WORKING MODEL OF A HYDRO ELECTRIC

POWER PLANT
A PROJECT SUBMITED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF REQUIRMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO

CHHATTISHGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

(C.G.)

SUBMITTED BY
1. INDRADEV LAHARE: ROLL NO- 2773713302
. 2. MADAN RAM DANSENA: ROLL NO- 2773713028
3. ASHAWANI SAHU: ROLL NO- 2773713004
4. ARVIND KUMAR: ROLL NO- 2773713024
5. KUSHUM SAHU: ROLL NO-2773713303
6. PRANJAL SHRIVASTAVA: ROLL NO-2773713012

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Mr. NIRANJAN SAHU

LECTURER MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC JASHPUR [C.G.]

SESSION 2015-16
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC JASHPUR
[C.G.]

CANDIDATE’S DECLARATION

I hereby declare that this project entitled. “Working model of hydro

electric power plant” is own work conducted under the supervision
of Mr. Niranjan Sahu, DESIGNATION, “Mechanical Engineering”
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC JASHPUR (C.G.)

[1] INDRADEV LAHARE

[2] MADAN RAM DANSENA

[3] ARVIND KUMAR

[4] ASHWANI SAHU

[5] KUSHUM SAHU

[6] PRANJAL SHRIVASTVA

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC JASHPUR [C.G.]

CERTIFICATE

This is certify that the project entitled “WORKING MODEL OF HYDRO

ELECTRY POWER PLANT” the benefit work carried out
independently by INDERDEV LAHARE, MADAN RAM DANSENA,
ARVIND KUMAR, ASHWANI SAHU, KUSHUM SAHU, PRANJAL
SHRIVASTVA student of diploma in “Mechanical Engineering” from
CHHATTISGARH SWAMI VIVEKANAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
(C.G.) for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of
diploma in “Mechanical Engineering”.

Guided By:
Mr. NIRANJAN SAHU

Approved By:
Dr. I. C. BHARTI
Head of the Department
MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
GOVT. POLY JASHPUR

Forwarded By:
Principal
Government Polytechnic
Jashpur
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC JASHPUR [C.G.]

APPROVAL CERTIFICAT

This dissertation work entitled “WORKING MODEL OF HYDRO

ELECTRIC POWER PLANT” being submitted by NAME OF
CANDIDATE ENROLLMENT NO. has been examined by us and is
hereby approved for the award of DIPLONA IN MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING for which it has been submitted to CHHATTISGARH
SWAMI VIVEKANAND TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY (C.G.)

Internal Examiner External

Examiner
Date: Date:

Forwarded By:
Principal
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC JASHPUR [C.G.]

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I wish to express deep sense of gratitude and indebtedness to Mr. Niranjan
Sahu Department of mechanical engineering government polytechnic
Jashpur for Introduction the present topic and for his constant guidance,
constructive criticism and valuable suggestions throughout this project
work.

