Meiosis PDF
Meiosis PDF
Meiosis PDF
SPERMATOGENESIS
OOGENESIS
• the process of
forming an ovum
(egg) by meiosis in
specialized gonads
known as ovaries.
• Oogonium (plural:
oogonia)
o primordial
germ cells
o develop into
primary
oocytes
o usually involving a sperm nucleus getting into the egg cell, leads to fusion of nuclei,
producing a zygote: the 2N first cell of the offspring.
INTERPHASE I
o the DNA in the cell is copied resulting in two identical full sets of chromosomes.
o outside of the nucleus are two centrosomes, each containing a pair of centrioles,
these structures are critical for the process of cell division.
o during interphase, microtubules extend from these centrosomes.
PROPHASE I
o the copied
chromosomes
condense into X-
shaped structures that
can be easily seen
under a microscope.
o each chromosome is
composed of two
sister chromatids
containing identical
genetic information.
o at the end of Prophase I the membrane around the nucleus in the cell dissolves
away, releasing the chromosomes.
o the meiotic spindle, consisting of microtubules and other proteins, extends across
the cell between the centrioles.
METAPHASE I
o the chromosome pairs line up next to each other along the centre (equator) of the
cell.
o the centrioles are now at opposites poles of the cell with the meiotic spindles
extending from them.
o the meiotic spindle fibres attach to one chromosome of each pair.
TELOPHASE I
o the chromosomes complete their move to the opposite poles of the cell.
o at each pole of the cell a full set of chromosomes gather together.
o a membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to create two new nuclei.
o the single cell then pinches in the middle to form two separate daughter cells each
containing a full set of chromosomes within a nucleus. This process is known as
cytokinesis.
PROPHASE II
o now there are two daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes (23 pairs of
chromatids).
o in each of the two daughter cells the chromosomes condense again into visible X-
shaped structures that can be easily seen under a microscope.
o the membrane around the nucleus in each daughter cell dissolves away releasing
the chromosomes.
o the centrioles duplicate.
o the meiotic spindle forms again.
METAPHASE II
o in each of the two daughter cells the chromosomes (pair of sister chromatids) line
up end-to-end along the equator of the cell.
o the centrioles are now at opposites poles in each of the daughter cells.
o meiotic spindle fibres at each pole of the cell attach to each of the sister chromatids.
TELOPHASE II
o the chromosomes complete their move to the opposite poles of the cell.
o at each pole of the cell a full set of chromosomes gather together.
o a membrane forms around each set of chromosomes to create two new cell nuclei.
o this is the last phase of meiosis, however cell division is not complete without
another round of cytokinesis.
o once cytokinesis is complete there are four granddaughter cells, each with half a set
of chromosomes (haploid):
o in males, these four cells are all sperm cells
o in females, one of the cells is an egg cell while the other three are polar bodies
(small cells that do not develop into eggs).