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Scheme of Courses/Examination 2nd YEAR B. Tech. (Bio-Technology)

Bachelor of Technology ( Bio-Technology)

Scheme of Courses/examination
( 3rd Semester )
Sr. No. Course Subject Teaching Schedule Examination Schedule Duration
No. of Exam.
L T P/D TOTAL Th. Sess. P/VV TOTAL

1 BTT-201E Cell Biology 3 1 - 4 100 50 - 150 3

2 BTT-203E Microbiology 3 1 - 4 100 50 150 3
3 BTT-205E Biochemistry 4 1 - 5 100 50 150 3
4 BTT-207E Genetics 3 1 - 4 100 50 150 3
5 BTT-209E Organic Chemistry 3 1 - 4 100 50 150 3
6 BTT-211E Cell Biology and - - 4 4 50 50 100 4
Genetics Lab
7 BTT-213E Microbiology Lab - - 3 3 - 50 50 100 4
8 BTT-215E Biochemistry Lab - - 4 4 - 50 50 100 4

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9 BTT-217E Organic Chemistry Lab - - 3 3 - 50 50 100 4

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TOTAL 16 5 14 35 500 450 200 1150
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Bachelor of Technology ( Bio-Technology)
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Scheme of Courses/examination
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( 4th Semester )
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Sr.No. Course Subject Teaching Schedule Examination Schedule Duration

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No. of Exam.
L T P/D TOTAL Th. Sess. P/VV TOTAL
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1 BTT-202E Molecular Biology 4 1 - 5 100 50 - 150 3

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2 BTT-204E Immunology 3 1 - 4 100 50 - 150 3

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Bio-analytical
3 BTT-206E Techniques 3 1 - 4 100 50 - 150 3
4 BTT-208E Industrial Microbiology 3 1 - 4 100 50 - 150 3
& Enzyme Technology
5 BTT-210E Thermodynamics of 3 1 - 4 100 50 - 150 3
Bio-processes
6 BTT-212E Molecular Biology Lab - - 4 4 - 50 50 100 4
7 BTT-214E Immunology Lab - - 3 3 - 50 50 100 4
8 BTT-216E Bio-analytical Tech- - - 3 3 - 50 50 100 4
niques Lab
9 BTT-218E Industrial Microbiology - - 4 4 - 50 50 100 4
Lab
TOTAL 16 5 14 35 500 450 200 1150

Students will undergo Practical Training of 6 weeks duration after the 4th Semester.
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3rd Semester B. Tech. ( Bio-Technology)

CELL BIOLOGY
BTT-201E
L T Theory : 100 Marks
3 1 Sessional : 50 Marks
Total : 150 Marks
Time : 3Hrs.

Note for paper setter : Question paper will consist of four units. Eight questions will be set in the question
paper by selecting two from each unit. The students will be required to attempt five questions, selecting at
least one from each unit.
Unit I
1. Cell: An introduction, classification of organisms by cell structure, cytosol, compartmentalization of
eukaryotic cells, cell fractionation.
2. Cell membrane and permeability: Chemical components of biological membranes, organization and
fluidity of membrane components, the membrane as a dynamic entity, cell signalling, cell recognition and

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membrane transport.

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Unit II es
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3. Cytoskeleton and cell motility: Structure and functions of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate
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filaments.
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4. Structure and Functions of Cellular Organelles: Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes,
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vacuoles and microbodies, ribosomes, mitochondria, plastids .

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Unit III
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5. Nucleus: Structure, cell-cycle (interphase and M phases), regulation of cell cycle.

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6. Extracellular matrix: Composition, molecules that mediate cell adhesion, membrane receptors for
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extracellular matrix macromolecules, regulation of receptor expression and function.

Unit IV

7. Muscle contraction: Different muscle types in the body, structural proteins of muscles, energetics and
regulation of muscle contraction.
8. Neurons and neurotransmission: Resting potential, action potential, synaptic transmission,
neurotransmitters and receptors, the generation of action potential by sensory stimuli and mechanism of
nerve-impulses.
Text/ References Books:
1. Molecular Biology of cell, 4th ed. Alberts, Bruce( et… al)(2002) Garland Science Publishing, New York..
2. Cell Biology- Smith and Wood by Chapman and Hall.
3. Cell Biology: Organelle structure and function, Sadava, D E.(2004) Panima pub., New Delhi.
4. Cell and Molecular Biology, 8th ed. Robertis, Edp De and Robertis, Emf De (2002) Lippincot Williams
and Wilkins Pvt. Ltd.,(International Student Edition) Philadelphia.
5. Molecular Cell Biology 4th ed. Lodish, Harvey and .Baltimore, D(2000) W.H. freeman & Co. Newyork
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3rd Semester B. Tech. ( Bio-Technology)

MICROBIOLOGY
BTT-203E
L T Theory : 100 Marks
3 1 Sessional : 50 Marks
Total : 150 Marks
Time : 3Hrs.

Note for paper setter : Question paper will consist of four units. Eight questions will be set in the
question paper by selecting two from each unit. The students will be required to attempt five questions,
selecting at least one from each unit.

UNIT - I
1. History and scope of Microbiology: Development of Microbiology, various branches
of microbiology and applications of microbiology.
2. Classification of Microorganisms: Microbial Taxonomy- criteria used including molecular
approaches. Microbial phylogeny and current classification of bacteria.

