipst.gatech.edu/amp/collection/museum_invention_paper.htm

2. Movable Type Printing 960-1279 AD

Woodblock printing was already a widely used technique in the
Tang Dynasty. However, this kind of printing tech was expensive
and time-consuming. Until the Song Dynasty (960-1279), a man
named Bi Sheng (990–1051) invented movable type printing,
making it quicker and easier. He first carved individual characters
on pieces of clay and then harden them with fire. These movable
type pieces were later glued to an iron plate to print a page and
then broken up and redistributed for another page. This kind of
printing tech rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the
Renaissance, and later all around the world.

For more information:

http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/song/tech/printing.htm
3. Gunpowder 1000 A.D
Gunpowder was invented by Chinese Taoist alchemists
about 1000 A.D. when they tried to find a potion to gain
human immortality by mixing elemental sulfur, charcoal,
and saltpeter. It is generally believed that gunpowder spread
to Europe during the Mongol expansion of 1200-1300 A.D..
The interesting fact is that Chinese used this discovery
mainly for firecrackers while Europeans created cannons
and guns and dominated China in the mid-1800s.

For more information:

http://fourriverscharter.org/projects/Inventions/pages/china_gunpowder.htm

4. Compass 1100 A.D.

A compass is a navigational
instrument that shows directions.
The compass was invented by
Chinese between the 2nd century BC
and 1st century AD. It was first used
in Feng Shui, the layout of
buildings. By 1000 AD, navigational
compasses were commonly used on
Chinese ships, enabling them to
navigate. Arab traders sailing to
China might learned of the tech and
brought it to the West.

For more information:

http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_aboutchina/2003-09/24/content_26519.htm
5. Alcohol 2000 BC－1600 BC
The inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were
widely believed to be the first brewers. However,
in 2013, a 9000-year-old pottery found in Henan
province revealed the presence of alcohol, 1000
years before Arabian. Alcohol is known as Jiu in
Chinese and is often used as a spiritual offerings
to Heaven and the Earth or ancestors in ancient
China. Study shows that beer with an alcoholic
content of 4% to 5% was widely consumed in
ancient China and was even mentioned on oracle
bone inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty (1600
BC–1046 BC).

6. Mechanical Clock 725 A.D.

The world’s first mechanical clock -Water-driven Spherical Birds
– was invented by Yi Xing, a Buddhist monk in 725 A.D.. It was
operated by dripping water which powered a wheel that made one
revolution in 24 hours. Hundreds of years later, the inventor Su
Song developed a more sophisticated clock called the Cosmic
Empire in 1092, 200 years earlier before the mechanical clock was
created in Europe.

For more information:

http://ji.skoolbo.net/blog/2015/11/18/spotlight-yi-xing-
thegrandfather-of-time/

7. Tea Production 2,737 BC

According to old Chinese legend, tea was first
discovered by Shennong, Chinese Father of
Agriculture, around 2,737 BC. In the Tang
Dynasty (618－907) tea became a popular drink
enjoyed by all social classes. Cha Jing (or The
Book of Tea), written by Lu Yu in the Tang
Dynasty, explicated ways to cultivate tea, tea
drinking and different classifications of tea in
details. The book is considered as the world’s first
monograph about tea. And the world’s oldest and
largest living tea tree can be found in Lin Cang,
China, about 3,200 years old.

For more information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_tea (see section on China).

8. Silk 6,000 years ago
Silk, one of the oldest fibers, originated in China as early
as 6,000 years ago. The earliest evidence of silk was
discovered at Yangshao culture site in Xiaxian County,
Shanxi Province, China where a silk cocoon was found
cut in half, dating back to between 4000 and 3000
BC. Chinese people mastered sophisticated silk weaving
tech and closely guarded secret, and the West had to pay
gold of the same weight for the silks. In ancient times the
silk was a very important item made in China and for
many centuries businessmen transported this precious
item from China to the West, forming the famous Silk
Road.

For more information: http://www.silk-road.com/artl/silkhistory.shtml

9. Umbrella 1,700 years ago

The inventions of umbrella can be traced back as early
as
3500 years ago in China. Legend has it, Lu Ban, a
Chinese carpenter and inventor created the first
umbrella. Inspired by children using lotus leaves as rain
shelter, he created umbrella by making a flexible
framework covered by a cloth. For more information:

http://kaleidoscope.culturalchina.com/en/137Kaleidoscope56.html

10. Acupuncture 2300 years ago

The oldest Chinese medicine book “Neijing”,
also known as “The Classic of Internal Medicine
of the Yellow Emperor”, shows that acupuncture
was widely used as a therapy in China much
before the time it was written. Besides, various
kinds of acupuncture needles were discovered in
the tomb of Prince Liu Sheng who died around
200 B.C. This is a further proof that acupuncture
were already in use in China more than two
thousand years ago
11. Iron smelting 1050 BC－256 BC
Archaeological evidence revealed that iron smelting
technology was developed in China as early as 5th
century BC in the Zhou Dynasty (1050 BC－256 BC).
During The Spring & Autumn and Warring States
periods (776-221 BC) China went into a flourishing
period for iron smelting. In the Han Dynasty (202 BC
－220 AD) central government monopolized the iron
smelting, seeing remarkable development.