[1] INDRADEV LAHARE

[2] MADAN RAM DANSENA
[3] ARVIND KUMAR
[4] ASHWANI SAHU
[5]KUSHUM SAHU
[6] PRANJAL SHRIVASTAV

Place:
Date:
 Table of Content

1. Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………
2. Introduction………………………………………………………………………….
3. Types of hydro power plant……………………………………………………
4. Working of hydro power plant………………………………………………..
5. Catchment area………………………………………………………………………
6. Reservoir………………………………………………………………………………
7. Dam………………………………………………………………………………………
8. Spillways……………………………………………………………………………….
9. Control valve Gate………………………………………………………………….
10. Pressure tunnel……………………………………………………………….
11. Surge tank……………………………………………………………………….
12. Penstock…………………………………………………………………………
13. Turbine………………………………………………………………………….
14. Generator……………………………………………………………………….
15. Draft tube………………………………………………………………………….
16. Tailrace………………………………………………………………………………
17. Powerhouse and equipment………………………………………………
18. Control room……………………………………………………………………..
19. Advantage & Disadvantage of hydro power plant………………
20. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………
21. Reference…………………………………………………………………………..
 Abstract
In this project report the working model of hydro electric power plant is
presented. The report starts with the introduction of hydro power plant.
Many types of power plant is still in this world who generate power by
various principal and theory. Hydro power plant is generate power by
using the potential energy of water, it convert the potential energy to
kinetic energy by head difference. Hydropower engineering tries to tap this
vast amount of energy available in the flowing water on the earth’s surface
and convert that to electricity. In this power plant water is using as fuel so
fuel cost is low. Electricity from water is usually referred to as Hydro-
Power, where the term ‘hydro’ is the Greek word for water and
hydropower is the energy contained in water. It can be converted in the
form of electricity through hydroelectric power plants. Hydro power plant
is pollution less so it is not affected the environment.
 INTRODUCTION
The water of the oceans and water bodies on land are evaporated by the
energy of the sun’s heat and gets transported as clouds to different parts of
the earth. The clouds travelling over land and falling as rain on earth
produces flows in the rivers which returns back to the sea. The water of
rivers and streams, while flowing down from places of higher elevations to
those with lower elevations, loose their potential energy and gain kinetic
energy. The energy is quite high in many rivers which have caused them to
etch their own path on the earth’s surface through millions of years of
continuous erosion. In almost every river, the energy still continues to
deepen the channels and migrate by cutting the banks, though the extent of
morphological changes vary from river to river. Much of the energy of a
river’s flowing water gets dissipated due to friction encountered with its
banks or through loss of energy through internal turbulence. Nevertheless,
the energy of water always gets replenished by the solar energy which is
responsible for the eternal circulation of the Hydrologic Cycle.
Hydropower engineering tries to tap this vast amount of energy available
in the flowing water on the earth’s surface and convert that to electricity.
There is another form of water energy that is used for hydropower
development: the variation of the ocean water with time due to the moon’s
pull, which is termed as the tide. Hence, hydropower engineering deals
with mostly two forms of energy and suggest methods for converting the
energy of water into electric energy. In nature, a flowing stream of water
dissipates throughout the length of the watercourse and is of little use for
power generation. To make the flowing water do work usefully for some
purpose like power generation (it has been used to drive water wheels to
grind grains at many hilly regions for years), it is necessary to create a head
at a point of the stream and to convey the water through the head to the
turbines which will transform the energy of the water into mechanical
energy to be further converted to electrical energy by generators.

TYPES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

1) According to available head:-

(a.) Low head plant- H>30m

(b.) Medium head plant-

30m<H<100m

(c.) High head plant- H>100m

2) According to plant capacity:-

(a.) Small capacity plant-less then
5MW
(b.) Medium capacity plant-
5to100MW
 (c.) High capacity plant- 100
to1000MW

3) According to Specific Speed of Turbine:-

(a.) High specific speed

(b.) Medium specific speed
(c.) Low specific speed
4) According to nature of load:-

(a.) Base load plant

(b.) Peak load plant

5) According to available quantity of water:-

(a.) Run off river plant without pond age

(b.) Run off river plant with pond age
(c.) Storage type plants & Pump storage
plants

WORKING OF HYDRO POWER PLANT

HOW HYDROPOWER WORKS

Hydroelectric power comes from water at work, water in motion. It can be

seen as a form of solar energy, as the sun powers the hydrologic cycle
which gives the earth its water. In the hydrologic cycle, atmospheric water
reaches the earth=s surface as precipitation. Some of this water evaporates,
but much of it either percolates into the soil or becomes surface runoff.
Water from rain and melting snow eventually reaches ponds, lakes,
reservoirs, or oceans where evaporation is constantly occurring.
Generating Power

In nature, energy cannot be created or destroyed, but its form can change.
In generating electricity, no new energy is created. Actually one form of
energy is converted to another form.
To generate electricity, water must be in motion. This is kinetic (moving)
energy. When flowing water turns blades in a turbine, the form is changed
to mechanical (machine) energy. The turbine turns the generator rotor
which then converts this mechanical energy into another energy form --
electricity. Since water is the initial source of energy, we call this
hydroelectric power or hydropower for short.
At facilities called hydroelectric powerplants, hydropower is generated.
Some power plants are located on rivers, streams, and canals, but for a
reliable water supply, dams are needed. Dams store water for later release
for such purposes as irrigation, domestic and industrial use, and power
generation. The reservoir acts much like a battery, storing water to be
released as needed to generate power.
 The dam creates a Ahead@ or height from which water flows. A pipe
(penstock) carries the water from the reservoir to the turbine. The fast-
moving water pushes the turbine blades, something like a pinwheel in the
wind. The waters force on the turbine blades turns the rotor, the moving
part of the electric generator. When coils of wire on the rotor sweep past
the generator=s stationary coil (stator), electricity is produced.
This concept was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831 when he found
that electricity could be generated by rotating magnets within copper coils.
When the water has completed its task, it flows on unchanged to serve
other needs.

