Y 5 y 5 y 5 y
Y 5 y 5 y 5 y
Y 5 y 5 y 5 y
A DISSERTATION REPORT
Submitted by
R.THAMARAI
B.ARCH
CHENNAI- 600048
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION
GENERAL INTRODUCTION ON VISUALLY IMPAIREMEN
1.1 AIM
1.2 OBJECTIVE
1.3 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
1.5 METHODOLOGY
1.6 RESEARCH PROCESS CHART
2. WHAT IS VISUAL IMPAIREMENT?
2.1 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BLIND AND LEGALLY BLIND
2.2 DOES BLINDNESS INDICATES DARKNESS, WHAT BLIND PEOPLE SEE?
2.3 COMMON TYPES OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
2.4 CAUSES OF VISUAL IMPAIREMENT
2.5 ARCHITECTURE FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED
3. CASE STUDY
3.1 LIVE CASE STUDY
3.1.1 SAINT LOUIS INSTITUTE FOR DEAF AND BLIND
3.1.2 MS. SWAMINATHAN RESEARCH FOUNDATION
3.2 BASIC NECESSECITY THAT A VISUALLY IMAPIRED PERSON NEEDS WHILE
APPROACHING A BUILDING
3.3 NET CASE STUDY
3.3.1 CENTER FOR BLIND AND VISUALLY IMPAIRED
3.3.2 NAB REHABILITATION CENTER, MUMBAI
3.3.3 NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR BLIND, MIMBAI
3.4 INFERENCE
4. GENERAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION
5. CASE STUDY
5.1 DANISH DISABILITY CENTER, DENMARK
6. IMPORTANT ELEMENTS THAT HAVE TO BE NOTED WHILE DESIGNING
ARCHITECTURE FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED
1. INTRODUCTION
Vision is one of the most significant way through which receiving and interpreting from the
world is made. Still there’s a lack of knowledge among the scientist on the deepest inner
workings of the brain, so there is no exact back up for this issue, but many agree that vision
is our dominant sense. But people with visual impairment will have all the more different
experience of the world. People of this category are either fully blind or with impaired vision,
people with limited vision are able to discriminate between dark and bright shades and
difference in primary colours.
1.1 AIM
This is an attempt which includes an exploration into the use of the senses within the built
environment and how we as sighted designers can understand, interpret and contribute to a
visually impaired person’s experience of the built environment.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
To know what are all the various methods that have been opted to make the space
more usable for visually impaired people.
To understand whether touch is the only sense through which they can perceive this
world.
Every individual born in this earth have their rights in knowing and exploring the
world.
Globally there are 39 million visually impaired in which India has 12 million visually impaired
people. In TamilNadu, the prevalence of blindness is 4 per 1000 population.
Looking into the current scenario India has 1.6 to 1.8 million visually impaired children and
by 2020 it is expected that the visually impaired rate will reach upto 2 million. With these
statements it is clear that India has a huge participation among the world in taking up the
place for visually impaired to a higher rate, this addresses in designing spaces that
encourages these people in having their habitation through their senses.
1.5 METHODOLOGY
Preliminary data
Detailing on Standard
the solutions and
impairments perceptions
Case study
Observation
Inference
Conclusion
Conclusion Inferences
2. WHAT IS VISUAL IMPAIRMENT?
Visual impairment are problems that aren’t flexible and those can’t be cured by using
glasses. It’s a state that explains the decreased ability of sight to a degree that causes
problems. It is often termed as the best corrected acuity that is worse than 20 / 40 or 20 / 60.
Blindness is a term used for people who can’t see anything i.e. nearly close to vision loss.
This may also lead to major difficulties in their day to day normal activities such as walking,
reading, driving and socializing. It is also known as vision impairment or vision loss.
The term Visual Impairment involves in an issue which deals with sight, the IDEA (i.e.
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) defines “an impairment in vision that, even with
correction, adversely affects a child’s educational performance. The term includes both
partial sight and blindness” for students who pursue academics.