UNIT - II

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3. Microbial Diversity: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. Morphology and cell structure of major groups of

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microorganisms e.g. bacteria. fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses.
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4. Cultivation and Maintenance of Microorganism : Methods of isolation, purification and
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preservation. Pure culture technique and sterilization methods.
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5. Principles of microbial nutrition: Requirement for carbon, nitrogen, sulphur and growth factors.
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Nutritional categories of microorganisms.

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UNIT - III
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6. Microbial Growth and Metabolism: Growth curve (normal and biphasic) and generation time.
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Measurement of growth. Synchronous, batch and continuous cultures. Metabolic pathways- catabolic,
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anabolic and amphibolic. Microbial fermentation and its types.

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7. Microbial Reproduction: Sexual and asexual reproduction (taking an example from

each group). Bacterial recombination: transformation, transduction and conjugation.
Formation of endospores and mechanism of sporulation.

UNIT - IV
8. Environmental microbiology: Normal and contaminating microflora of water, soil and air. Methods
to study water, soil and air pollution. Major water, air and soil borne microbial diseases.
9. Food Microbiology: Definition, important fermented foods and beverages (curd,
yogurt, cheese, bread, idli, pickles, beer, wine). Factors effecting spoilage of food and
food preservation methods. Methods to study food qualit y.

Text/References Books:
1. Microbiology 5 t h Edition. Prescott, L.M.; Harley, J.P. and Klein, D.A.(2003)
McGraw Hill, USA.
2. Microbiology. Pelczar Jr., M.J.; Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R. (1993) Tata McGraw
Hill, New Delhi.
3. Food Microbiology 2nd ed, Adam, M. R. and Moss (2003) Panima Pub, New Delhi.
4. The Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology Ed. Mara, D. and Horan, N. (2003) Academic
Press.
5. Modern Food Microbiology. Jay, J.M. (1996) CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi.
6. Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers 2nd Edition. Doyle, M.P. Beuchat; L.R. and
Montville, T.J. (2001) ASM Press Washington D.C.
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3rd Semester B. Tech. ( Bio-Technology)

BIOCHEMISTRY
BTT-205E
L T Theory : 100 Marks
4 1 Sessional : 50 Marks
Total : 150 Marks
Time : 3Hrs.

Note for paper setter : Question paper will consist of four units. Eight questions will be set in the question
paper by selecting two from each unit. The students will be required to attempt five questions, selecting at
least one from each unit.

UNIT - I
1. Introduction to Biochemistry : A Historical prospective
2. Amino acids & Proteins –Structure and properties of amino acids. Essential and non-essential amino
acids. Peptide bonds. Types of proteins and their classification. Forces stabilizing protein structure and
shape. Different levels of structural organization of proteins.
3. Carbohydrates-Structure and functions: Structures and properties of monosaccharides,

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oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Ring structure and mutarotation. Homo- and hetero-polysaccharides.

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Mucopolysaccharides .
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4. Lipids- Structure and functions : Classification of lipids and their general functions. Essential fatty
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acids. Hydrolysis of fats, Saponification value, Rancidity of fats, Iodine number and Acid value. Cholesterol-
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its structure and biological functions.

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5. Nucleic Acids- Structure and functions : Structure and properties of purine and pyrimidine basis.
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Nucleosides and nucleotides. Biologically important nucleotides.

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6. Enzymes : Nomenclature and classification of Enzymes. Basic concept of holoenzymes, apoenzymes,

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cofactors, coenzymes, prosthetic groups, metalloenzymes, monomeric and oligomeric enzymes. Definitions
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of enzyme activity, specific activity and enzyme specificity. Role of NAD+/NADP+, FMN/FAD, coenzymes
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A, thiamine pyrophosphate, pyridoxal phosphate, lipoic acid, biocytin, Vitamin B12 coenzymes and
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tetrahydrofolate in enzyme catalysis.

UNIT-III
7. Carbohydrate Metabolism : Glycolysis. Fate of pyruvate under aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Pentose phosphate pathway and its significance. Gluconeogenesis pathway. Biosynthesis of lactose, sucrose
and starch. Glycogenolysis, glycogenesis and control of glycogen metabolism. Maintenance of blood glucose
level. Energetics and regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Glyoxylate cycle. Photosynthesis (light and
dark reactions).
8. Lipid Metabolism : Beta -oxidation of saturated fatty acids, oxidation of unsaturated and odd carbon
fatty acids. Alpha and omega oxidation of fatty acids. Formation and utilization of ketone bodies.
Degradation of triacylglycerols by lipases. Biosynthesis, elongation and desaturation of saturated fatty acids.
Biosynthesis of triacylglycerols, phospholipids and cholesterol.