Main component

Catchment Area:-
The whole area behind the dam draining into a
stream or river across which the dam has been built at a suitable place, is
called catchment area.

Water Reservoir:-

The water reservoir is the place behind the dam where water is stored. The
water in the reservoir is located higher than the rest of the dam structure.
The height of water in the reservoir decides how much potential energy the
water possesses. The higher the height of water, the more its potential
energy. The high position of water in the reservoir also enables it to move
downwards effortlessly.
The height of water in the reservoir is higher than the natural height of
water flowing in the river, so it is considered to have an altered
equilibrium. This also helps to increase the overall potential energy of
water, which helps ultimately produce more electricity in the power
generation unit.
Dam:-
The dam is the most important component of hydroelectric power
plant. The dam is built on a large river that has abundant quantity of water
throughout the year. It should be built at a location where the height of the
river is sufficient to get the maximum possible potential energy from water.

Spillways:-
These structures provide for discharge of the surplus water
from the storage reservoir into the river onthe down stream side of the
dam. It includes the gate and control gearing. Spillway is considered a
safety device for a dam, which acts as a safely valve, which has the capacity
to discharge major floods without damage to the dam. It keeps the
reservoir level below the predetermined maximumlevel.There are several
designs of spillways, such as the simple spillway, the side channel spillway,
the siphon spillway etc. The particular type selected for a construction
depends upontopographical, geological and hydrological conditions at the
site. Maintenance cost of spillways may also be an important consideration
in selection of the type.

Intake or Control Gates:-

These are the gates built on the inside of the

dam. The water from reservoir is released and controlled through these
gates. These are called inlet gates because water enters the power
generation unit through these gates. When the control gates are opened the
water flows due to gravity through the penstock and towards the turbines.
The water flowing through the gates possesses potential as well as kinetic
energy.

Tunnel:-
Tunnel is made by cutting the mountains where canal or pipe
line can not be used due to topography. Tunneling provides a direct
and a short route for the water passages.

Surge Tanks:-
These are additional storage spaces near the
power unit, usually provided in high head or medium head plants
when there is considerable distance between the water source and
the power unit, needs a long penstock. The surge tank furnishes;
space for holding water during load rejection by the turbine and for
furnishing additional water when the load on the turbine increases.
There is sudden increase of pressure in the penstock due to sudden
decrease in the rate of water flow to the turbine when the load on
the generator decreases, then due to action of governor, the gates
admitting water to the turbines are suddenly closed, this causes
sudden rise of pressure in the penstock above normal due to reduced
load on generator, which is known as water hammer. Surge tank
relieves water hammer pressures when the penstock under conditions
of sudden changes in condition of water flow. Thus, the surge tank
serves to regulate the flow of water through the conveyance system,
to relieve water hammer pressures, and to improve performance of
the machines by providing better speed regulation. Several designs
of surge tanks have been adopted in power stations, the important
considerations being the amount of water to be stored, the amount

The most common types of surge tanks are the following:

• Simple surge tank
• Restricted orifice-type surge tank
• Differential surge tank
Penstock:-

The penstock is the long pipe or the shaft that carries the
water flowing from the reservoir towards the power generation unit,
comprised of the turbines and generator. The water in the penstock
possesses kinetic energy due to its motion and potential energy due to its
height.
The total amount of power generated in the hydroelectric power plant
depends on the height of the water reservoir and the amount of water
flowing through the penstock. The amount of water flowing through the
penstock is controlled by the control gates.