Legally bind could be defined as “central visual acuity 20 / 200 or less in the better eye with
best correction or widest diameter of visual field subtending an angle of no greater than 20
degrees”. In United States, if vision cannot be corrected to 20 / 200 or 20 degree or less of
visual field is considered as legally blind. This term has been established to define the level
of visual impairment which is been defined by law to limit driving type of activities for safety
purpose.
2.1.2 BLIND
This is a terminology used for those that have complete or nearly complete vision loss - this
however could be termed as blindness. Not that every people with impairment could be told
as blind, some have a little remaining of sight - a small amount of the percentage are totally
without sight. Most of the time blindness and legally blind are interchangeable.
There’s always debatable answers for this question because while going through certain
interviews by the blind people there was a dilemma stating that some will experience
complete darkness, like being inside a cave, some experience vivid visual hallucinations or
sparks of light that gives random shapes and colours or even flashes of light. This doesn’t
deals any mental illness or brain damage, it is just a case in which the communication
between the brain and eye doesn’t happens.
2.3 COMMON TYPES OF VISUAL IMPAIRMENT
2.3.1 LOSS OF CENTRAL VISION: creates a blind spot or blur but side vision remains
normal, leading to difficulties in reading, distinguishing most details in distance and
recognizing faces. There won’t be any difficulties with mobility.
2.3.2 LOSS OF PERIPHERAL VISION: it is an inability of vision in one side or both sides or
anything that is above or below, but however central vision remains the same giving a direct
vision ahead. Loss of peripheral vision may affect mobility and it may even speed down
reading. This is sometimes termed as “tunnel vision”.
2.3.3 BLURRED VISION: blurred vision causes out of focus both for near and far objects
even with the use of spectacles.
2.3.4 GENERALIZED HAZE: this causes a glare or film that extends throughout the viewing
field.
2.3.6 NIGHT BLINDNESS: it’s an inability condition of vision under any dim light scenario.
People with this disorder generally can’t see under moon light, star light and in dim lighted
interior.
Refractive error (42%) – it is a problem with focusing light accurately onto the retina
due to the shape of the eye.
Cataract (33%) – it is clouding of the lens of the eye which leads to decrease sight.
Glaucoma (2%) – damage of optic nerve due to a group of eye disease which
causes vision loss.
Age related macular degeneration (1%) – it is a condition in which there will be no
vision in the center of the vision field.
Corneal opacification (1%) – loss of normal transparency of cornea due to scarring.
Diabetic retinopathy (1%) – it is a condition in which damage occurs due to
diabetes mellitus.
Childhood blindness – it is a condition in which a child cannot see anything that is 3
feet apart from.
Trachoma (1%) – it is caused by a bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.
Undetermined (18%)
2.5 ARCHITECTURE FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED PEOPLE
When it comes to designing for visually impaired people, colour and texture becomes a
powerful tool to navigate way easily. Through clever colour scheme and prominent texture a
person’s confidence and independence can be increased. Bright colours and textures are
generally the easiest way of finding things of their ability. Solid colours such as yellow, red,
orange are more visible than pastel colours.
Colour and contrast is an ability to detect the difference between areas that are light and
dark, therefore people with low vision can easily identify and differentiate areas that are of
increasing contrast so that is easily visible. Enhancing contrast is one of the simplest and
least expensive method which could be opted.
Use of varied textured materials helps in easy recognition of spaces, change in surface
texture indicates that there is a change of space, it also indicates whether there is an
extension in the floor or tactile symbolisation in the wall express the state of the floor or the
floor above.
Texture is one of the most important medium through which design could be explained to
visually impaired people.
DOES ONLY COLOURS AND TEXTURES CAN HELP VISUALLY IMPAIRED INSIDE A
BUILDING?
Through certain analysis by case studies and interviews this condition will be answered.