UNIT - IV
9. Amino Acid Metabolism : General reactions of amino acids metabolism- transamination, oxidative and
non-oxidative deamination and decarboxylation. General pathways of amino acids degradation. Urea cycle
and its regulations. Nitrogen cycle.
10. Nucleic Acid Metabolism : Catabolism, de novo-biosynthesis and regulation of purine and pyrimidine
nucleotides. Formation of deoxyribonucleotides.
11. Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation: Mitochondrial electron transport chain. Hypotheses of
mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibitors and uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation.
12. Integration of metabolisim – Basic concepts.
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Text/ References Books:

1. Biochemistry, 4th edition, by L. Stryer (1995). W.H. Freeman & Co. NY
2. Biochemistry, 4th edition, by G. Zubay (1998). Wm.C. Brown Publishers.
3. Biochemistry, 2nd edition, by Laurence A. Moran, K.G. Scrimgeour, H. R. Horton, R.S. Ochs and J.
David Rawn (1994), Neil Patterson Publishers Prentice Hall.
4. Lehninger: Principles of Biochemistry, 3rd edition, by David L. Nelson and M.M. Cox (2000)
Maxmillan/ Worth publishers.
5. Biochemistry, 2nd edition, by R.H. Garrett and C.M. Grisham (1999) . Saunders college Publishing,
NY. Sons, NY.
6. Fundamentals of Biochemistry by Donald Voet and Judith G Voet (1999) , John Wiley & Sons, NY
7. Harper’s Biochemistry, 25th edition, by R.K. Murray, P.A. Hayes, D.K. Granner, P.A. Mayes and
V.W. Rodwell (2000). Prentice Hall International.

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3 r d Semester B. Tech (Bio-Technology)

GENETICS
BTT-207E
L T Theory : 100 Marks
3 1 Sessional : 50 Marks
Total : 150 Marks
Time : 3Hrs.

Note for paper setter : Question paper will consist of four units. Eight questions will be set in the question
paper by selecting two from each unit. The students will be required to attempt five questions, selecting at
least one from each unit.

UNIT -I
1. Principles of Heredity and Variation: Mendel and his experiments, monohybrid
crosses, incomplete dominance and codominance, dih ybrid crosses, multiple alleles( blood
group s ystems), epistasis, lethal genes. Probabilit y in prediction and anal ysis of genetic
data. Pedigree anal ys is.
2. Genes and Chromosomes: General features of chromosomes, cell division, sexual

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reproduction. Chromosomal theory of inheritance, sex determination. Sex-linked, sex-

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limited and sex-influenced inheritance. Variation in chromosome number and structure.
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UNIT- II
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3. Molecular organization of chromosomes: Genome size and evolutionary complexit y,

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supercoiling of DNA, structure of bacterial chromosome, structure of eukaryotic

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chromosome.
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4. Gene Mutation and DNA Repair: Classification of mutations, spontaneous mutations,

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induced mutations, application of induced mutations, detection of mutations, site-directed

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mutagenesis, mechanisms of DNA repair.

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UNIT - III
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5. Gene Linkage and Chromosome Mapping: Linkage and recombination of genes in a

chromosome, crossing over and genetic mapping, gene mapping b y 2-point and three point
test crosses.
6. Somatic Cell Genetics : Somatic cell hybrids production and gene mapping.

UNIT - IV
7. Population Genetics and Evolution : Allele frequencies and genot ype frequencies,
random mating and Hard y-Weinberg principle. Inbreeding. Genetics and evolution
(Mutation and migration, natural selection, random genetics drift).
8. Quantitative Genetics : Quantitative inheritance, causes of variation.

Text/ Reference Books:

1. Genetics: Anal ysis of Genes and Genomes.5 t h edition (2001) Hartl, D. L. and Jones,
E.W., Jones and Bartlet Publishers, Boston.
2. Genetics. 5 t h edition (1998) Russell, P.J., Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., California.
3. Genetics: Anal ysis and Principles. (1999) Brooker, R.J. McGraw Hill, New York.
4. Basic Genetics. (2000) Miglani, G.S., Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
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3 r d Semester B. Tech (Bio-Technology)

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

BTT-209E
L T Theory : 100 Marks
3 1 Sessional : 50 Marks
Total : 150 Marks
Time : 3Hrs.

Note for paper setter : Question paper will consist of four units. Eight questions will be set in the
question paper by selecting two from each unit. The students will be required to attempt five questions,
selecting at least one from each unit.
UNIT-I

1. Types of Organic Reactions: Substitution, Addition, Elimination reactions.

Wanger-Meerwin rearrangement reaction. Rearrangements of electron deficient
nitrogen atom(Hoffmann, Beckmann and Curtius). Hyperconjugation : concept and
consequences.

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2. IUPAC Nomenclature: Systematic IUPAC nomenclature of alkenes, alkynes, cycloalkanes,

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aromatics, bicyclic and polyfunctional organic compounds. Bond line notation .
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UNIT-II
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3. Bonding: Hydrogen bonding- Nature, type, stabilit y and its importance in organic
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compounds. p Π - d Π bonding. Ylids (S& P) and Wittig reaction. Biological

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meth ylating reagents. Tautomerism-Concept, Ring-chain tautomerism, Ring-chain

isomerism, properties and reactions of keto-enol tautomers.
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4. Stereo Chemistry: Classification of stereomers, diastereomers, separation of

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enantiomers, absolute configuration (R & S), projection formulae, stereochemistry of

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compounds containing two as ymmetric C- atoms, stereochemistry of biphenyls.

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Geometrical isomerism-concept, E & Z nomenclature.

5. Carbonyl Compounds: Nature and structure of carbonyl group, Relativ e
reactivities of carbonyl compounds, hydration and addition of alcohal to aldeh ydes and
ketones. Addition of ammonia and ammonia derivatives to aldeh ydes and ketones.
Wolf–Kishner reduction and its mechanism, Aldol condensation, Claisen condensation,
Reformatsk y and Perkin reactions.

