DESIGN OF SOFT STOREY FRAMED STRUCTURES WITH VARIOUS

COMBINATIONS OF BEAM AND COLUMN SECTION WHILE

KEEPING THEIR AREA CONSTANT OF BEAM AND COLUMN IN
SEISMIC PRONE REGION

A minor project submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

Civil Engineering

Submitted By

MD UMAR FAROOQUE

Enrolment No. 0101CE13ME11

Under the Supervision of

Md. Umar Farooque

Assistant Professor
ProfessorProfessor

Department of Civil Engineering

University Institute of Technology (UIT)

Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya (RGPV), Bhopal

December 2016
 University Institute of Technology, R.G.P.V., Bhopal
Department of Civil Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation titled, “Design of soft storey framed structures with

various combinations of beam and column section while keeping their area constant of

beam and column in seismic prone region” submitted by Md Umar Farooque Enrolment

No.0101CE13ME11, in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of degree of

Master of Engineering in Structural Engineering to Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki

Vishwavidyalaya, Bhopal is a bonafide record of the work carried out by him under our

supervision and guidance during 2015-2016 academic year.

Dr. Saleem Akhtar

Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
University institute of technology (UIT),
RGPV, Bhopal

ii
 University Institute of Technology, R.G.P.V., Bhopal
Department of Civil Engineering

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the work presented in this dissertation entitled “Design of soft storey

framed structures with various combinations of beam and column section while keeping

their area constant of beam and column in seismic prone reason” partial fulfilment of

requirement for Degree of Master of Engineering in Structural Engineering submitted in

the department of civil engineering is an authentic record of my own work carried under the

supervision of Dr. Saleem Akhtar (Professor) and Mr. Aslam Hussain (Assistant

Professor), civil engineering department. I have not submitted the matter embodied in this

report for award of any other degree.

I also declare that “check of plagiarism” has been carried out on the thesis and is found within

the acceptable limit and record of which is enclosed herewith.

0101CE13ME11

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In terms of gratify my accomplishment of project. I would like to express that the project
would not have been completed without the assistance and support of those who guided me in
the course of my Master's project.

First and foremost, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my honourable supervisor,

Dr. Saleem Akhtar, civil engineering department. University institute of technology
(R.G.P.V) Bhopal, for his helpful contribution in my thesis work. He is an intellectual in
creativity, analysis, Co-operation and has great sources of idea about his project. His
suggestion, encouragement and guidelines played a vital role in my thesis work.

Second hand foremost, I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr. Aslam
Hussain. He encourages me throughout the dissertation work with his extravagant guidance
and influences me in effective way by including a speed of devotion and dedication. I want to
thank Dr. Suresh Singh Kushwah, Dr. S.S. Bhadoriya, Dr. K.K Pathak, and Dr. Amit
Vishwakarma for their Co-operation during my entire courses of work.
I would like to convey my regards and thanks to Dr. Sanjay Silakari, director of University
Institute of Technology (R.G.P.V) Bhopal, for a consistent Co-operation, support providing
necessary facility throughout the period of my thesis work.

Last but not least, I am grateful to my parents Mr. Md Haroon Rashid, Mrs. Rafat
Perween and all family members for their love, support and daily encouragement.

Bhopal Md Umar Farooque

December 2016
Enrolment No.0101CE13ME11

iv
 ABSTRACT

Nowadays, building has provided by soft storey or weak storey. This feature is not suitable

for building situated earthquake prone reason. In this study effect of soft storey in different

height, different section of beam and columns while keeping their area constant. The

determinations of percentage stiffness. Here the present works (problem taken) are on a

G+10 storied regular building. These buildings have the plan area of 15 meter x 15 meter

with a soft storey height of 2 meter, 2.2meter, 2.5 meter, 2.8 meter, and 3 meter at first floor,

and 3 meter constant height above first floor in all models. Depth of foundation is 2.5 meter,

and the overall height of chosen building including depth of foundation are 34.5 meter ,34.7

meter, 35 meter, 35.3 meter and 35.5meter respectively. The analysis has done by analytical

method using the parameters for the design as per the IS-1893- 2002-Part-1[C], A text book

of Pankaj Agarwal & Manish Shrikhande for the Patna area.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
S.NO TITLE PAGE NO
Certificate ii
1