3. CASE STUDY
STARTED IN 1962
FACILITIES: Braille library, audio library, computer lab and science lab
Step up indication before core area indicating that there’s change of space, tiling on wall
surface for identification of voids and solids.
Linear planning with partial lighting to reduce glare inside the campus.
Sensory spaces and blind kids planting plantation within the campus.
3.1.1.1 INFERENCE
In this foundation there is a special area which is been designed for visually impaired people
where they are allowed to walk and understand things by their-self. Here, a visually impaired
person can navigate alone without any guidance.
3.1.2.1 INFERENCE
There’s a Braille entry map kept to understand the basic circulation of the garden.
At every plant exhibit there is a change in the floor along with Braille notice board that
explains about that particular plant variety.
There no projecting plant variety in the path of walking.
Furniture are isolated to a particular space so that doesn’t obstruct the pathway.
Water bodies and water channels are introduced in the space of navigation that
probably shows an impact in movement.
Pebbles are placed in place where there is a divertion of path or junction.
No fruit bearing trees are used which may cause hazards.
Braille map that at the entrance of the building or Braille pamphlets that help in
orientation and navigation of spaces.
Certain defined sound indications at entry point of the complex or the building that
they have arrived to the site.
Usage of tactile materials in floorings to define space.
Rough flooring indication for hazardous situations.
Narrow pathways so that there won’t be any confusion in the path of navigation.
No projecting elements should be placed in the path of navigation, navigation path
should be treated with wall tiles where they touch and navigate to their destination.
Doors should be flushed with the wall when open, thus, preventing from banging
against it. Sliding doors are preferred.
Wooden articles are preferred in the spaces that are used by the visually impaired.
Some landmarks are expected at the place of destination that are prominent
indicating that their location have arrived.
Indication in flooring, that expresses that there is a floor continuation is expected.
Braille indication, whether there is a floor above the structure have to be mentioned
in case of multi – storey structure.
A stop indication in the handrail that tells the rail stops here prevents from hazard of
falling, if the handrail continues an indication of continuation is expected.
Indication of toilets and emergency is an important factor that needs to be checked
in.
The complex is surrounded on all four sides by blind walls which acts as acoustic barrier as
well as retaining wall where as the internal façade of the blank wall creates banks of
courtyards at different heights, shapes and orientation.
These are simple rectangular spaces made of concrete frames and flat roofs making each
space unique with structural relationships making it identifiable for the user. This space
enhances to experience 5 senses. A water channel runs through the center, which acts as a
ide for navigation of the spaces. Tactile characters are included at hand height to identify
each building. Six types of floral plants are used inside the complex to make the space more
usable by the users.
Water channels that help in navigation, blind wall that surrounds the campus.
Water channels that help in navigation, placement of roof at various levels that redirects the
daylight reducing glare.
Various structural detailing installed for a better identification of space through light and
breeze by the user.
3.3.1.1 INFERENCE
LOCATION: Mumbai
3.3.2.1 INFERENCE
LOCATION: Mumbai
3.3.3.1 INFERENCE
3.4 INFERENCE
Linear planning within the building and within the site is very ideals for the users.
Braille signage and audio facility at the entrance of every room makes the space
more usable.
Usage of Braille prints and textured materials are more, so that identification of
spaces are made easy.
No obstructions should be placed in the path of circulations.
If using glasses it has to be articulated so there won’t be any confusion among the
users or it should be well defined.
Textured tiles could be used but patterned flooring should not be used because it
may cause confusion and could be mistaken.
Inclusion of landscapes and special features like water channels enhances the space
and helps in better navigation of the users to different spaces.
Parking are always advised to place at one corner without bring it near the built
environment to prevent clashes between pedestrian and vehicle and even separate
entries are advisable.
Any features that helps in enhancing the skill of senses can be used.
Landscaping can be used as a tool for wayfinding but that should not create any
hazardous for the users. It should be protected with bollards so that it may not trip
people with low vision.
In comparison with the above collected data there’s a clear fact stating that there isn’t any
standard design criteria for visually challenged people, there are only certain common
elements that are been vastly used.