UNIT -III
6. Acid Derivatives: Acid catalyzed and base catalyzed hydrolysis of esters and acid amides,
ammonolysis and alcoholysis of esters, acid halides and acid anhydrides.
7. Polymers: Classification of polymers. Tacticity and functionality, mechanism of chain growth and
step growth polymerization, coordination polymerization. Preparation, properties and uses of epoxy
resins, PMMA. Natural rubber and its vulcanization. Elastomers-GR-S, GR-M and GR-I.Biomedical
polymers-silicone rubber, polyurethanes & their applications
UNIT-IV
8. Reducing Agents: Their applications in Organic Chemistry with special emphasis on LiAlH4,
NaBH4, Pt/Ni/H2, Metal/NH3 Solution, Hydroboration and Tri-n-butyl tin hydride.

9. Peptide Bond Synthesis : Protection of N-terminal and C-terminal of amino acids, formation of
peptide bond, solid phase peptide synthesis.
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10. Epoxides: properties and nucleophillic ring opening of epoxides. Crown ethers
and their uses.
Text/Reference Books:

1. Organic Chemistry V1:6th ed. Finar,I L(2003) Pearson Education, Delhi

2. Organic Chemistry V2:5th ed. Finar,I L(2003) Pearson Education, Delhi.

3. Organic Chemistry 6th ed. Morrison,R & Boyd,T.(2003) Pearson Education, Delhi.

4. Organic Chemistry. Paula Yurkanis Bruice ; Pearson Education, Delhi.

5. Principle of Organic Synthesis. Richard Norman and James M Coxon.

6. Organic Chemistry :Reactions and Reagents,37th ed. O.P. Aggarwal (2003) Goel Publishing

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House, Meerut.

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7. Organic Analytical Chemistry. Jagmohan (2003) Narosa pub. New Delhi.
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3rd Semester B. Tech. ( Bio-Technology)

CELL BIOLOGY& GENETICS LAB
BTT-211E

L T P Practical/V.V : 50 Marks
- - 4 Sessional : 50 Marks
Total : 100 Marks
Time : 4 Hrs.
Note : A college must offer 70% of the below listed experiments. The remaining 30% experiments may be
modified by college according to facilities available .

1. Microscopy: Structure of Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell,

Fixation, Microtomy.
Histology of various organ systems (Nervous, digestion, reproductive, respiratory and
circulatory system).

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Mitochondrial staining and enzyme localization (Histochemistry and immunohistochemistry ).

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2. Cell division in onion root tip.
3. Cell division in insect gonads/flower bud. es
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4. Fluorescence labeling of cellular organelles.
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5. Isolation of DNA and study of its denaturation spectrophotometrically and viscometrically.

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Reference books:
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1. Principles and techniques of Practical Biochemistry: K. Wilson and J. Walker (1994), Cambridge
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University Press, Cambridge.

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2. Introductory practical Biochemistry by S.K. Sawhney and Randhir Singh (2000), Narosa Publishing
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House, New Delhi.

3. An introduction to Practical Biochemistry by David T. Plummer (1988), McGraw- Hill, Book company,
UK.
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3rd Semester B. Tech. ( Bio-Technology)

MICROBIOLOGY LAB

BTT-213E

L T P Practical/V.V : 50 Marks
- - 3 Sessional : 50 Marks
Total : 100 Marks
Time : 4 Hrs.

Note : A college must offer 70% of the below listed experiments. The remaining 30% experiments may be
modified by college according to facilities available.

1. Microscopy: Use of microscopes, microscopic examination of microorganisms.

2. Micrometry: Microscopic measurement of microorganisms.
3. Staining methods.

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4. Preparation of culture media.

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5. Isolation and enumeration of microorganisms from different sources.
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Pure culture techniques- Streak plate, pour plate, spread plate.
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7. Measurements of growth and study of effect of various factors on growth of
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microorganisms-temperature, pH, salt concentration, U.V and R.H.

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8. Biochemical tests useful in bacterial taxonomy.

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9. Water Microbiology- BOD, multiple-tube fermentation test.

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10.Milk Microbiology- SPC, testing the qualit y of milk.

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References Books:
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1. Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology. 4 t h Edition.

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Aneja, K.R. (2003)New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.

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2. Microbiology- a laboratory manual. 4 t h edition. Cappuccino J. and Sheeman N.

(2000) Addison Wesley, California.
3. Environmental Microbiology – A Laboratory Manual Pepper. I. L.; Gerba, C.P. and
Brendecke, J.W.(1995) Academic Press, New York.
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3rd Semester B. Tech. ( Bio-Technology)

BIOCHEMISTRY LAB
BTT 215E
L T P Practical/V.V : 50 Marks
- - 4 Sessional : 50 Marks
Total : 100 Marks
Time : 4 Hrs.

Note : A college must offer 70%of the below listed experiments. The remaining 30% experiments may be
modified by college according to facilities available..

1. Qualitative tests for amino acids, proteins, Lipids and carbohydrates.

2. Quantitative estimation of proteins, Lipids and carbohydrates.
3. Assay of any commonly occurring enzyme.
4. Effect of pH, temperature, enzyme concentration and protein denaturation on an enzyme activity.
5. Determination of Km and Vmax of any commonly occurring enzyme.