12. Porcelain 581 – 618 AD

Porcelain is a great invention of ancient China. The
earliest porcelain emerged in Shang Dynasty (1600–
1046 BCE) and matured during the Tang Dynasty
(618906). During the Song Dynasty (960–1279),
porcelain production technology reached an
unprecedented height due to its focus on shape and the
tactile experiences of the glaze. Chinese porcelain was
highly prized in the world and many artworks had been
introduced to the West through the Silk Road.

For more information: http://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/culture/china-porcelain.htm

13. Earthquake Detector 132 A D

According to court records of the later Han Dynasty, a seismograph
was created by the brilliant inventor Zhang Heng (78-140 AD) in
132 AD. Its function is to determine the direction of an earthquake.
In 138 AD, this instrument indicated an earthquake occurring in
Longxi a thousand kilometers away. It was the first time that
mankind to detect an earthquake. Modern seismographs only began
development in 1848 in Europe.

For more information: http://www.ancient-

origins.net/ancienttechnology/incredible-earthquake-detector-invented-
nearly-2000years-ago-001377

14. Rocket 228 A. D.

 China is hometown of rockets, ancient Chinese
inventors created rockets by applying counter-force
produced by ignited gunpowder. According to history,
in 228 A.D. the Wei State already used torches
attached to arrows to guard Chencang against the
invading troops of the Shu State. Later the Song
Dynasty (960-1279) had adapted gunpowder to make
rockets. A paper tube stuffed with gunpowder was
attached to an arrow which can be launched by a bow.
This kind of ancient rockets and improved ones were
widely used in military and entertainment activities in
China.

For more information:

http://www.chinaculture.org/gb/en_madeinchina/200507/21/content_70826.htm

15. Bronze 1700 B.C.

The skill of produce bronze was mastered by
ancient Chinese by 1700 B.C. The Shang Dynasty
(1600–1046 B.C.) and Zhou dynasties (1046-256
BC) brought China into the Bronze Age and the
making of bronze wares reached its peak in this
period. Bronze was mainly used to make
weapons, bronze tools and ritual vessels at that
time. Compared to counterparts in other regions
of the world, the Chinese bronze wares stand out
for their inscriptions and delicate decorative
patterns.

16. The Kite 3,000 years ago

The kite was developed around 3,000 years ago by
ancient Chinese. The earliest kites were made of wood,
called Muyuan (wooden kite). In early times kites were
mainly used for military purposes such as sending a
message, measuring distances, testing the wind and
signaling. Over time kite flying developed into
playthings and kite flying is now enjoyed worldwide.
For more information: http://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/culture/kites.htm

17. The Seed Drill 3500 years ago

The seed drill is a device that plants the seed into soil
at a uniform depth and covers it. If without this
device farmers had to plant the seeds by hand,
resulting in waste and uneven growth. According to
records, the Chinese using of seed drills can be dated
back to the 2nd Century BC. The device made
farmers’ job easier and highly improved the
agricultural output in China.

For more information:

https://asianinfluenceonaustralia.wordpress.com/an-introduction-to-ancient-chinas-innovative-inventions/

18. Row Crop Farming 6 Century BC

In other parts of the world, farmers still
scattered seed onto the fields randomly. While
ancient Chinese started planting crops in rows
from the 6th century BC. They planted
individual seeds in rows, thus reducing seed loss
and making crops grow faster and stronger. This
technology was not used in the western world
until 2200 years later.

19. Toothbrush 1498 in China

 The bristle toothbrush was invented in 1498 by Chinese who made
toothbrushes with coarse horse hairs attached to bone or bamboo
handles. It was later brought to the new world by Europeans.

20. Paper Money 9th

century A.D.
Paper money were first developed by the ancient Chinese, who started
using folding money at the end of the 8th or beginning of the 9th century
AD. Paper bills were originally used as privately issued bills of credit or
exchange notes. A merchant could deposit his cash in the capital,
receiving a paper “exchange certificate” which he could exchange for
metal coins in other cities.

Actually Chinese are responsible for countless inventions that have

helped shape the world history. Without these inventions by the ancient
Chinese, the humankind would have taken more centuries to develop to
the current phase. Do you know any other influential Chinese
inventions? Please share with us by adding comments below.

For more information: http://www.nbbmuseum.be/en/2007/09/chinese-invention.htm

Text Credit: http://www.chinawhisper.com/top-20-ancient-chinese-inventions/