Unit - I

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SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

UNIT –I - INTRODUCTION

1. What is an error?

The algebraic difference b/w the indicated value and the true value of the quantity
to be measured is called an error.

2. What is calibration?

It is the process of making an adjustment or marking a scale so that the readings of


an instrument agree with the accepted value and the certified standard.

3. When static characteristic are important?(NOV/DEC 2010)

The instruments measure the quantity which do not vary with time, the static
characteristic of an instruments play an important role.

4. What is measurand?

The physical, chemical, electricalquantity, property, process, varabiable or a


condition to be measured is referred as measurand

5. When dynamic characteristic of an instruments are important? (April/may


2011)

The instruments are subjected to rapidly varying inputs then it is necessary to study
the dynamic relations b/w input &output.

6. What is an accuracy?(Apr/May 2015)

It is the degree of closeness with which the instruments reading approaches the true
value of the quantity to be measure.

7. What is precision?

It is the measure of consistency or measurements. it denotes the amount by which


the individual readings are departed about the average value of readings.

8. What is sensitivity? (NOV/DEC 2013)

It denotes the smallest change in the measured variable to which the instruments to
be responds. The units of sensitivity are in mm/unit quantity to be measure.

9. What is Threshold?( (NOV/DEC 2009)

If the i/p quantity is slowly varied from zero onwards, the o/p does not vary until
some min value of the i/p is reached.
10. What is resolution? (NOV/DEC 2009)

It is the smallest increment of quantity being measured which can be certainly


detected by an instrument.

11. What is linearity? (Apr/May 2015)

It is the ability of an instrument to reproduce the input characteristic symmetrically &


linearly.

12. What is the stability?

The ability of instruments to retain its performances through its specified operating
life & the storage life is called stability.

13. What is tolerance?

The max allowable error in the measurement is specified in terms of a value is called
tolerance.

14. What is a true value?

The actual value of a variable to be measured is called true value. This is practically
impossible hence it is not possible to determine.

15. Which are standard i/p used to obtain dynamic behavior of an instruments?

The step, ramp, parabolic & sinusoidal i/p are used in practice to obtain the dynamic
behavior of an instruments

16. What is fidelity?(May/June 2014)

It indicates how much faithfully the system reproduces the changes in the input. it is
the ability of an instruments to produce a wave shape identical to the wave shape of an
input with respect to time.

17. What is setting time of instruments?

Before indicating the finial reading the pointer of the instruments takes finite time,
during which it oscillates or moves slowly to its final value.

18. What is a secondary instrument?

The instrument in which the reading shown by the instruments gives directly the
measurements of the quantity to be measure is called secondary instruments.

19. What is an absolute instrument? (Apr/May 2015)


The instrument which gives the magnitude of the quantity to be measure in termers of
the physical constant of the instruments is called absolute instruments.

20. How are the errors classified? (NOV/DEC 2010)

Gross errors also called personal errors, Random errors due to unknown reasons.

21. What is meant by measurement?

Measurement is an act or the result of comparison between the quantity and a


predefined standard.

16. Mention the basic requirements of measurement. (May/June 2011)

The standard used for comparison purpose must be accurately defined and should be
commonly accepted.

The apparatus used and the method adopted must be provable.

17. What are the 2 methods for measurement?

Direct method and Indirect method.

24. Explain the function of measurement system.(Nov/Dec 2011)

The measurement system consists of a transducing element which converts the


quantity to be measured in an analogous form. the analogous signal is then processed by
some intermediate means and is then fed to the end device which presents the results of
the measurement.

25. Define Instrument.

Instrument is defined as a device for determining the value or magnitude of a quantity


or variable.

26. List the types of instruments.

· The 3 types of instruments are

· Mechanical Instruments

· Electrical Instruments and

· Electronic Instruments.
27. Give the applications of measurement systems. (Apr/May 2011)

· The instruments and measurement systems are sued for

· Monitoring of processes and operations.

· Control of processes and operations.

· Experimental engineering analysis.

28. Why calibration of instrument is important? (NOV/DEC 2013)

The calibration of all instruments is important since it affords the opportunity to check
the instrument against a known standard and subsequently to errors in accuracy.

29. Explain the calibration procedure.

Calibration procedure involves a comparison of the particular instrument with either a


primary standard or a secondary standard with a higher accuracy than the instrument to
be calibrated or an instrument of known accuracy.