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6. Biochemical analysis of urine and blood(pH, Uric acid, creatinine, proteins and carbohydrates).

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Reference Books:
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1. Principles and techniques of Practical Biochemistry: K. Wilson and J. Walker (1994), Cambridge
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University Press, Cambridge.

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2. Introductory practical Biochemistry by S.K. Sawhney and Randhir Singh (2000), Narosa Publishing
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House, New Delhi.

3. An introduction to Practical Biochemistry by David T. Plummer (1988), McGraw- Hill, Book company,
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UK.
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3rd semester B. Tech. ( Bio-Technology)

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY LAB

BTT-217E

L T P Practical/V.V : 50 Marks
- - 3 Sessional : 50 Marks
Total : 100 Marks
Time : 4 Hrs.

Note : A college must offer 70% of the below listed experiments. The remaining 30% experiments may be
modified by college according to facilities available

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1. Derivitizations of poly sugars such as agarose with cynogen bromide for binding with proteins.

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2. Derivitization of polystyrene to generate carboxyl groups.es
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3. Derivitization of polystyrene to generate amino groups.

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4. Derivitization of polystyrene to generate aldehyde groups.

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5. Derivitization of polysugars to generate aldehyde group and establish covalent linkage to protein through
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amino and carboxyl groups.

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6. Sialinization of solid phases such as polyester, glass, polystyrene to provide amino groups.
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7. Covalent linkage of proteins to solid phase through carbodiiamide reaction.

8. Estimation of reactive groups such as amino, aldehyde and carboxyl group on solid-phase/liquid phase.

9. Preparation of aspirin from salicyclic acid.

10. Preparation of anthranilic acid from phthalic anhydride.

11. Preparation of p-nitro acetanilide from aniline.

12. Preparation of phenacetin from p-aminophenol.

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4th Semester B. Tech. (Bio-Technology)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY
BTT-202E
L T Theory : 100 Marks
4 1 Sessional: 50Marks
Total : 150 Marks
Time : 3Hrs.

Note for paper setter : Question paper will consist of four units. Eight questions will be set in the question
paper by selecting two from each unit. The students will be required to attempt five questions, selecting at
least one from each unit.

Unit –I
1. Genes : DNA/RNA as the genetic material. Double helical structure of DNA. Types of DNA. Super

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coiling and periodicity of DNA. Linking number of DNA. Nature of multiple alleles, Cis- acting sites and

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Trans–acting molecules. Euchromatin and heterochromatin. Nucleosomes. Organelle DNA- Mitochondrial
and chloroplast DNA. es
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2. From Genes to Genomes : Gene mapping, exons and introns, repetitive and non –repetitive DNA, C-
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value paradox.
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3. DNA Replication : Origin of DNA replication. Bacterial and eukaryotic replicons. DNA polymerases.
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Mechanism and regulation of DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

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UNIT - II
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4. Transcription: Various RNA species and their properties- tRNA as an adapter and turnover of mRNA.
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a) Transcription in Prokaryotes: RNA polymerases. Mechanism of transcription-

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initiation, elongation and termination. Role of sigma factor in transcription.

b) Transcription in Eukaryotes: RNA Polymerases. Downstream and upstream
promoters. Techniques to define promoters- foot printing experiment. Mechanism of
transcription. Interaction of upstream factors with basal apparatus. Role of enhancers.
Post-transcriptional modifications of various RNA species. Transcription in
mitochondria and chloroplast.
c) The Operon: Positive and negative control of transcription, repressor-inducer
complex, catabolite repression and attenuation.
d) Regulation of Transcription: DNA binding domains- zinc finger motif, helix loop
helix, leucine zippers and homeodomains. Demethylation and gene regulation.

UNIT - III
5. Genetic Code: Evidence for triplet code. Properties of genetic code, Wobble hypothesis. Mitochondrial
genetic code. Suppressor tRNAs.
6. Protein Synthesis : Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes and their role in protein synthesis.
Mechanism of initiation, elongation and termination of protein synthesis. Regulation of translation in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Post translational modifications of proteins.
7. Protein folding : Role of molecular chaperones.

UNIT - IV
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8. Nuclear Splicing : Lariat formation, Sn RNAs, cis-splicing and trans-splicing reactions. Catalytic
RNA- Ribozymes- Ribonuclease P, small RNAs, group I &II introns.
9. Transposons: Transposition by replicative and non replicative mechanisms. Intermediates of
transposition. Retroviruses and retroposons.
10. Cell Cycle and Growth Regulation : Different stages of cell cycle. Control of cell cycle by
phosphorylation and dephosphorylation mechanisms. Basic concept of Apoptosis.
Text/Reference Books :
1. Genes VII, Lewin, Benjamin(2002)OUP, Oxford.
2. Genomes,2nd ed, Brown, T. A.(2002) John Wiley and sons ,Oxford
3. Molecular biology of cell 4thed Alberts, Bruce; Watson,J D(2002) Garland Science Publishing, New
York.
4. Molecular cell biology 4th ed Lodish, Harvey and. Baltimore,D(2000) W.H. Freeman and Co., New
York
5. Cell and Molecular Biology 8th ed, Robertis, EDP De & Robertis, EMF De(2002) lippincott Williams
& Wilkins international student edition, Philadelphia.
6. Essentials of Molecular Biology 4th ed, Malacinski, G. M. (2003) Jones & Bartlet Publishers, Boston
7. Cell and Molecular Biology: concepts and experiments 3rd ed Karp, Gerald(2002) John Wiley and
sons, New York.