Declaration iii
2

Acknowledgement iv
3

4 Abstract v

Chapter 1
1.1 Background and motivation
8 1.2 Objectives 1-7
1.3 Irregularities in soft storey buildings
1.4 Scope of the study
Chapter 2
9 Review of literature
8-17
2.1 International codes of practice on soft storey building
2.2 Previous research on soft storey building

vi
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND AND MOTIVATION

Proper utilization of space has become a major concern in developing countries like India

due to rapid urbanization and population growth. As a result, multi-storey housing buildings

in urban areas are forced to have parking in the ground floor. In such framed buildings, the

ground storey is generally built without any infill walls to allow easy movement of vehicles

but the upper storeys are enclosed with infill walls. This type of framed building is known as

soft storey or weak storey or open ground storey building (P.agarwal, M. shirkhande,

2009)[A] in this study It represents a typical soft storey building as shown in figure 1.1. &

figure 1.2.

Figure 1.1: Typical soft Storey Building

1
 Figure 1.2: Soft storey in reinforced concrete buildings

While these types of soft storey buildings have various functional advantages, they possess a

potentially dangerous type of vertical irregularity. The rapid reduction in lateral stiffness and

strength of the ground storey in soft storey building results in large lateral displacements in

ground storey level, which increases the curvature and force in the ground storey columns.

The collapse of this type of buildings is mainly due to the formation of soft-storey

mechanism in the ground storey columns. Past earthquakes have demonstrated the

vulnerability of soft storey buildings (Lamb & Londhe, 2012)[14]. A number of soft storey

framed buildings have experienced severe damage during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake. As

shown in figure 1.3.

Figure 1.3: Failure Due To Large Lateral Displacement in Soft Storey

2
Reinforced-concrete framed structure in recent time has a special characteristic i.e. the

ground storey is left open for the reason of social and functional use such as car parking,

shops, reception area, space required for meeting room and banking hall etc. Such buildings

are often called open ground storey buildings or soft storey buildings.

Again when a sudden change in stiffness takes place along the building height, the story at

which this extreme change of stiffness occurs is called a soft storey. The Indian code (clause

no. 4.20) classifies a soft storey as, it is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70

percent of that in the storey above or less than 80 percent of the average lateral stiffness of

the three storey above(IS 1893:2002)[B]. Soft storey can form at any level of a high rise

building to fulfil required functional necessity and serve various purposes.

In usual design practice, the stiffness involvement of infill walls present in upper storeys of

soft storey framed buildings is ignored in the structural analysis (‘bare frame’ analysis).

Design based on such analysis results in underestimation of the bending moments and shear

forces in the ground storey columns and this is perhaps responsible for the failures of such

buildings. To address this problem, Indian Standard IS 1893 (2002)[B]recommend a factor to

magnify the forces in ground storey columns. This factor is referred as ‘multiplication factor

(MF)’ in this study. IS 1893 (2002)[B] states: “The columns of the soft-storey are to be

designed for 2.5 times the storey shears and moments calculated under seismic loads of bare

frame”. Different other international codes and published literature addressed this problem

through MF in line with Indian code. There is no literature found on performance-based

design approach for soft storey buildings. In this circumstance it is very important to

undertake a thorough study on the behaviour of soft storey buildings considering

uncertainties involved using a performance-based design approach and arrived stiffness on

the basis of more rational methods such as reliability-based design. This is the underlying

motivation of the present study. Ductile detailing in reinforced concrete columns includes

3
closely spaced closed stirrups to confine the concrete, prevent longitudinal steel buckling and

to increase the shear capacity of columns (Mander, 1988; Park, 1997; Paulay)

Figure 1.4: Damages in columns during earthquake

1.2 OBJECTIVES

In this present project, the following aspects are attempted to study.

1) Modelling and analysis of the multi-storey building with different height of soft storey at

first floor for various combinations of beam and column with the help of Staad.Pro V8i

2) Comparative study on variations in the structural response in the structure due to seismic

excitation is also performed.

3) The building with soft storey is tending to fail at seismic excitations, hence the

recommendations for the earthquake resistant design of the considered buildings are

modelled and analysed.

4) In this study the aim is to provide a safe design of a building with soft storey in a seismic

zone with recommending some design recommendations as there is no specified provision in

I.S codes[B] for this type of irregularities.

4
5) The main objective of this study is to improve the stiffness of soft storey by using various

combinations of beam and column section while keeping with different height and their area

constant of soft storey.

1.3 IRREGULARITIES IN BUILDINGS

Most of the structure damaged due to these irregularities during earthquake

a) Stiffness Irregularity —Soft Storey

A soft storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of that in the storey

above or less than 80 percent of the average lateral stiffness of the three storeys above.

b) Stiffness Irregularity —Extreme Soft Storey

A extreme soft storey is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 60 percent of that in the

storey above or less than 70 percent of the average stiffness of the three storeys above. For

example, buildings on stilts will fall under this category.

If one storey is higher than others, or one storey is weaker than others. A soft or weak

storey exists if the height of that storey is at least 15% greater than storey’s above or

below; or if it has at least 30% fewer columns in the case of a frame system, or at least

30% less full- height structural or infill wall length in the case of a wall or infill wall system

5
 Figure 1.5: Irregularities in buildings

1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY

 The present study is limited to framed buildings up to ten-storey designed as per

prevailing Indian Standards.

 The present study is limited to soft storey reinforced concrete multi-storey frames that

are regular in plan. Hence, representative plane frames are used in the present study.

The plan asymmetry arising from possible irregular distribution of infill walls are not

considered in the analysis.

 The infill walls are assumed to be non-integral with the surrounding frames.

 Out-of-plane action of masonry walls is not considered in the study.

 Uncertainties in structural properties and loading are considered as applicable to

Indian context.

6
 The present study uses an equivalent single strut approach based on recent studies for

modelling infill walls.

 Random variables considered in the present study (concrete strength, steel strength,

infill strength and damping ratio) are assumed to be uncorrelated.

7
CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In the first chapter, the problem of designing in soft storey buildings and the need for a

systematic assessment of seismic risk and reliability in current design practice is outlined.

This chapter deals with the current state of the art in the design of soft storey buildings. It

starts with a review of relevant international codes of practice followed by a review of

published literature on soft storey buildings. Computational modelling of masonry infill is an

integral part of this research. The later part of this chapter presents a detailed review on

nonlinear structural models of masonry infill available in literature. A review on probability-

based assessment of building response and reliability based seismic design is presented at the

end of this chapter.

2.1 INTERNATIONAL CODES OF PRACTICE ON SOFT STOREY BUILDING

International design codes recognise soft storey buildings as soft or weak storey buildings

that require special attention. The design codes reviewed here are almost identical to define

the soft storey and weak storey buildings. Tables 2.1 and 2.2 summarise the characterization

of soft storey and weak storey buildings, respectively, as per the design codes. It is to be

noted that soft storey buildings, in most of the cases, fall either in the extreme soft storey or

extreme weak storey category or both. Majority of the design codes do not recommend the

construction of such extreme soft/weak storey buildings.

8
 Table 2.1: Characterization of soft-storey building as per International design codes

IS 1893:2002 𝒌𝒊 < 𝟎. 𝟕 𝒌𝒊+𝟏 𝒌𝒊 < 𝟎. 𝟔 𝒌𝒊+𝟏

Or Or
𝒌𝒊 < 𝟎. 𝟖{𝟏/𝟑(𝒌𝒊+𝟏 + 𝒌𝒊+𝟐 + 𝒌𝒊+𝟑 } 𝒌𝒊 < 𝟎. 𝟕{𝟏/𝟑(𝒌𝒊+𝟏 + 𝒌𝒊+𝟐
+ 𝒌𝒊+𝟑 }
ASCE/SEI 7 (2010) Same as IS 1893:2002 Same as IS 1893:2002

ICC IBC (2012) Same as IS 1893:2002 Same as IS 1893:2002

Eurocode 8 (2003) × ×

NZS 1170.5:2004 Same as IS 1893:2002 ×

SI 413:1995 Same as IS 1893:2002 ×

NBC 201:1995 Qualitative ×

FCEACR 1986 × 𝑘𝑖 0.5 𝑘𝑖

Ki = The lateral stiffness of ith storey of the

building ‘×’ represents that the code does not
explicitly define

International Building Code (ICC IBC, 2012)[B], American Standard ASCE/SEI 7 (2010)[B]

and New Zealand Code NZS 1170.5 (2004)[B] require dynamic analysis (and do not allow

equivalent static analysis) procedure for the design of buildings with soft/weak storey

irregularity as this type of irregularity induce lateral loads that are significantly different

from the predominantly first mode distribution assumed in the equivalent static analysis

method. However, Indian Standard IS 1893 (2002)[B], Eurocode 8 (2003)[B], Israel Standard

SI 413 (1995)[B], Nepal National Building Code NBC 201 (1994)[B] and Costa Rica Code

FCEACR (1986)[B] among others permit the use of equivalent static analysis procedure with

9
suitable modifications for the design of soft storey buildings. ICC IBC (2012)[B] and

ASCE/SEI 7 (2010)[B] do not allow construction of ‘extreme soft or weak storey building’ in

seismic areas. The various code provisions with regard to the design of soft storey building

using equivalent static approach are described and compared in this section.

Table 2.2: Characterization of soft-storey building as per International design codes

Design Codes Weak Storey Building Extreme Weak Storey Building

IS 1893 (2002) Fi 0.8Fi 1 ×

ASCE/SEI 7-(2010) Same as IS 1893:2002 Fi 0.65Fi 1

ICC IBC (2012) Same as IS 1893:2002 Same as ASCE/SEI 7 (2010)

Euro code 8 (2003) × ×

NZS 1170.5 (2004) Fi 0.9Fi 1 ×

SI 413 (1995) Same as IS 1893:2002 ×

NBC 201 (1994) Qualitative ×

FCEACR (1986) × Ki 0.5Ki 1

Fi = The lateral strength of i’th storey of the

building ‘×’ represents that the code does not
explicitly define

Indian Standard IS 1893 has been revised in 2002 to include new recommendations for the

design of soft storey buildings. Although IS 1893 (2002)[B] defines extreme soft storey

category of building irregularity it is silent about any design guideline for this building type.

However, in the Clause 7.10.3(a), the code recommends the use of equivalent static method

for analysis and design of soft storey type buildings with certain modifications as follows:

“The columns and beams of the soft storey are to be designed for 2.5 times the storey shears
10
 and moments calculated under seismic loads of bare frame”. This is to be noted that the code

recommends the MF of 2.5 even for the beams whereas the research has shown that the

increase in the beam strength will further increase the seismic demands on the columns.

Indian Standard IS 1893:2002[B] does not explicitly recommend any guideline for the

analysis and design of weak-storey buildings.

Euro code 8 (2003)[B] does not categorise the irregular buildings as soft-storey or weak storey

buildings. But if there are considerable irregularities in building elevation (due to drastic

reduction of infill in one or more storeys compared to the others).

Euro code 8 (2003)[B] imposes a local increase of the seismic action effects in vertical

elements of the respective storeys. The magnification multiplication factor to increase the

seismic action effects is defined as follows:

𝑉𝑅𝑊
×𝑞 (2.1)
𝑉𝐸𝐷

Where
VRW is the total reduction of the lateral resistance of masonry infill in the ground storey

compared to that in the upper storey. As there is no infill wall in the ground storey is soft

storey building, VRW is equal to the resistance of masonry in the first storey itself and VED is

the sum of seismic shear forces acting on all structural vertical elements of the storey

concerned. The term ‘q’ is called behaviour factor, which accounts for energy dissipation

capacity of the structure and the value varies from 1.50 to 4.68 depending upon the type of

building systems, ductility classes, and plan regularity in the building

Israel Standard SI 413 (1995) allows a soft storey or a weak storey, including open ground

storey, in buildings with low or medium ductility levels only, which correspond to the

buildings of little or moderate importance only. While other international codes recommend

11
to increase the design force only in the ground storey columns, SI 413:1995[B] requires

increasing the design force of the columns of the adjacent storeys also in addition to the

columns of the ground storey. As per this standard the design forces for the flexible or weak

storey members, and for the members in the storey above and below, are required to be

increased by a factor 0.6R (where ‘R’ is the response reduction factor). For masonry infill RC

frame buildings, R is 3.5 for low ductility level, and 5.0 for medium ductility level.

Therefore, beams and columns of the flexible or weak storey and also of the two adjacent

storeys are required to be designed for at least 2.1-3.0 times the actual design forces for the

irregular storey, depending upon the ductility level of the building. SI 413 (1995) also

imposes some special requirements with regard to the reinforcement detailing. Confinement

in columns in the flexible or weak storey, and in the storey above and below, is required to be

increased in such a way that the maximum spacing of shear reinforcement (min. 8mm

diameter) shall not exceed 100 mm throughout the height of columns. In addition, the

overlapping length of column longitudinal bars in the flexible or weak storey, and in the two

adjacent stories is required to be 30% more than that for the corresponding regular columns.

Nepal code (NBC-201, 1995)[B] restricts the vertical irregularity using some thumb rules.

There should be at least two lateral load resisting walls along the two principal directions at

any level of the building.

Costa Rica Code FCEACR (1986)[B] requires that all structural-resisting systems must be

continuous from the foundation to the top of buildings, and stiffness of a storey must not be

less than 50% of that of the storey below. Also, the weight of two adjacent stories must not

differ by more than 15%, except at the roof level and at those stories located in the first 20%

of the height of tall buildings. These clauses are intended to help reduce the adverse effects of

12
the vertical irregularities in buildings. Soft storey or weak storey with some restriction in

analysis and design methods. Some of the international codes allow only dynamic analysis

for design of such soft storey and weak storey buildings with appropriate model including

masonry infill whereas others permit equivalent static analysis of a bare frame model with

some stiffness to improve the design forces of the members of soft stores. Israel Standard SI

413 (1995)[B] required to improve the design forces of members in not only the soft storey

alone but also the adjacent storeys. The design codes published in the recent years

recommended to increase the design forces of only the vertical members of the soft storey

and not the horizontal members.

2.2 PREVIOUS RESEARCH ON SOFT STOREY BUILDING

A significant amount of research work on seismic behaviour of soft storey building has been

done by many investigators research area Such as

Hiten L. Kheni and Anuj K. Chandiwala,(2014)[1], entitled as “seismic response of RC

building with soft stories” Investigate many buildings that collapsed during the past

earthquake exhibited exactly the opposite strong beam weak column behaviour means

columns failed before the beams yielded mainly due to soft storey effect. For proper

assessment of the storey stiffness of buildings with soft storey building, different models

were analysed using software. Concluded the displacement estimates of the codal lateral load

patterns are observed to be smaller for the lower stories and larger for the upper stories and

are independent of the total number stories of the models.

Dhadde Santosh,(2014)[2], entitled as “evaluation and strengthening of soft storey building”

Investigate nonlinear pushover analysis is conducted to the building models using ETABS

and evaluation is carried for non-retrofitted normal buildings and retrofitting methods are

suggested like infill wall, increase of ground story column stiffness and shear wall at central

13
core. Concluded storey drift values for soft storey models maximum values compare to other

storeys and the values of storey drift decreases gradually up to the top.

Rakshith Gowda K.R and Bhavani Shankar,(2014)[3], entitled as “seismic analysis

comparison of regular and vertically irregular rc building with soft storey at different level”

Investigate the soft storey are provided at different level for different load combinations and

ETABS is used for modelling and analysis RC buildings. Concluded the inter storey drift was

observed to be maximum in vertically irregular structure when compared with that of regular

structure.