But there is general guidelines which have been framed by LVDP organisation in planning
and designing spaces for visually impaired but it is not that broadly been used yet.
More views and natural landscape are recommended to reduce reflected solar load
and glare which provides comfort for the occupants.
North and south side exposure is recommended for indirect sunlight to avoid low
angle light from rising and setting sun.
No hazards like tripping and falling should occur with walkways due to uneven
surface or from curbs, edging and steps that are not clearly indicated through colour,
value and texture. Curbs and other edges of walkways should have a level difference
of minimum 100mm with prominent colour difference. If there’s handrail there’ll be no
need for edge curb.
The pathways that connect to the public entrance should be easily identifiable with
visual clues or signs such as architectural features of landscape features so that it
could be easily located.
Stairs / steps should be designed with nosing of contrast colour value for better
identification. It is always better to have handrails so that it’ll guide the user from any
kind of hazards.
Pavement patterns and colour changes could be mistaken as steps and should be
avoided at the place of crossing paths for travel.
Drains and gratings should not be placed on pathways or paved area and it should
be placed perpendicular to the path way and be spaced not more than 13mm.
Walkway should be lit to minimize glare.
Furniture at site should be placed out of the pedestrian pathways and it should be
contrast in colour to its surrounding.
Low fences, walls, bollards and barriers should be designed in a manner that it
shouldn’t create any hazards for pedestrian with low vision.
4.6 LANDSCAPING
Water features with raised perimeter like seating, walls, etc of 600mm ht. will act as
barrier and prevents from accidents.
Public accessible spaces such as campus and complexes should be provided with
wayfinding aids to guide to the destination with the help of signs, maps, auditory and
visual aids which respect to reduce ease for first time users and for people with low
vision.
At least 2m should be considered as the viewing distance for various wayfinding aids
to be placed.
These wayfinding aids should be placed perpendicular to the flow of traffic located at
prominent positions which should be easily discovered from vehicle and foot traffic.
These aids can cause damage when kept too close or protruding to the pathway.
Overhead wayfinding aids can cause difficulties for people with low vision, so they
should be mounted at a minimum height of 2100mm above the travel path. Signs on
walls shall be mounted at 1700mm for standing people and for wheelchair users it
shall be mounted between 1000 – 1100mm.
Change in levels, curbs or other steps should be painted with reflective painting
material that should be visible in any natural conditions.
Transition between indoor and outdoor should be provided with provisions for
adjusting light that suits day and night light conditions.
The basic strategy is said that north and south exposure of the building reduces most
of light and are easiest to control.
Practical depth of daylight penetration is approximately 15m without skylights or light
shelves.
If regulation of daylight is not properly done, it results in glare which may cause
discomfort within the interior space like wayfinding, ambulation and in performing
tasks.
Daylight from more than one direction might beneficial daylight inside a room
throughout the day. The shape of the ceiling can also significantly affect the daylight
ambience.
Window or glazing that occurs in any paths like corridors may present a strong glare
unless diffused or articulated with curtains, window shades, or other means. Window
or glazing placed at the side of corridor is a better option of positioning.
Exterior louvers, light shelves and reveals are used to reduce brightness of daylight
which produces glare.
Louvers can be vertical, or horizontal, it’s orientation can be adjusted manually or
automatically by photo – sensors or motors.
Exterior light shelves – horizontal projections cutdown the direct light from the sky
and redirects it to the ceiling which helps in illuminating the interior spaces, these
horizontal projects also hides the view of the sky which may also cause glare.
4.15.1 DOORS
By architectural design the location of the main entrance should be easily identified
from the street by their design. Doors such as egress doors, restricted doors shall be
kept misconstrued as entrances by the unwary unless they are placed in less
conspicuous locations, since they have less commanding and should have a huge
signage for the approaching users.
Doors has be clearly distinguished between the adjacent features ie like the mirror
panels to avoid confusion among the users. This could be accomplished easily by
designing stiles and tiles besides to make transparent areas different from adjacent
features.