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8. The Cell-a molecular approach, 3rd ed Cooper, G M& Hausman, R E(2004) ASM Press, Washington D

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4th Semester B. Tech. (Bio-Technology)

IMMUNOLOGY
BTT-204E

L T Theory : 100 Marks

3 1 Sessional : 50 Marks
Total : 150 Marks
Time : 3Hrs.

Note for paper setter : Question paper will consist of four units. Eight questions will be set in the question
paper by selecting two from each unit. The students will be required to attempt five questions, selecting at
least one from each unit.
UNIT - I
1. Introduction to immune system: Innate and acquired immunity, cells and organs of immune system- B-
Lymphocytes and T-Lymphocytes, primary and secondary lymphoid organs, humoral and cell mediated
immune response.
2. Immune System: Antigens. Immunoglobulins- structure and function, antigenic determinants(isotype,
allotype, idiotype). Monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma technology. Antibody engineering.

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UNIT - II

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3. Antibody Diversity: Organization and expression of immunoglobulin genes, generation of antibody
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4. Generation of B-Cell and T-Cell Responses : Major histocompatibility complex. Antigen processing
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and presentation.
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7. Cell mediated immunity: T-cell receptor, T-cell maturation, activation and differentiation.
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UNIT - III
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8. Immunological techniques : Immunoprecipitin reactions, agglutination reactions, complement tests,

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ELISA, RIA, Immunofluorescence.

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9. Immune effector responses : Cytokines. Complement system.

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UNIT - IV
8. Immune System in Health and Disease : Hypersensitive reactions. Auto immunity and immune response
to infectious diseases. Tumor immunity. Immune response to transplants. Vaccines.

Text / Reference Books:

1. Kuby’s Immunology, 5th ed. Goldsby, R A,. Kindt, T.J, Osborne, B.A.(2003) W. H. Freeman and
company, New York.
2. Essential Immunology, 10th ed Roitt, Ivon; Delves, Peter(2001) Blackwell Scientific Publications
Oxford.
3. Fundamentals of Immunology: Paul W.E. (Eds.) Raven Press, New York.
4. Immunology by Presscot.
 16

4th Semester B. Tech. ( Bio-Technology)

BIO-ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
BTT-206E
L T Theory : 100 Marks
3 1 Sessional : 50 Marks
Total : 150 Marks
Time : 3Hrs.

Note for paper setter : Question paper will consist of four units. Eight questions will be set in the question
paper by selecting two from each unit. The students will be required to attempt five questions, selecting at
least one from each unit.

UNIT- I
1. Microscopy: Light, electron (scanning and transmission), phase contrast, fluorescence microscopy,
atomic force microscopy, freeze-fracture techniques, specific staining of organelles or marker enzymes.
2. Centrifugation: Techniques and their applications, differential centrifugation, zonal, density gradient and
ultracentrifugation techniques.
UNIT- II
3. Electrophoresis: Paper and gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, isoelectric focussing, two-

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dimensional electrophoresis.

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4. Chromatography: Paper, TLC, adsorption, partition, ion-exchange, reverse phase, gel filtration, affinity,
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gas chromatography, High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
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UNIT- III
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5. Spectrophotometry: Basic concepts and brief description of applications of UV/visible, IR, NMR, ESR,
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fluorescence, Raman. Mass spectroscopy (LC-MS, MALDI-TOF, ES-MS) X-ray diffraction (diffraction by
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fibrous proteins, globular proteins and molecular crystals), CD and ORD.

6. Calorimetry: Differential scanning calorimetry, titration calorimetry.
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UNIT- IV
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7. Radioisotope Techniques: Nature of radioactivity, properties of α, β and γ-rays, measurement of

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radioactivity, use of radioisotopes in research, In vivo and in vitro labelling techniques, double labelling,
instruments for monitoring radioactivity, quenching, internal standard, channel ratio, external standard ratio,
emulsion counting, radioactive decay, autoradiography, radio-immunoassay.

Text/ References Books:

1. Biological Spectroscopy: Campbell and Durek
2. Physical Biochemistry, 2nd edition, by D Friefelder (1983). W.H. Freeman & Co., U.S.A.
3. Introduction to instrumental analysis: Robert D. Braun (1987) Mc Graw Hill International Editions,
Chemistry Series.
4. Analytical Chemistry for technicians : John Kenkel (1994), Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton.
5. Principles and techniques of Practical Biochemistry: K. Wilson and J. Walker (1994), Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
6. Biophysical Chemistry: Principles and Techniques, 2nd edition by A. Upadhyay, K. Upadhyay and N.
Nath. (1998). Himalaya Publishing House, Delhi.
7. Physical Biochemistry, 2nd edition, by K. E. VanHolde (1985), Prentice Hall Inc, New Jersey.
 17

4 t h Semester B. Tech. ( Bio-Technology)

INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY
BTT-208E
L T Theory : 100 Marks
3 1 Sessional : 50 Marks
Total : 150 Marks
Time : 3Hrs.

Note for paper setter : Question paper will consist of four units. Eight questions will be set in the question
paper by selecting two from each unit. The students will be required to attempt five questions, selecting at
least one from each unit.
UNIT- I
1. Industrial Microbiology: Introduction, objectives and scope.
2. Fermentation Technology: Principle, range and component of fermentation processes.
Types of fermentation. Purification of fermentation products.
3. Industrially important microbes: Sources, isolation, screening, preservation and
maintenance of industriall y important microorganisms. Improvement of industriall y
important microorganisms, selection of mutants, use of rDNA technology.

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UNIT - II

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4. Process technology for the Production of various Products: Primary metabolites
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(ethanol, acetone, butanol, citric acid, vinegar). Production of alcoholic beverages (wine
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and beer).
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5. Microbial production of industrial enzymes: Cellulase, amylase and protease.

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6. Production of secondary metabolites: Antibiotics ( e.g. penicillin, streptom ycin and

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tetracycline)
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UNIT - III
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7. Vaccines: Types of vaccines and their production

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8. Biopesticides: Characteristics of biopesticides. Important biopesticides- Bt-toxin,

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Kasugam ycin, Beauverin, Devine and Collego

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9. Microbial protein: Quorn

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10. Biofuels and biofertilizers: Basic concepts and important t ypes of biofuels and
biofertilizers
UNIT - IV
11. Enzymes: Nomenclature and Classification of enz ymes. Mechanism of enz yme action,
acid base catal ysis, covalent catal ysis proximit y and orientation effects. Mechanism of
action of selected enzymes- chymotrypsin, l ysoz yme and ribonuclease. Purification of
enz ymes. Immobilized enz ymes. Stability of enz ymes- enz yme stabilization b y selection
and protein engineering. Application of enz ymes in industry, anal ytical purposes and
medical therap y.

Text/Reference Books:
1. Industrial Microbiology. Casida Jr., L.E. (1968) New Age International (P)Ltd. New
Delhi.
2. Prescott & Dunn’s Industrial Microbiology. Ed. E.G. Reed (1987). CBS Publishers,
New Delhi.
3. Biotechnology: A Textbook of Industrial Microbiology 2nd Edition. Crueger, W. and Crueger, A.
(2000) Panima Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
4. Enz ymes: Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Clinical chemistry. Palmer, T. (2000)
Horwood publishing Colphon.
5. Process engineering in biotechnology. Jackson, A.T. (1991) Prentice Hall.
6. Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology 2 n d Edition. Ed. Arnold L.
 18

4th Semester B. Tech. (Bio-Technology)

THERMODYNAMICS OF BIO-PROCESSES
BTT-210E
L T Theory : 75 Marks
3 1 Sessional : 25 Marks
Total : 100 Marks
Time : 3Hrs.

Note for paper setter : Question paper will consist of four units. Eight questions will be set in the
question paper by selecting two from each unit. The students will be required to attempt five questions,
selecting at least one from each unit.

UNIT- I
1. Concept of Open, Closed, adiabatic and isolated systems with suitable examples. Biological System
as open systems. Thermodynamic parameters –internal energy, enthalpy ; their relationship and their
significance.
2. First law of thermodynamics. Kirchoff’s Equation. Heat capacity at constant pressure and volume and
their relationship.
3. Concepts of Free energy and Entropy, Second law of thermodynamics. Entropy changes for reversible

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and irreversible processes. Entropy of mixing.

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4. Third Law of Thermodynamics. Entropy & life processes. Numerical problems on Laws of
Thermodynamics. es
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UNIT -II
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1. Basic concept of Equilibrium and steady state conditions, Free energy and its relation with equilibrium
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constant, Chemical potential, Gibbs-Duhem equation and their application, Standard biochemical state
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and standard free energy changes. Thermodynamic basis of Biochemical reactions.

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2. Phase Equilibrium and phase rule (thermodynamic derivation), Free energy of transfer between phases.
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3. Structural transition in biological macromolecules and molecular processes.

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4. Binding – independent and non-cooperative binding, Co-operative binding and its biological significance.
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UNIT -III
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1. Biological application of thermodynamics. Concept of coupled reactions and group transfer potentials.
Thermodynamic analysis of some important metabolic pathways.
2. Concept of flux and forces. Non-equilibrium thermodynamics and its biological applications.
3. Coupled flows and Onsager’s phenomenological co-efficients and reciprocal relations.
4. Membrane-types and transport across biomembranes.

UNIT- IV
1. Prigogine and Prigogine-Curie law. Thermo analysis of oxidative phosphorylation.
2. Stability of non equilibrium stationary state.
3. Ordering in time and space far from equilibrium.
4. Biological significance of the thermodynamic properties of water.
5. Biochemical oscillations and Biological clocks.
Text/Reference Books :
1. Kinetics and Thermodynamics in Biochemistry : Bray & White.
2. Biophysical chemistry Vol. I : Edsall and Wyman
3. Non Equilibrium Thermodynamics in Biophysics : Katchalasky and Curran; Harvard University Press.
4. Physical Biochemistry : Van Holde
5. Physical basis of biochemistry : Foundations of molecular biophysics, Bergethan, P.R.(2000) NY,
Springer.
6. Introduction to the thermodynamics of biological processes : Jou D.& Llebot J.E., Prentice Hall, New
Jersey.
7. Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals, 2nd ed., Bailey J.E.; Ollis D.F.(1986) MGH, New York.
 19

4th Semester B. Tech. (Bio-Technology)

MOLECULAR BIOLOGY LAB
BTT-212E
L T P Practical/V.V : 50Marks
- - 4 Sessional : 50Marks
Total : 100Marks
Time : 4Hrs

Note : A college must offer 70% of the below listed experiments. The remaining 30% experiments may be
modified by college according to facilities available .

1. Isolation of genomic DNA from eukaryotic cells.

2. Isolation of RNA from eukaryotic cells.
3. Isolation of proteins from eukaryotic cells.
4. Isolation of genomic DNA from prokaryotic cells.
5. Isolation of plasmid DNA from Prokaryotic cells.

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6. Restriction mapping of plasmid DNA:This experiment involves single and double digestion of the

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plasmid with restriction enzymes.
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7. Gel electrophoretic separation of DNA and molecular wt. determination.
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8. Gel electrophoretic separation of RNA.
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9. Gel electrophoretic separation of proteins.

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10. Transblot analysis of DNA.

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11. Gel Extraction of DNA.

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12. PCR amplification of DNA: Visualization by gel electrophoresis.

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Reference Book:
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Molecular Cloning – A laboratory manual: 3rd Edition Vol. 1-3. Sambrook J and Russell D.W. (2001).
Cold Spring Harbor laboratory Press, New York.
 20

4th Semester B. Tech. (Bio-Technology)

IMMUNOLOGY LAB
BTT-214E
L T P Practical/V.V : 50Marks
- - 3 Sessional : 50Marks
Total : 100Marks
Time : 4Hrs
Note : A college must offer 70%of the below listed experiments. The remaining 30% experiments may
be modified by college according to facilities available.

1. Routine techniques in handling laboratory animals: feeding, cleaning and bleeding procedure for
mice and rabbit.
2. Surgical removal of lymphatic organs from mice.
3. Preparation and administration of antigens, following immunization protocols.
4. To bleed rabbits for the generation of antibodies.
5. Purification of immunoglobulins.
6. Isolation and purification of lymphocytes from mouse.

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7. Immunoprecipitation techniques

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8. Agglutination techniques
9. ELISA es
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Reference Books:
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1. Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual. Harlow & Lane(1998) Cold Spring Harbor Lab Press.
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2. Immunological Techniques Made Easy. Cochet, et al.(1998)Wiley Publishers,Canada.

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 21

4th Semester B. Tech. ( Bio-Technology)

BIO-ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES LAB
BTT-216E
L T P Practical/V.V : 50Marks
- - 3 Sessional : 50Marks
Total : 100Marks
Time : 4Hrs

Note : A college must offer 70%of the below listed experiments. The remaining 30% experiments may
be modified by college according to facilities available.

1. Verification of Beer-Lambert’s law.

2. Separation of amino acids/ sugars by paper chromatography.
3. Extraction of lipids from tissues and their separation using TLC.
4. Partial purification of an enzyme by ammonium sulphate fractionation, Ion exchange and gel
filtration chromatography of proteins.

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5. Determination of molecular weight of an enzyme by gel filtration.

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6. Separation of proteins by SDS-PAGE.
7. Cell fractionation es
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Reference Books:
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1. Principles and techniques of Practical Biochemistry: K. Wilson and J. Walker (1994), Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge.
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2. Introductory practical Biochemistry by S.K. Sawhney and Randhir Singh (2000), Narosa Publishing
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House, New Delhi.

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3. An introduction to Practical Biochemistry by David T. Plummer (1988), McGraw- Hill, Book

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company, UK.
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 22

4th Semester B. Tech. ( Bio-Technology)

INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY LAB
BTT-218E

L T P Practical/V.V : 50Marks
- - 4 Sessional : 50Marks
Total : 100Marks
Time : 4Hrs
Note : A college must offer 70%of the below listed experiments. The remaining 30% experiments may
be modified by college according to facilities available.

1. Sterilization Techniques ( Media, air & water)

2. Construction of various fermenters (bioreactors)
3. Identification of industrially important microorganisms e.g. molds, yeasts and bacteria.
4. Production of various products in the lab. Alcohol, wine, cellulase, protease and bread.
5. Isolation of antibiotic producing microorganisms from the soil.

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6. Penicillin production and testing of antimicrobial activity.

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7. Isolation of streptomycin-resistant mutants by replica plating method.
8. Isolation of UV induced auxotrophic mutants. es
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9. Testing of microbial enz yme activit y in the lab.
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10. Determination of cell growth.

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Reference Books:
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1. Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology and Biotechnology. Aneja,

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K.R.(2003) 4 t h Edition. New Age International Publishers, New Delhi.

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2. Fermentations & Biochemical Hand Book: Principles, Process Design and

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Equipment. HC Vogel and No yes(1983).

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3. Microbiology Labortary Manual. Cappuccino, J. and Sheeman, N.(2000), 4 t h

Edition, Addison Wesley, California.
4. Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2 n d Edition. Ed. Arnold L.
Demain and Julian E. Davies (1999) ASM Press Washington D.C.