30. Define Calibration.(Apr/May 2010)

It is the process by which comparing the instrument with a standard to correct the
accuracy.

16 mark questions

1. (i) What is standard? Explain the different types of standards? (Nov/Dec 2011)
(Nov/Dec 2010) (May /June 2014) (April /May 2015)

(ii) Define and explain the types of static errors possible in an instrument.
(Nov/Dec 2009) (May /June 2014)

2. (i) For the given data, X1 = 49.7, X2 = 50.1, X3 = 50.2, X4 = 49.6, X5 = 49.7
calculate a) Arithmetic mean b) Deviation of each value
c) Algebraic sum of the deviations (Nov/Dec 2010) (Nov/Dec 2013)
(April /May 2015) (April /May 2010)

3. Explain in detail the types of static error. (Nov/Dec 2011) (Nov/Dec 2010)
(Nov/Dec 2012)

4. Give a note on dynamic characteristics.


5. Discuss in detail the various static and dynamic characteristics of a measuring
system. (Nov/Dec 2011) (April/May 2011) (Nov/Dec 2009) (Nov/Dec 2013)
(May /June 2014) (April /May 2015)

6. Define the following terms in the context of normal frequency distribution of data.
a) Mean value b) Deviation c) Average deviation
d) Variance e) Standard deviation.

7. Draw the block diagram showing the basic functional elements of an instrument
and explain the functions of each. (Nov/Dec 2010) (Nov/Dec 2009)
(Nov/Dec 2013) (May/June2014) (April /May 2010)

8. Explain the normal or Gaussian curve of errors in the instrument and explain in
detail.

9.How are histogram and arithmetic mean helpful in the statistical analysis of data?
(Nov/Dec 2011)

10. Explain the concept of static evaluation of measurement data. (April/May 2011)
(Nov/Dec 2012)

11. Describe the different calibration procedures of measuring instrument.


(April/May 2011) (Nov/Dec 2012)

UNIT –II - ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS INSTRUMENTS

1. State the classification of measuring instruments?

Indicating instruments, recording instruments, integrating instruments.

2. State the essentials torque required for successful operation of instruments?


(Nov/Dec 2009)

a) Deflecting torque

b) Controlling torque

c) Damping torque.

3. What are the various ways by which deflecting torque is produced?

a) Magnetic effect

b) Thermal effect

c) Electrostatic effect
d )induction & hall effect.

4. How controlling torque is produced?

Using springs, & using control weight the controlling torque is produced.

5. Why scale of gravity is non-uniform? (Apr/May 2015)

The quantity is to measure is proportional to sin rather than in gravity control which is
not a uniform. Hence scale calibrated is not in uniform.

6. What are the different ways of producing damping torque in instruments?

a) Air friction damping,

b) Fluid friction damping,

c) Eddy current damping.

7. What is the basic principle of PMMC instruments?

A current carrying coil placed in the permanent magnet field experiences a force,
proportional to the current it carries.

8. For which type of measurements PMMC devices are suitable?

It is suitable for d.c. only as in a.c. the torque produced on coli is reversing which
cannot give accurate readings.

9. State the principle of moving iron instruments?

A soft iron piece is brought near the magnets gets attracted by the magnet is the
principle of moving iron attraction type instruments. When like polarities of magnet face
each other they experiences a force of repulsion.

10. List the possible cause of errors in moving iron instruments? (Apr/May 2015)

a)hysteresis errors,

b) Temperature errors,

c) Stray magnetic field errors

d) Frequency & eddy current errors.


11. State the precautions to be taken while using D.C ammeters?

Never to be connected across the source of emf or load.

Must always in series.

Must connect in proper polarities.

12. What are the requirements of a shunt?(Nov/Dec 2011)

The temperature coefficient of shunt and the meter should be low& should be as equal
as possible. The shunt resistances should be stable and constant with time.

13. What is sensitivity of volt meter?

S=1/full scale deflection current. Its unit is ohm/volt.

14. What is loading effect? (Nov/Dec 2011)

The low sensitive instruments is used in high resistances circuit then its gives a lower
reading than the true reading.

15. State the precautions to be taken while using d.c. voltmeter?

The voltmeter resistances are very high & it should always be connected across the
circuit or component whose voltage is to be measure.