Turbines:-
While there are only two basic types of turbines (impulse
and reaction), there are many variations. The specific type of turbine to be used
in a powerplant is not selected until all operational studies and cost estimates
are complete. The turbine selected depends largely on the site conditions.
A reaction turbine is a horizontal or vertical wheel that operates with the wheel
completely submerged, a feature which reduces turbulence. In theory, the
reaction turbine works like a rotating lawn sprinkler where water at a central
point is under pressure and escapes from the ends of the blades, causing
rotation. Reaction turbines are the type most widely used.
 An impulse turbine is a horizontal or vertical wheel that uses the kinetic
energy of water striking its buckets or blades to cause rotation. The wheel
is covered by a housing and the buckets or blades are shaped so they turn
the flow of water about 170 degrees inside the housing. After turning the
blades or buckets, the water falls to the bottom of the wheel housing and
flows out.

Generators:-

It is in the generator where the electricity is produced. The

shaft of the water turbine rotates in the generator, which produces
alternating current in the coils of the generator. It is the rotation of the
shaft inside the generator that produces magnetic field which is converted
into electricity by electromagnetic field induction. Hence the rotation of the
shaft of the turbine is crucial for the production of electricity and this is
achieved by the kinetic and potential energy of water. Thus in
hydroelectricity power plants potential energy of water is converted into
electricity.

Draft tube:-
The draft tube serves the following two purposes

(a.) It allows the turbine to be set above tail-water lavel, without loss
of head, to facilitate inspection and maintenance.
(b.) It regains, by diffuser action, the major portion of the kinetic
energy delivered to it from the runner.

At rated load the velocity at the upstream end of the tube for modern
units ranges from 7 to 9m\s, representing from 2.7 to 4.8m head. As the
specific speed is increased and the head reduced, it becomes
increasingly important to have an efficient draft tube. Good practice
limits the velocity at the discharge end of the tube to 1.5 to 2.1 m\s,
representing less than 0.3m velocity head loss.

The following two types of draft tubes are commonly used:-

 (a.) The straight conical or concentric tube
(b.) The elbow type.

Tail Race:-
Tail race is a passage
for discharging the water leaving the turbine into the river and in
certain cases, the water from. the tail race can be pumped back into
the original reservoir. Water after doing work on turbine runner
passes through the draft tube to tail race. The water held in the tail
HYDHO ELECTHIC POWEH PLANTS 399
race is called as tail race water level. The draft tube is a essential
part of reaction turbine installation. It is a diverging passage from
the point of runner exit down to the tail race. It is so shaped to
decelerate the flow with a minimum loss so that the remaining
kinetic energy of water coming out of the runner is efficiently
regained by converting into suction head, thereby increasing the
total pressure difference on the runner. Thus a draft tube has two
main functions:
(0 It permits the establishment of negative head below the
runner and so makes it possible to set the turbine above the tail
race level, where it is more easily accessible and yet does not cause
a sacrifice in head.
(ii) Its diverging passage converts a large portion of the velocity
energy rejected from the runner into useful pressure head, thereby
increasing the efficiency of the turbine.

Power House and Equipments:-

The power house is a building in
which the turbines, alternators and the auxiliary plant are housed. Here
conversion of energy of water to electrical energy takes place. The power
house consists of two mainparts, a substructure to support the hydraulic
and electrical equipment and super structure to house and protect these
equipments. The superstructure mostly is a building, housing an operating
equipments. The generating units and exciters are usually located onthe
ground floor. The turbines are placed just below the floor level if they
rotate onvertical axis. These turbines which rotate ona horizontal axis are
placed onthe ground floor along side the generator. Following are some of
the mainequipments provided in a power house:

(i) Prime movers (turbines) coupled with generators.

(ii) Turbine governors.

(iii) Relief valve for penstock fittings.

(iv) Gate valves.

(v) Water circulating pumps.

(vi) Flowmeasuring devices.

(vii) Air ducts.

(viii) Transformers.

(ix) Reactors.

(x) Switch board equipment and instruments.

(xi) Oilcircuit breakers.

(xii) Low tension and high tension bus bar.

(xiii) Cranes.

(xiv) Shops and offices.

The turbines which are in common use are Pelton turbine,

Francis turbine, Kaplan turbine and Propeller turbines.