Susanta Banerjee, Sanjaya K Patro and Praveena Rao,(2014)[4], titled as “inelastic seismic

analysis of reinforced concrete frame building with soft storey” Analysis response parameters

such as floor displacement, storey drift, and base shear. Modelling and analysis of the

building are performed by nonlinear analysis program IDARC 2D. Concluded lateral roof

displacement and maximum storey drift is reduced by considering infill wall effect than a bare

frame.

D. B. Karwar and Dr. R. S. Londhe,(2014)[5], titled as “performance of RC framed

structure by using pushover analysis” Investigate the behaviour of Reinforced Concrete

framed structures by using nonlinear static procedure (NSP) or pushover analysis in finite

element software “SAP2000”.and the Comparative study made for different models in terms

of base shear, displacement, performance point. Concluded base shear is minimum for bare

frame and maximum for frame with infill for G+8 building.

Miss Desai Pallavi T, (2013)[6], entitled as “seismic performance of soft storey composite

column” Investigate the behaviour of reinforced concrete framed structures by using Staad

Pro. Modelling four structure and compare stiffness this models. Concluded provide the

stiffer column in first storey.

14
Amit and S. Gawande,(2013)[7], entitled as “seismic analysis of frame with soft ground

storey” Investigate the seismic performance and design of the masonry infill reinforced

concrete structure with the soft first storey under a strong ground motion.

Nikhil Agrawal,(2013)[8], entitled as “analysis of masonry infilled RC frame with & without

opening including soft storey by using equivalent diagonal strut method” Analysis the

performance of masonry infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames including open first storey

of with and without opening. The increase in the opening percentage leads to a decrease on

the lateral stiffness of infilled frame. Concluded Infill panels increase stiffness of the

structure.

A.S.Kasnale and Dr. S.S.Jamkar,(2013)[9], entitled as “study of seismic performance for

soft basement of rc framed” Investigate the behaviour of five reinforced RC frames with

various arrangement of infill when subjected to dynamic earthquake loading. Concluded

providing infill wall in RC building controlled the displacement, storey drift and lateral

stiffness.

Dande P. S. and, Kodag P. B.(2013)[10], entitled as “influence of provision of soft storey in

RC frame building for earthquake resistance design” Investigate the behaviour of RC frames

with provided strength and stiffness to the building frame by modified soft storey provision in

two ways, (i) By providing stiff column & (ii) By providing adjacent infill wall panel at each

corner of building frame. Concluded the walls in upper storeys make them much stiffer than

open ground storey. Difficult to provide such capacity in the columns of the first storey .

Narendra Pokar and Prof. B. J. Panchal,(2013)[11], titled as “small scale modelling on

effect of soft storey” Investigate the behaviour of RC frames with Testing of scaled models is

essential to arrive at optimal analytical model and special design provisions for such

structures. Structure is modelled and analyzed using SAP platform including seismic effect.

Concluded both steel and RCC structures gives nearest result for full scale model.

15
N. Sivakumar and S. Karthik,(2013)[12], titled as “seismic vulnerability of open ground

floor columns in multi storey buildings” Investigate the behaviour of the columns at ground

level of multi-storeyed buildings with soft ground floor subjected to dynamic earthquake

loading. ETABS used for modelling of the six and nine storey structure, line element was

used for columns and beams and concrete element was used for slabs. Concluded reducing

the drift as well as the strength demands on the first storey columns so that provides stiffer

columns in the first storey.

Dr. Saraswati Setia and Vineet Sharma,(2012)[13], entitled as “seismic response of R.C.C

building with soft storey” Analysis seismic response of R.C.C building with soft storey.

Equivalent static analysis is performed for five different models by using the computer

software such as STAA Pro. Concluded minimum displacement for corner column is

observed in the building in which a shear wall is introduced in X-direction as well as in Z-

direction.

P.B.Lamb and Dr R.S. Londhe,(2012)[14], titled as “seismic response of r.c.c building with

soft storey” Analysis multi-storeyed building with soft first storey, located in seismic zone

IV. It is intended to describe the performance characteristics such as stiffness, shear force,

bending moment, drift. Concluded shear wall and cross bracings are found to be very

effective in reducing the stiffness irregularity and bending moment in the columns.

V. Indumathy and Dr.B.P. Annapurna,(2012)[15], entitled as “non–linear analysis of multi-

storeyed infilled frame with soft storey and with window openings of different mortar ratios”

Investigate the four storied one bay infilled frame with soft storey at ground floor and

window openings in higher floors. Shape of opening - square opening showed lower lateral

deformation compared to rectangular opening and on other hand rectangular opening oriented

horizontally exhibit lower lateral deformation than vertical orientation. Concluded square

opening showed lower lateral deformation compared to rectangular opening and on other

16
hand rectangular opening oriented horizontally exhibit lower lateral deformation than vertical

orientation.

M.Z. Kabir and P. Shadan,(2011)[16], entitled as “seismic performance of 3d-panel wall on

piloti rc frame using shaking table equipment” Investigate the effect of soft story on seismic

performance of 3D-panel buildings. Results verified numerically with finite element model

using ABAQUS program and 3D-panel system has considerable resistance. Concluded

applying several ground motions final cracks is appeared at the end of columns and beam-

column connections. However, upper stories had no crack during shaking table test.

G.V. Mulgund and D.M. Patil,(2010)[17], entitled as “seismic assessment of masonry infill

RC framed building with soft ground floor” Investigate the behaviour of RC frames with

various arrangement of infill when subjected to dynamic earthquake loading and result of

bare and infill frame are compared. Concluded masonry infill panels in the frame

substantially reduce the overall damage.

Dr. Mizan Dogan and Dr. Nevzat Kirac,(2002)[18], entitled as “soft storey behaviour in

earthquake and samples of izmit – duzce” Investigate the quake results, it is observed that

partitioning walls and beam fillings enable buildings to gain great rigidity. Also solutions

were Investigate d for making the soft storeys in the present constructions and in the ones to

be built resistant to earthquake.

Jaswant N. Arlekar, Sudhir K. Jain and C.V.R. Murty,(1997)[19], entitled as “seismic

response of RC frame buildings with soft first storeys” Investigate the behaviour of

reinforced concrete framed structures by using ETABS . The nine models of building

compare stiffness. Concluded such buildings will exhibit poor performance during a strong

shaking. Solution to this problem is in increasing the stiffness of the first storey

17
 REFERENCES
[A] Pankaj agarwal and Manish Shrikhande (2009). A text book of earthquake resisting
structure
[B] As per IS-1893 part 1 2002, ASCE/SEI 7 (2010), ICC IBC (2012), Euro code 8 (2003),
NZS 1170.5 (2004), SI 413 (1995), NBC 201 (1994), FCEACR (1986)
[C] IS 456: 1978 and IS 456:2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete, Bureau
of Indian Standards,
New Delhi.]
[D] Liauw T.C “An approximate method of analysis for infilled frame with or without
openins”Building science; 7:223-238 pergamon press;1972
[E] Armstrong; I.C “Capacity design of reinforced concrete frames for ductile earthquake
performance” Bulletin of the newzeland society for earthquake engineering vol.5 No. 4
december 1974
[F] Dadi; V.V.S; surya Kumar “seismic evaluation of reinforced concrete building with soft
storey” M.Tech dissertation ; department of earthquake engineering ; IIT roorkee June 2004
[G] ASTM E 447-84 Philadelphia PA 1984 American society of testing and materials
“compressive strength of masonry assemblages”
[H] IS-13920-1993 or SP 16 code of practice. Ductile detailing of RC structure subjected to
seismic forces
[I] (NZS 4230) New Zealand Code for length and width of diagonal strut of infill
[1] Hiten L. Kheni,and Anuj K. Chandiwala(2014), Seismic Response of RC Building with
Soft Stories, International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume
10 Number 12 - Apr 2014.
[2] Dhadde Santosh(2014), Evaluation and Strengthening of Soft Storey Building,
International Journal of Ethics in Engineering & Management Education.
[3] Rakshith Gowda K.R and Bhavani Shankar(2014), Seismic Analysis Comparison of
Regular and Vertically Irregular RC Building with Soft Storey at Different Level,
International Journal of Emerging Technologies and Engineering (IJETE).
[4] Susanta Banerjee, Sanjaya K Patro and Praveena Rao(2014),Inelastic Seismic Analysis of
Reinforced Concrete Frame Building with Soft Storey, International Journal of Civil
Engineering Research. ISSN 2278-3652 Volume 5, Number 4 (2014),
[5] D. B. Karwar and Dr. R. S. Londhe(2014), Performance of RC Framed Structure by
Using Pushover Analysis, International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced
Engineering

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[6] Miss Desai Pallavi T(2013),, “Seismic Performance of Soft Storey Composite Coloumn ,
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 1, January-2013
ISSN 2229-5518.
[7] Amit and S. Gawande(2013), Seismic Analysis of Frame with Soft Ground Storey,
IJPRET, 2013; Volume 1(8): 213-223
[8] Nikhil Agrawal(2013), Analysis of M asonry Infilled RC Frame with & without Opening
Including Soft storey by using “Equivalent Diagonal Strut Method”, International Journal of
Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 3, Issue 9, September 2013 1 ISSN 2250-3153.
[9] A.S.Kasnale and Dr. S.S.Jamkar(2013), Study Of Seismic Performance For Soft
Basement Of RC framed, International Jounral of Engineering Sciences& Research
Technology.
[10] Dande P. S. and, Kodag P. B.(2013), Influence of Provision of Soft Storey in RC Frame
Building for Earthquake Resistance Design, International Journal of Engineering Research
and Applications
[11] Narendra Pokar and Prof. B. J. Panchal(2013),Small Scale Modlling on Effectof Soft
Storey, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology
[12] N. Sivakumar and S. Karthik(2013), Seismic Vulnerability of Open Ground Floor
Columns in Multi Storey Buildings, International Journal of Scientific Engineering and
Research (IJSER)
[13] Dr. Saraswati Setia and Vineet Sharma, Seismic Response of R.C.C Building with Soft
Storey, International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, ISSN 0973-4562 Vol.7 No.11
(2012).
[14] P.B.Lamb and Dr R.S. Londhe(2012), Seismic Behaviour of Soft First Storey, IOSR
Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSRJMCE) ISSN: 2278-1684 Volume 4,
Issue 5 (Nov. - Dec. 2012), PP 28-33
[15] V. Indumathy and Dr.B.P. Annapurna (2012), Non–Linear Analysis of Multistoried
Infilled Frame with Soft Storey and with Window Openings of Different Mortar Ratios,
Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Architecture and Civil Engineering
(AARCV 2012), 21st – 23rd June 2012
[16] M.Z. Kabir and P. Shadan(2011),Seismic Performance of 3D-Panel Wall on Piloti RC
Frame Using Shaking Table Equipment, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on
Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2011 Leuven, Belgium, 4-6 July 2011

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[17] G.V. Mulgund and D.M. Patil(2010), Seismic Assesement of Masonry Infill RC Framd
Building with Soft Ground Floor, International Conference on Sustainable Built Environment
(ICSBE-2010) Kandy, 13-14 December 2010.
[18] Dr. Mizan Dogan and Dr. Nevzat Kirac(2002),, Soft Storey Behaviour in Earthquake
and Samples of Izmit – Duzce , ECAS 2002 Uluslarararası Yapı ve Deprem Mühendisliği
Sempozyumu, 14 Ekim 2002, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara, Türkiye.
[19] Jaswant N. Arlekar, Sudhir K. Jain and C.V.R. Murty(1997), Seismic Response of RC
Frame Buildings with Soft First Storeys, Proceedings of the CBRI Golden Jubilee
Conference on Natural Hazards in Urban Habitat, 1997, New Delhi

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