Power assisted doors or automated power – operated doors should be distinguished
separately by usage of contrast push plates or with decals on the door visible to the
entering approach. Power sliding doors are preferred than swing doors.
Side panels and glazed doors should have decorative features such as signs, logos
or emblems at eye level ie between 1400 to 1600mm above the floor level and
should be repeated at 1m intervals.
The feature size should be larger than 150mm that should be visible from both
outside and inside of the building.
Doors should be of 1200mm wide enough for 2 persons to pass by. Revolving doors
must be used in the place of swing doors.
4.15.2 VESTIBULES
Vestibules are recommended to be provided for all the exterior entrance especially
for main entrance.
The vestibules should be minimum of 2400mm between the doors to provide a space
for adjusting visual change of the light between the 2 sets of doors without
obstructing the door swing.
Could be served as traditional space between the indoor and outdoor lighting levels.
Space for sitting should be provided which should be out of the path.
Adjusting light to various light conditions should be provided.
4.15.3 LOBBIES
Lobbies are the transitional spaces that connect the exterior spaces with the inner
circulations, which comprises of staircases, elevators, escalators and other
circulation features.
These spaces are generally huge, high – ceiling open spaces with receptions,
orientations and with wayfinding aids.
This space should be planned in a way such that any person with visual impairment,
first time visitors to use this place without any guide or assistance.
Reception area shall be planned in a closer proximity that is visible from the
entrance. Any building with security screening, security personnel should be
sensitized when a person with low vision approaches to assist them.
4.15.4 ATRIUM
These spaces are often challenging for person with low vision because of it’s high
amount of daylight that will penetrate through it’s glazed walls and skylights.
Interior spaces that are electrically illuminated such as corridors, elevators lobbies
and other circulation features acts as transition spaces so these kind of spaces are
strongly recommended to be planned with a closer proximity to the atrium.
Atrium travels as guidance to many important spaces of the building such as
emergency exits, information desk, etc.. which could be enhanced by using high –
contrast signage, tactile flooring, changes in lighting level, and visual contrasts of
floor surfaces.
4.15.5 RECEPTION
Stairs that are located in the lobby should be differentiated between the tread and
riser.
The unenclosed stair - it should be designed in a manner to prevent collision with the
underside of the stair which may cause collision hazards.
Escalators and moving walkways should be designed using the following criterias:
o Tread nosing should be provided in yellow or in any other contrasting colours
with permanent solid materials rather than painting.
Under step demarcation lighting and yellow combs makes the escalator trip safe and
accessible.
Elevators should be designed with the following code, accessibility and requirements:
o Elevators should be placed off from the alcoves of main lobby that should well
defined lighting and other visual cues.
o Elevators with softly lit interior should be directly opened into day lighted atrium
expect it should be opened into bright lighted lobby.
o Elevator buttons should be contrasting in colour, should be internally lighted for
better visibility.
High polished floor finishes would create difficulty for low vision people due to glare
and reflection, especially when floor to ceiling windows are employed.
It is recommended to use matte flooring with textured coating.
Avoid flooring patterns because it may cause misunderstanding for steps or change
in floor level. It can be very hazardous in broad steps leading to change in floor level.
Vertical reflective surfaces should be avoided full height mirrors should be avoided
because this may cause misunderstandings like doorway or extension of the space
and people may collide with it.
The main function of this place has to be considered weather it is going to be for short term
or long term activities which includes reading, break and relaxation needs.
4.15.8.1 FURNITURE
Lounge furniture should be selected in a way that it is contrast in value with the
flooring and form which is visible.
Low ottomans and coffee table should not be kept floated in the lobby space that is
meant for circulation.
Arm rest chairs should be provided.
Arrangement of the seating should be facing a view or facing away from the daylight.
Daylight could be used as task light for reading.
Avoid heavy furniture such as sofa and love seats seating for conversation should be
flexible and movable.
4.16.1 CORRIDOR
4.16.2 RAMPS
Change in colour values and textures should be used at the beginning and end of the
ramp.
Contrasting colour and value should be used between the treads and risers.
Avoid usage of floor patterns.
4.16.3 RAILINGS
4.16.4 DOORWAYS
Doorway should be more in contrast and value comparing to it’s adjacent features
making it more comfortable for the user to identify.
Locks, latches and pulls should be contrasting with the door, room nos. and other
graphics should be lit in order for reading.
If both the sides of the door has same colour or texture then it’s leading end should
be of contrast value that prevent low vision people from running into the edge of the
door.
4.16.5 ELEVATOR LOBBIES
Contrasting colours and textures are recommended for elevator doors, walls and
frames.
Elevator lobbies should be varied with finish, design and other features to help the
users to identify the specific floors.
4.17 STAIRWAYS
4.17.2 HANDRAILS
4.18 ELEVATORS
Use handrails in all three sides of the car. Use tubular rails instead of flat rails.
4.20.1 LAYOUT
Viewpoints and daylighting are the key factors that influence the choice of an
occupant’s workspace layout.
o Circulation pattern through the office should be simple, clearly recognizable,
user friendly and intuitive for the user.
o Glazed partition should be treated with glaze control which provides
spaciousness and should be appropriately used and must not create hazard
in the circulation by being dangerously less visible.
o There must not be confusion with the arrangement of the cubicle and must
avoid long row arrangement of cubicles.
Vertical surface of the cubicle and upholstery for seating should be contrast in colour
with flooring and main wall for easy identification.
Modular workstation with clearly visible aisles are easy to navigate, change with
flooring textures also helps in defining the aisles.
4.21.1 LAYOUT
4.21.2 FURNITURE
Non – orthogonal arrangement of the furniture arrangement avoids the appearance
of institutional feel, but this might be difficult in locating tables.
Visual landmarks like columns, planters and sculptures may help to assist in locating
tables.
Variant colours in furniture upholstery and value of contrast may also help in
identifying the destination.
4.22.1 LAYOUT
Auditoriums that have fixed seating should have lighting from row ends and on any
step that leads to seating.
Flexible seating spaces – provided with clear circulation arrangements (visibly clear)
from entrance, restrooms, exhibits and refreshment table.
Seating that are arranged facing windows can create problem of glare. Window
shading may provide mitigate of glare.
By providing contrast colour at the edge of the stage and steps leading to the stage.
Providing handrails grabs attention towards the step and also provides stability to the
user.
4.22.2 FURNITURE
5 CASE STUDY
It is an office building for disabled people which has been planned according to the above
design criteria.
BY CUBO + FORCE 4
LOCATION: Denmark
AREA: 12600.0 sq.m.
Main building
Design approach
Access free planning
Cross section
5.1.1 INFERENCE
Planned like four wings with central atrium, so that every space within the complex is
naturally lit which will help in navigation.
One part of the site is been used for vehicular circulation and the rest is for
landscape, restricting vehicular circulation reduces confusion and complexity inside
the site, and also providing landscape enhances natural ventilation inside the
building.
The central atrium is been designed is pentagon shape with bright coloured vertical
surfaces at each edge giving an idea of path which leads to the office spaces making
wayfinding easy for visually impaired.
There’s a grey colour value change in the floor of atrium thus defining there’s a
change of space – visually impaired.
Planned in a linear way, the spaces aren’t arranged in a cluster.
The surface finishes are merely matte that doesn’t create glare to the user.
At certain spaces Braille signs and symbols are printed – for eg: in handrails.
Perforated panels are been used which allows light into the building but at the same
time it doesn’t create discomfort for the users.
Furniture are also not placed in the pathway, has a defined path leading to the
destinations required.
This building stands out as the best example of one of the most accessible building with lvdp
design criteria implemented, there is no defined standards for designing spaces for visually
impaired it will be better to have guidelines for this particular special aid.