Calculation of available Hydro-power:-

To find the theoretical horsepower (the measure of mechanical energy)
from a specific site, this formula is used:
THP = (Q x H)/8.8
where: THP = theoretical horsepower
Q = flow rate in cubic feet per second (cfs)
H = head in feet
8.8 = a constant
A more complicated formula is used to refine the calculations of this
available power. The formula takes into account losses in the amount of
head due to friction in the penstock and other variations due to the
efficiency levels of mechanical devices used to harness the power.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydro Stations:-

Major advantages of hydro stations may be summed up as

follows:
1. The plant is highly reliable and its operation and
maintenance charges are very low.
2. It is quick starting and can be brought on load within few
minutes, and the load can be increased rapidly.
3. Hydro stations are able to respond to rapidly changing
loads without loss of efficiency.
4. The plant has no standby losses.
5. The efficiency of the plant does not change with age, whereas
there is considerable reduction in efficiency of thermal as well as
nuclear power plant with age.
HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER PLANfS 393
6. The plant and associated civil engineering structures have
a long life.
7. Less labour is required to operate the plant, much of the
plant is under automatic control.
8. In this case no nuisance of smoke, exhaust gases, soot etc.
exists.
9. It uses non-wasting natural source, i.e. water power.
10. Cost of land is not a problem, as the hydro stations are
situated away from the developed areas.
11. The cost of generation of energy varies with little with
the time.
12. The machines used in hydel plants are more robust and
generally run at low speeds (300 to 400 rpm) where the machines
used in thermal plants run at a speed of 3000 to 4000 r.p.m. Due to
low speed and temperature, there are no complications of special
alloys required for construction.
13. It can be made multipurpose so as to give additional
advantages of irrigation and flood control.
However the hydro electric power plant have the following
disadvantages.
1. Initial cost of the plant including the cost of dam is high.
2. Hydro-station has special requirement of site which usually
is an isolated area with difficult access.
3. Power generation by the hydro-plant is only dependent
on the quality of water available, which in turn depends on rain.
During the dry year, the power production may be curtailed or even
discontinued. This availability of power from such plants is not
much reliable.
4. The site of hydro relectric station is selected on the basis
of water availability at economical head. Such sites are usually
away from the load centres. The transmission of power from power
station to the load centre requires long transmission lines. This
substantially increases the capital expenditure and also there is
loss of power in such transmissions.
5. It takes long time for its construction as compared to
thermal plants.

Conclusion:-

Reclamation is helping to meet the needs of our country,

and one of the most pressing needs is the growing demand for electric
power. Reclamation powerplants annually generate more than 42 billion
kWh of hydroelectric energy, which is enough to meet the annual
residential needs of 14 million people or the energy equivalent of more
than 80 million barrels of crude oil.

The deregulation of wholesale electricity sales and the imposition of

requirements for open transmission access are resulting in dramatic
changes in the business of electric power production in the United States.
This restructuring increases the importance of clean, reliable energy
sources such as hydropower.
Hydropower is important from an operational standpoint as it needs no
"ramp-up" time, as many combustion technologies do. Hydropower can
increase or decrease the amount of power it is supplying to the system
almost instantly to meet shifting demand. With this important load-
following capability, peaking capacity and voltage stability attributes,
hydropower plays a significant part in ensuring reliable electricity service
and in meeting customer needs in a market driven industry. In addition,
hydroelectric pumped storage facilities are the only significant way
currently available to store electricity.
Hydropower=s ability to provide peaking power, load following, and
frequency control helps protect against system failures that could lead to
the damage of equipment and even brown or blackouts. Hydropower,
besides being emissions-free and renewable has the above operating
benefits that provide enhanced value to the electric system in the form of
efficiency, security, and most important, reliability. The electric benefits
provided by hydroelectric resources are of vital importance to the success
of our National experiment to deregulate the electric industry.
Water is one of our most valuable resources, and hydropower makes use of
this renewable treasure. As a National leader in managing hydropower,
Reclamation is helping the Nation meet.

Reference:-
[1.] A textbook of power plant engineering by R.K.
Rajput.
[2.] A textbook of power plant engineering by S.S.Patel (for mechanical
engineering).
[3.] RaoT.V.“Metalcastingprincipleandpractice”,Newage publication,
NewDelhi2010.
[4.]

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