16. What are the requirements of a multiplier? (Nov/Dec 2010)

a) Their resistances should not change with time.

b) They should not non-inductively wound for a.c.meters.

17. Which torque is absence in energy meter?

The controlling torque is absence in energy metering energy meter continues rotation
of disc is required & it is not necessary to reset it to zero every time & hence controlling
torque is absence.

18. Which adjustment is required in energy meter?

Main speed adjustment possible by braking magnet & power factor adjustment
possible by the shading ring.

19. What is an electronic voltmeter?


The voltmeter which uses rectifiers’ diodes and other support ting electronic circuits
to produce a current proportional to the quantity to be measured is called electronic
voltmeter.

20. State the advantage of an electronic voltmeter?

a) Low level signal detection

b) Low power consumption

c) Less loading effect

d) high sensitivity.
21. What are the constructional parts of dynamometer type wattmeter?

Fixed coil
Moving Coil
Current limiting resister
Helical spring
Spindle attached with pointer
Graduated scale

22. Write down the deflecting torque equation in dynamometer type wattmeter.

Td =VI CosÖ

23. State the disadvantages of Dynamometer type wattmeter.

Readings may be affected by stray magnetic fields.


At low power factor it causes error.

24. Name the errors caused in Dynamometer type wattmeter.(Nov/Dec 2013)

Error due to pressure coil inductance


Error due to pressure coil capacitance
Error due to methods of connection
Error due to stray magnetic fields
Error due to eddy current.

25. How the errors caused by pc inductance is compensated.

By connecting a capacitor in parallel to the resister.

26. How the errors caused by methods of connection is compensated

By using compensating coil.

27. Name the methods used for power measurement in three phase
circuits.(Nov/Dec 2010)

(i)Single wattmeter method (ii)


Two wattmeter method
(iii) Three wattmeter method.

28. What are the special features to be incorporated for LPF wattmeter? (Nov/Dec
2013)

Pressure coil circuit


Compensation for Pressure coil current
Compensation for Pressure coil inductance.

29. Define Phantom loading.

Method by which energizing the pressure coil circuit and current coil circuits

Separately is called phantom loading.

30. State the use of phantom loading.

Power loss is minimized.

31. Name the methods used in Wattmeter calibration.

By comparing with std wattmeter.


By using voltmeter ammeter method.
By using Potentiometer.

32. What are the types of energy meters?

Electrolytic meters
Motor meters.
Clock meters

33. Name the constructional parts of induction type energy meter.

Current coil with series magnet


Voltage coil with shunt magnet
Al disc
Braking magnet
Registering mechanism.

34. How voltage coil is connected in induction type energy meter.

It is connected in parallel to supply and load.


35. How current coil is connected in induction type energy meter.

It is connected in series to the load.

36. Why Al disc is used in induction type energy meter.

Aluminum is a nonmagnetic metal.

37. What is the purpose of registering mechanism?

It gives a valuable number proportional to the rotations.

38. What is the purpose of braking mechanism?

It provides necessary braking torque.

39. Define creeping.(May/June 2014)

Slow but continuous rotation of disc when pc is energized and cc is not energized.

40. State the reason why holes are provided in Al disc.

To avoid creeping holes are provided on both sides of Al disc.

41. Name the types of instruments used for making voltmeter and ammeter.

(Nov/Dec 2013)

PMMC type

Moving iron type

Dynamometer type Hot

wire type Electrostatic type

Induction type.

42. State the advantages of PMMC instruments

Uniform scale.

No hysteresis loss

Very accurate

High efficiency.

43. State the disadvantages of PMMC instruments. (Apr/May 2015)

Cannot be used for ac m/s


Some errors are caused by temperature variations.

44. State the applications of PMMC instruments.(May/June 2012)

m/s of dc voltage and current

Used in dc galvanometer.

45. How the range of instrument can be extended in PMMC instruments.(Nov/Dec


2011)

In ammeter by connecting a shunt resister

In voltmeter by connecting a series resister.

46. State the advantages of Dynamometer type instruments

Can be used for both dc and ac m/s.

Free from hysteresis and eddy current errors.

47. State the advantages of Moving iron type instruments

Less expensive

Can be used for both dc and ac

Reasonably accurate.

48. State the advantages of Hot wire type instruments. (Apr/May 2015)

Can be used for both dc and ac

Unaffected by stray magnetic fields

Readings are independent of frequency and waveform.


49. State the advantages of instrument transformers.

Used for extension of range


Power loss is minimum
High voltage and currents can be measured.

50. State the disadvantage of instrument transformers.

Cannot be used for dc measurements.

51. What are the constructional parts of current transformer?

Primary winding
Secondary winding
Magnetic core.

52. Name the errors caused in current transformer.

Ratio error
Phase angle error

53. Define ratio error.

The ratio of energy component current and secondary current is known as the ratio
error.

54. How the phase angle error is created.

It is mainly due to magnetizing component of excitation current.

55. State the use of potential transformer.

Used for m/s of high voltage


Used for energizing relays and protective circuits.

56. Name the errors caused in potential transformer.

Ratio error
Phase angle error.

57. How the CT and PT are connected in the circuits.

CT is connected in series and PT is connected in parallel.

16 mark questions

1. (i) Describe the construction and working of a permanent magnetic moving


coil instruments. Derive the equation for deflection if the instrument is spring controlled.
Nov/Dec 2013)

(ii) Explain the design of three phase wattmeter’s and give the reactive
power measurement in 3 phase circuits.
2. (i) Sketch the circuit and waveforms for ac voltmeter using a PMMC instrument
(ii) Develop the torque equation for a PMMC instrument and show its scale is
linear.
3. (i) With a neat diagram explain the construction and working of electrodynamometer
type instruments. Also derive its torque equation. (Nov/Dec 2010)
4. (i) Explain the different methods of determination of B –H curve (Nov/Dec 2011)
(Nov/Dec 2010) (April/May 2011) (May /June2014)
(ii) With a neat block diagram explain the working principle of digital frequency meter.
(Nov/Dec 2011) (Nov/Dec 2010)

5. Draw the circuit diagram of digital phase meter and explain its working.
6. Give the construction and principle of operation of single phase induction type energy
meter. Also derive its torque equation. (April/May 2011) Nov/Dec 2009) (May
/June2014)

7. Describe the construction and functioning of mechanical type(vibrating reed type)


frequency meter. (Nov/Dec 2011)

8. Explain the functioning of ferro-dynamic type electrical resonance frequency meter.


9. Explain with neat diagram the working of linear ramp type DVM. (April/May 2011)

10. Explain with neat diagram the working of integrating type DVM. (Nov/Dec 2010)
11. With neat figure explain the construction, working principle of three phase
wattmeter. Derive the deflecting torque equation.
12. What are the different methods used in high frequency measurements.
13. How to measure power using instrument transformers? Explain. (Nov/Dec 2011)
14. How is multi-meter used to measure different parameters? Explain. (Nov/Dec 2011)
15. Explain the operating principle of Instrument Transformer and what are errors
affecting its charactersistics. (April/May 2011) Nov/Dec 2009)

UNIT-III - COMPARISON METHODS OF MEASUREMENTS

1. What is the basic principle used in potentiometer.

In potentiometer the unknown emf is measured by comparing it with a std known emf.

2. Name the potentiometer material used. (Nov/Dec 2012)

German silver
Maganatic wire

3. Define standardization.

It is the process by which adjusting the current flows through the potentiometer coil to
make the voltage across the std cell is equal.

4. State the applications of potentiometer.(Nov/Dec 2011)

Used for m/s of unknown emf


Used for ammeter calibration
Used for Voltmeter calibration
Used for wattmeter calibration
5. State the advantages of crompton potentiometer.

More accurate
Easy to adjust

6. What are the practical difficulties in ac potentiometers? (Apr/May2011)

More complicated
Accuracy is seriously affected
Difficulty is experienced in standardization.

7. Classify ac potentiometers.

Polar potentiometer
Coordinate potentiometer.

8. How the phase angle is measured in polar type potentiometers.

It is measured from the position of phase shifter.

9. Name some ac potentiometers.

Drysdale Tinsley potentiometer


Gall Tinsley potentiometer

10. State the advantages of ac potentiometers. (Apr/May 2015)

Can be used for m/s of both magnitude and phase angle


Can be used for m/s of inductance of the coil.
It is used in m/s of errors in CTS

11. State the applications of ac potentiometers.(Nov/Dec 2010)

M/s of self inductance.


Ammeter calibration
Voltmeter calibration
Wattmeter calibration.

12. State the use of ac bridges.

AC bridges are used for the m/s of self and mutual inductance and capacitance.

13. State the balance equation used in ac bridges.

The product of opposite branch impedances is equal.

14. Name the bridge circuits used for the m/s of self inductance. (Nov/Dec 2011)

Maxwell’s bridge
Maxwell-Wein Bridge
Anderson bridge
Hay’s bridge.

15. Name the bridge circuits used for the m/s of capacitance.

De Sauty’s bridge
Schering Bridge
Wein bridge

16. Name the bridge circuits used for the m/s of mutual inductance.(May/June 2014)

The Heaviside Campbell Bridge


The Campbell Bridge.

17. Which type of detector is used in ac bridges?

Vibration galvanometers are used.

18. Name the ac sources used in ac bridges.(Nov/Dec 2012)

AC supply with step-down transformer


Motor driven alternator
Audio frequency and radio frequency oscillator.

19. In which cases audio frequency oscillators are used as ac source. For high

frequency ac requirement audio frequency oscillators are used.

20.Name the sources of errors in ac bridge m/s.(May/June 2014)


Errors due to stray magnetic fields
Leakage errors
Eddy current errors
Residual errors
Frequency and waveform errors.

21. State the advantages of Maxwell-wein Bridge.

The balance equation is independent of frequency and therefore more accurate.

22. State the disadvantage of Maxwell-wein Bridge.

This method needs a std variable capacitor. Variable Capacitor is costliest.

23. State the disadvantages of Hay’s bridge.

The balance equation is dependent of frequency and therefore any changes in


Frequency will affect the m/s.
24. State the use of Wein Bridge.

It is used for the m/s of unknown capacitance and frequency.

25. What is the use of Campbell Bridge?

This is used for the m/s of mutual inductance.

26. What is meant by inductometer?

The std variable mutual inductance meter is called as inductometer.

27. Define Q-factor of the coil.

It is the ratio between power stored in the coil to the power dissipated in the coil.

28. Name the components of iron loss.

Eddy current loss


Hysteresis loss.

29. Name the faults that occur in cables. (Apr/May 2010)

Break down of cable insulation


Short circuit fault
Open conductor fault.

30. Name the loop test methods used in location of fault.

Murray loop test


Varley loop test.

31. How leakage errors are minimized in ac bridge circuits.

By using high grade insulation.

32. Classify resistance. (Apr/May 2015)

Low resistance
Medium resistance
High resistance

33. What is the range of medium resistance?

Resistances of about 1 ohm to 100 kilo ohms are called medium resistance.

34. Name the methods used for low resistance measurement.(Apr/May 2010)

Ammeter – voltmeter method


Potentiometer method
Kelvin double bridge method
Ohm meter method.

35. Name the methods used for medium resistance measurement. (Nov/Dec 2009)

Ammeter – voltmeter method


Substitution method
Wheatstone bridge method
Carey fosters bridge method.

36. Where high resistance m/s is required? (Nov/Dec 2009)

Insulation resistance of cables


High resistance circuit elements
Volume resistivity of a material
Surface resistivity.

37. State the advantages of Wheatstone bridge method.

Free from errors


The balance is quit independent of source emf

38. State the advantages of Kelvin double bridge method.

Errors owing to contact resistance, resistance of leads can be eliminated by using


This Kelvin double bridge.
.
39. How resistance is measured in loss of charge method.

In this method a capacitor is charged and discharged for a specific time period and
from this resistance is measured.

40. State the balance equation used in bridge methods.

The products of opposite branch resistances are equal.

41. How the earth resistance is measured.


By using earth megger the value of surface earth resistance can be measured.

16 mark questions

1. (i) Explain the theory and working principle of Kelvin’s double bridge method for the
measurement of low resistance. Derive the relation for finding unknown resistance.
(NOV/DEC 2011)(MAY/JUNE 2014) (APR/MAY 2015) (APR/MAY 2010)
(ii) Explain how inductance is measured by using Maxwell’s bridge .Derive the
condition for balance. (NOV/DEC 2013) (MAY/JUNE 2014)
2 .i) Explain the working principle of Anderson’s bridge and also derive its balance
equations.
(ii) Explain the working principle of Schering Bridge and also derive its balance
equations.(APR/MAY 2011)
3. Discuss briefly how Hay’s Bridge can be used for the measurement of inductance.
(NOV/DEC 2011)
4.With a neat bridge network, derive the general equation for bridge balance with a neat
A.C bridge diagram. (APR/MAY 2015)
5. Explain the working principle of Wheatstone Bridge and also derive its balance
equations.(APR/MAY 2011) (NOV/DEC 2012)

6.(i) Describe about the multiple earth and earth loops. (NOV/DEC 2009) (MAY/JUNE
2014) (APR/MAY 2015)
(ii) Mention the importance of grounding. Explain the different techniques of
grounding. (NOV/DEC 2011) (NOV/DEC 2013) (APR/MAY 2010)
7.(i) Explain in detail about the laboratory type DC potentiometer.(NOV/DEC 2011)
(ii) Give the applications of AC potentiometers.
8.Explain how to determine frequency using Wein bridge with circuit diagram. Obtain
the expression.

9.How do you measure the phase angle using ratio transformer. (NOV/DEC 2011)

10.Explain in detail the electrostatic and electromagnetic interference. (NOV/DEC 2011)


(NOV/DEC 2013)(APR/MAY 2010)

11.Draw a neat sketch of a modern slide-wire D.C potentiometer and discuss how the
potentiometer is standardized. (NOV/DEC 2010)

12. Describe how co-ordinate type potentiometer can be used for calibration of a
voltmeter and A.C energy meters. (NOV/DEC 2010)

13. With a circuit diagram, explain the principle of operation of Duo-range DC


potentiometer. (MAY/JUNE 2014)

UNIT –IV - STORAGE AND DISPLAY DEVICES

1. What are X-Y recorders? (Nov/Dec 2012)

It is used to record one variable varying with other variable. It consists two separate
self balancing potentiometers and the resulting motion of the pen gives a plot on a graph
for variation of one variable with other.

2. What are digital display devices? (Apr/May 2011)

The devices which provides a visual display of numbers , letters ,symbols w.r.t an
electrical input are called digital display devices.

3. In what respect LCD display are advantages over LED displays?


The LCD displays are advantages than LED display when the power requirement is to
be kept very low and the character height is to be increased.

4. What is LED?(Nov/Dec 2010)

It is semiconducting p-n junction diode capable of emitting electromagnetic radiation


when it is in forward bias. The emission depends on semi conducting materials.

5. What is power requirements LCD?

The power requirements LCD to scatter or absorb light is of the order of few micro
watt/cm. it operates at low voltages of the order of 1 to 5 volt.

6. What are the different materials used in LED?

a)Gallium – Arsenide-Phosphide

b) Gallium- Phosphide

c) Gallium – Arsenides

7. Mention different types of display devices?

a)LED

b)LCD

c)dot matrix displpay.

8. What is the principle of operation of LCD? (Nov/Dec 2011)

LCDs do not emit pr generate light but alter externally illumination & when electrical
signal is applied modulated light.

9. State true or false CRO can regarded as fast as X-Y plotter ?

True- In CRO an electron emission beam can be deflected in two direction X & Y
.it is possible to produce a spot top produce two dimensional display.

10. Define photo-voltaic?

It is based on the photo-voltaic effect. when an open circuit p-n junction is illuminated
, large number of electron hole pair are generated in the region near the junction.
11. Define photo-conductive cells?

It is based on photo-conductive effect. when light falls on the material through glass
window, the covalent bond ionize due to energy in the radiation.
12. Mention the use of photo-voltaic cells?

It is used widely in the application in satellite & solar heaters. Also used in infrared
detectors& sensing lights.

13. What are the advantages of digital X-Y recorder?

1. Simultaneous storage of number of input signals is possible

2. The data can be plotted using multi-pen plotting system.

3. The recorder can record or draw grids, axis.

4. The hardware and software interface provides better capabilities.

14. What are the components of magnetic tape recorder?

1. Recording head

2. Magnetic tape

3. Reproducing head

4. Tape transport mechanism

5. Conditioning devices.

15. What are the methods used for magnetic tape recording? (Nov/Dec 2011)

1. Direct recording

2. Frequency modulation recording

3. Pulse duration modulation recording

16. What are the types of digital data recording? (Apr/May 2015)

i).incremental digital recorders

ii).synchronous digital recorders

17. What are the main parts of CRT? (Nov/Dec 2011)

i).electron gun

ii).deflection system

iii).fluorescent screen

iv).glass tube or envelope


v).base

18. What are the types of storage techniques used in CRT?

i).mesh storage

ii).phosphor storage

19. What are the advantages of digital storage oscilloscope? (Nov/Dec 2009)

1. It is easier to operate and has more capability.

2. The storage time is infinite.

3. The cursor measurement is possible.

4. The characters can be displayed on screen along with the waveform which can

Indicate waveform information such as minimum, maximum,frequency,amplitude Etc

5.the X-Yplots, B-Hcurve can be displayed.

20. What are applications of LED?

1. Seven segment display

2. Alpha numeric display

21.what are the advantages of using LEDs?

1. LEDs are small in size, and hence can be regarded as point source of light.

2. The brightness of light emitted by LED depends on the current flowing through

LED. Hence the brightness of light can be smoothly controlled by varying the

Current.

3.LEDs are fast operating devices.

22.What are the types of LCD according to the operation?

1. Dynamic scattering

2. Field effect

23. What are advantages of LCD?

1. Less power consumption


2. Low cost

3. Uniform brightness with good contrast

4. Low operating voltage and current

24. What are disadvantages of LCD?

1. Poor reliability

2. Limited temperature range

3. Poor visibility in low ambient temperature

4. Slow speed

5. Requires an ac drive

25. State the limitations of analog storage oscilloscope? (Nov/Dec 2009)

1. The waveform can be preserved for finite amount of time only

2. As long as image is required to be stored, the power must be supplied to the tube.

3. The storage cathode ray tube requires additional power supplies

4. The stored waveform cannot be reproduced on the external device like computer

5. The storage cathode ray tube is very much expensive.

26. Classify different recorders used in instrumentation. (Apr/May 2010)

1. Electronic recorders

2. Analog recorders

3. Digital recorders

27. Give the classification of printers? (Apr/May 2011)

1. Impact printers - line printer and dot matrix printer

2. Non-impact printers-laser printer and ink-jet printer

28. List the applications of X-Y recorder? (Apr/May 2015)

1. speed-torque characteristics of motors.

2. Rergulating curves of power supply


3. Plotting strin-stress characteristics, hysteresis curves,etc

4. Lift drag wind tunnel test.

5. Plotting electrical characteristics of various materials such as resistance versus

Temperature.

29. What is the principle of dot matrix display? (Nov/Dec 2012)

The operation of this display is based on the principle that under breakdown

Condition, a gas near cold cathode gas filled tube emits light. the cold cathode

Indicators are called nixie tubes. These are based on the principle of glow

Discharge in a cold cathode gas filled tubes.

30. What are the types of X-Y recorder? (Apr/May 2010)

1. Analog X-Yrecorders

2. Digital X-Yrecorders

16 mark questions

1.(i) Describe the basic components of a CRT. (NOV/DEC 2013) (NOV/DEC 2014)
(ii) Write short notes on liquid crystal displays. (NOV/DEC 2013)
2. (i) Give the basic block diagram of a digital data recording system
3. Explain with a neat sketch (NOV/DEC 2012) (APR/MAY 2012) (MAY/JUNE 2014)
a) Dot matrix displays
b) Bar graph displays
3.Explain the basic elements of a magnetic tape recorder. (NOV/DEC 2012) (NOV/DEC
2014)(APR/MAY 2012) (MAY/JUNE 2014)
4.With a neat block diagram, explain the working of digital storage oscilloscope.
5.Discuss briefly about the applications of LED. (APR/MAY 2012)
6.Draw and explain the block diagram of X-Y recorder. (MAY/JUNE 2014)

UNIT –V - TRANSDUCERS AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEMS

1. What is an active transducer?(Nov/Dec 2012)

An element which produces electrical signal in the form of voltage or current d.c. or
a.c. without using external power, when stimulated by any form of physical quantity is
called an active transducer.

2. What is an passive transducer?


A transducer producing variation in the electrical parameters when stimulated in any
form of physical quantity, requires an external excitation to, generate any electrical signal
is called passive transducer.

3. What is the function of transducers?(Apr/May 2011)

It is a devices which converters one form of energy into some other form. It is the
main components in an instruments system.

4. Define transducer? (Nov/Dec 2013)

A transducer is a devices which converters one form of physical quantity into some
another form of energy such as electrical, hydraulic pneumatic useful for measurements
technique.

5. what is digital transducer?

It is devices which produce an electrical output in form of pulse whish forms an


unique code generated for each discrete value sensed.

6. What do you mean by sensor & transducer?(Apr/May 2011)

It is define as devices which produce a measurable response to change in a physical


quantity. The transducer is devices which transform the output of a sensor to an electrical
o/p.

7. What do you mean by analog transducer?

It converters the i/p quantity into an analog o/p which is a continuous function of time.

8. What is a thermocouple? (Apr/May 2015)

It is a temperature transducer. It is based on the principle that when heat is applied to


the hot junction, a temperature difference exists b/w two junctions.

9. What is the application of thermistor?(May/June 2014)

The sensitivity of thermistor is large

High sensitivity & high relativity

Use for thermal conduction measurements.

10. What are thermistor?

Thermistor is a contraction of thermal- resistor. It is a semiconducting devices which


behaves as a thermal resistor having negative temp coefficient.

11. Which elements used in resistances thermometer?(Apr/May 2015)


Platinium,

copper,

nickel,&

tungsten.\

12. What are the limitation of the thermistor?

a)Non-linear resistances vs. temperature characteristic

b)not suitable over wide temperature.

13. Write the principle of operation of thermoelectric transducer?

It is based on the principle that the resistances of the material changes with change in
temperature, generating thermal emf.

14. Mention any two salient features of RTD?

a)High accuracy

b)wide temperature range.

15. State seeback effect?

When heat is applied to hot junction, a temperature difference exists b/w the two
junctions, causing generation emf. The generated emf is proportional to the difference in
the temperature.

16. What is POT?

It is poptentiometric resistive tranducer consisting a wore wound resistive component


alond with a sliding contact called wiper

17. Mention the use of capacitive transducer?

It is used for the measurements of pressure, level, and displacement. It can also
measure for linear & angular displacement.

18. Why are the capacitive transducer most useful for small system?

The force requirements of capacitive transducer are very small. Hence the power
required to operate them is also very small.

19. What are the uses of LVDT?

a) Its displacement ranging fromfewmm to cm is to be measure


b) use to measure force,weight,pressure.

20. What is normal linear range of LVDT?

LVDT are available with range as low as ±0.05inch to as high as ±25 inch.

21. Which materials are used in piezoelectric transducer?

The material used in this is quartz, Rochelle & tourmaline

22. Name the transducer used for sensing acceleration?

a)Potentiometric accelerometer,

b)LVDT accelerometer,

c)piezoelectric accelerometer,

d)strainguage accelerometer,

23. What is shaft encoder? (Nov/Dec 2010)

It’s a rotational displacement transducer which is used to measure the angular motion
of a body about axis of rotation. it works on the principle whose displacement is to
measure when rotates.

24. What is the advantage of digital shaft encoder?

a) It has only one disk

b) It rotate with body whose displacement is to be measure

25. What is optical encoder?

It is displacement transducer consisting of sector with pattern of alternator or


randomly placed opaque & transparent areas.

26. What is D/A conversion? (Nov/Dec 2011)

A digital to analog conversion accepts n bit input word in binary and produce an
analog signal proportional to it.

27. What are the performance parameters of DAC?

1. Resolution 2.monotonicity 3.conversion time 4.settling time 5.stability 6.accuracy

28. What is R-2Rladder? Apr/May 2015)

For D/A conversion the shunt resistors are used to generate n binary weighted
currents. These resistors look like a ladder hence called R-Rladder.
29. What are various errors in DAC?

1. Linerarity error 2.Offset error 3. Gain error

30. What is A/D conversion? (Nov/Dec 2010)

The quantizing process where an analog signal is converted in to equivalent binary


word.

31. State the performance parameters of ADC?

1. Resolution 2. Quantization error 3.conversion time

32. Which are the techniques used for A/D conversion? (Nov/Dec 2009)

1. Single slope2.Dual slope 3.successive approximation 4.flash 5, delta modulation

16 mark questions

1.(i) Explain the binary weighted resistor technique of D/A conversion. (MAY/JUNE
2014)
(ii) