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EXPERIMENT
NO. 19
STARTINGAND SYNCHRONIZING
SYNCHRONOUSMACHTNES

PU R P O S E :

To discover the method of starting qrnchrnonousmotors.

BRIEFING:

When three-phase is applied to the stator of a three-phase motor, a revolving stator magnetic
freld is created. This field revolves at synchronous speed, which is a speed detemined by the
number of ooles per phase of the motor and the ftequency of the incoming pow€r.

The rotor of a synchronous motor becomes "locked inn on the revolving stator field. It then
rotates at gpchnonous speed. To accomplish this, the rotor contains a DC field winding.

The problem is in starting. If you have DC applied to the field coil, while the rotor is standing
still, the revolving freld passeethe stationary field much too fast to be locked onto..

First the DC field coils on the rotor must be made to notate almost as fast ae the revolving
stator field. Then, when you apply DC to it, the rotor is puUed into s5nrchronism. That means
that the rotor tunrs at synchronous speed.

To get the rotor tuming in the finst place, a squirrel-cage winding is used. The bars are
inbedded in the rotor core. When power is applied to the stator, the revolving field induces
voftage into these windings. In other words, a s5mchronous motor starts as an induction
motor. When the rotor reaches 95Voof synchronous speed, DC is switched into the rotor field
winding.

Now, during the start processr,there will also be voltage induced into the DC field winding as
the rotor turns. Rather than have a charged-up freld coil, its terminals are shorted through a
resistor while the squirrel-cagewinding is getting the mtor started.

Because s3rnchronous motors must achieve 95V" grnchronous speed before being
s5mchronized,they are rarely starbed under load. Ioad is applied after it is mnning as a
slmchronous motor. The rotor, however, enntinues to turn at qrnchronou-"speed,

19-1
 It is possible to load a qrnchronous motor beyond its ability to stay in slmchronism. The
counter-torque of a load overcomeethe torque (pull) on the rotor from the revolving stator
field. When that happens, the motor pulls out of step with the stator field.

It will not simply fall beck to running smoothly as an induction motor, however. Induced
cunents, added to the excitation curtent in the DC field winding, make the rotor pulsate.
Therefore, field excitation should be removed as soon as possible after the rotor pulls out of
synchnonism. Then, if you want to re-synchronize the motor, you must first remove the over-
load.

PERFORMANCE
OBJECTIVES:
Upon euccessfulcompletion of this experiment, the student will be able to:

1. Explain the principle of synchronous motors.

2. Start and qmchronize a synchronous motor.

MACHINESREQUIRED:

SM-1OO-3ASynchronousMachine
DYN-100A-DM Dynamometer

POWERREQUIRED:

208 volts Fixed AC

0 - 150 volt Variable DC, 1 amp
I
0 - 125 volt Variable DC, 5 amps

METERSREQUIRED:

(2) O - 150 volt DC Voltrneters

0 - 1 amp DC Ammeter
0 - 2.5 amp DC Ammeter
0 - 300 volt AC Voltmeter
0 - 2 amp AC Ammeter

ADDITIONALMATERIALREQUIRED:

MGB-IOO-DG Bedplate
RL-100AResistanceLoad
St-A-1OODSuobe-Tachometer

79-2
PROGRAMPIAN:

Step 1. Place the two machines on the bedplate. Motor on the left, dynamometer on the
right. Couple and clamp the machines securely.

Step 2. Connect the synchronous motor as shown in Figure 19-1. Note that the stator is
wye-connected.

Step 3. Connect the dynamometer as shown in Figure 19-1, Note that this is a separately-
excited shunt generator connection. Be sure that all of the load switches on the
RL-100A are in the downward (OFF) poeition.

S Y N C H R ONOUS M CT OR

2O A V B
30A
|NP UT c

+
O_125V DC SUPPLY

D C GENERAT CR

R H E O.
1 o-15ov
SUPPLY

. LOAD ' SHUNT

rLD.

Figure 19-l

Step 4. Have someone check your @nnections to be sure they are correct. Adjust the field
rheostat on the d;rnamometer to its maximum resistance position, fully clockwise.

19-3
 Step 5. Wth the motor circuit breaker OFF, turn ON the main AC and the 0 - 125 VDC
excitation supply,

Step 6. Put the motor switch in the SYNC RUN position and adjust the excitation supply
until 0.6 amps flows in the field coil. Then return the switch to the IND START
poeition.

Step 7. Turn ON the motor circuit breaker.

Step 8. The synchronous motor is now running as an induction motor. Measure the speed,
and stator current, Record these values in TABLE 19-1.

SPEED STATORCURRENT
BEFORE
SYNCHRONIZING
AFTERSYNCHRONIZING

TABLEI9,I

Step 9. Switch the toggle on the motor to Sn{C RUN.

Step 10. Turn.ON the 0 - 160 volt DC eupply and adjust its output to 115 volts. Adjust the
dlmamometer's field rheostat until the tenninal voltage is 120 volts.

Step 11. Adjust the 0 - 125 ryDC excitation current until the stator current is at its lowest
point.

Step 12. Measure speedand stator current. Record these values in TABLE 19-1.

Step 13. Zero the dSrnamometerscale by positioning the weight at the rear.

Step 14. Turn ON the resistance load switches one at a time. As each one is turned ON,
measure speed,stator current and torque. Record these values in TABLE 19-2.

Step 15. As you turn ON the ninth or tenth load switch, the motor will pull out of
sJrnchronism. Immediately switch back to IND START and start removing load
steps one at a time. After each, attempt to re-s5mchronize. Make a note of the
number of switches that were still on when you were able to re-s5mchronize.

Step 16. Turn OFF all circuit breaker switches. Disconnect all leads.

19-4
 TEST RESULTS:

LOADSTEPS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I 10 11 12
SPEED
TORQUE
I srRron

TABLEI$,2
DE.B.RIEFING:

I' The damper winding (squirrer-cage)

starts the rotor and gets it up
sSrnchrnonous
speed.After DC is appriedto the to gSvo
to qynchronous *r, ,"0 the rotor pulls up
speed,what is thejob of the damper
-tor-rr"ra
winding?

Explaiu.

2. why isn't DC appried to the

rotor field coil right away instead
rotor is up to speed? of waiting unt' the

3. What happened to mtor speed

as you synchronized the rotor?

What happened to
current?
"t"to"

19-5
 Dxplain why rotor speed changed the way it did.

4. What was the'pull-out torque" for this motor? (Pull-out torque is the maximum
torque the motor will produce before dropping out of qrnchronism).

5. As you attempted to re-qrnchronize, how many switches were ON when your at-
" tempt was succ€ssful?

OUICKQUIZ:

1. When a qmchronous motor is loaded, its epeed:

a) Increases.
b) Decreases.
c) Remains the eame.

2. Normally, the stator current of a qmchronous motor is:

a) Higher than that of an induction motor.

b) Lower than that of an induction motor.

c) The same as that of an induction motor.

3. A qrnchronous motor will not "s5mchronize"if:

a) The stator has a revolving field.

b) The load on the rotor is too great.

c) DC is applied to the field coil on the rotor.

19-6
4. As the motor wasloaded,stator curnent:

a) Increased.
b) Decressed.
c) RBmainsthe same.

5. You can easily tell when a synchronousmotor drips out of qynchronism,because

the rotor beginsto:

a) Speedup.
b) Pulsate.
c) Reversedirection.

19-7
 ET332B DiscussionPointsfor Lab 10

1.) List the majorpartsof a synchronous

machineandexplaintheir functions.

2.) Explainwhy synchronous machinesmust be startedunloaded.Also explainthe correct

procedureto follow when startinga synchronousmotor.

3.) motor start-upand as

Explainthe functionof the damperwindingsduringsynchronous
loadin applied.

4) Explainhow thetorqueangleof a synchronous machinechangesas mechanicalload is

added.Is therea torquelimit? If oneexists,at what angledoesit occur?

5.) Explainwhathappensto a synchronous when

motorbothelectricallyandmechanically
thetorquelimit is exceeded.

Spring2002 dpJabl0-doc