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    CH 7 Notes Cellular Respiration

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    CJ
    Cellular respiration has four main pathways: glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvate, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and yields some ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria and is broken down into acetyl CoA. The citric acid cycle further breaks down acetyl CoA to extract energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. These energy carriers are then used during oxidative phosphorylation to generate the majority of ATP through an electron transport chain and ATP synthase.

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    CH 7 Notes Cellular Respiration

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    CJ
    38 views3 pages
    Cellular respiration has four main pathways: glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvate, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and yields some ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria and is broken down into acetyl CoA. The citric acid cycle further breaks down acetyl CoA to extract energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. These energy carriers are then used during oxidative phosphorylation to generate the majority of ATP through an electron transport chain and ATP synthase.

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    BIO 1101 notes

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    Ch 7 notes

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    Cellular respiration has four main pathways: glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvate, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and yields some ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria and is broken down into acetyl CoA. The citric acid cycle further breaks down acetyl CoA to extract energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. These energy carriers are then used during oxidative phosphorylation to generate the majority of ATP through an electron transport chain and ATP synthase.

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    38 views3 pages

    CH 7 Notes Cellular Respiration

    Uploaded by

    CJ
    Cellular respiration has four main pathways: glycolysis, breakdown of pyruvate, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Glycolysis breaks down glucose into pyruvate and yields some ATP. Pyruvate then enters the mitochondria and is broken down into acetyl CoA. The citric acid cycle further breaks down acetyl CoA to extract energy in the form of ATP, NADH, and FADH2. These energy carriers are then used during oxidative phosphorylation to generate the majority of ATP through an electron transport chain and ATP synthase.

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    Ch 7 notes

    Cellular Respiration

     Primary aim is to make ATP and NADH. Primarily use glucose.

    Four Metabolic pathways in cellular respiration.

    1. Glycolysis

     Can occur with or without oxygen. Glucose is broken down into two pyruvate

    molecules and yields two ATP and two NADH molecules. The ATP is

    synthesized via substrate level phosphorylation. Glycolysis occurs in the

    cytosol.

     Steps in glycolysis are nearly identical in all living species.

    Ten steps in three phases:

     energy investment: 2 ATP hydrolyzed to create fructose, 6 biphosphate

     cleavage: 6 carbon molecules broken into 3 carbon molecules of

    glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

     energy liberation: Two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecules broken down

    into two pyruvate molecules- produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP.

    2. Breakdown of pyruvate

     Two pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondrial matrix and each one is

    broken down to one acetyl group and one CO2 molecule. One NADH is also

    made. The total produced is 2 acetyl CoA, 2 CO2, and 2 NADH. Remaining

    acetyl group attached to CoA to make acetyl CoA.

    3. Citric acid cycle


     Each acetyl group is removed from acetyl CoA to form citrate and then

    releases

     two CO2 molecules. One ATP, three NADH, and one FADH2 are made.

    Process occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Total is 4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH,

    and 2 FADH2

    4. Oxidative phosphorylation

     NADH and FADH2 release high energy electrons that go through an electron

    transport chain to produce an H+ electrochemical gradient. Energy stored in

    the gradient is used to synthesize ATP. 30-34 ATP are produced. Occurs

    along cristae in eukaryotes and along the plasma membrane in bacteria and

    archaea.

     Input: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2. Output: 30-34 ATP.

    Oxidation by the Electron transport

     Protein complexes and small organic molecules embedded in the inner

    mitochondrial membrane

     Accept and donate electrons in a linear matter in a series of redox reactions

     Movement of electrons generates an H+ electrochemical gradient.

     Provides energy for the next step synthesizing ATP.

     OXGYEN IS THE FINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR AND TURNED INTO

    WATER

    Metabolism of other macromolecules

     Fats and proteins can be used for metabolism

     Enter into glycolysis or citric acid cycle at different points.


     Utilizing the same pathways for breakdown increases efficiency

     Metabolism can also be used to make molecules

    Fermentation

     Breakdown of organic molecules without net oxidation.

     In absence of oxygen need different way to produce ATP, like using glycolysis

     Glycolysis uses up NAD+ and makes too much NADH under anaerobic

    conditions (dangerous situation)

     Muscle cells solve problem by reducing pyruvate into lactate (lactic acid

    fermentation).

     Yeast solve problem by making ethanol.

     Fermentation produces less ATP than oxidative phosphorylation (alcohol

    fermentation).

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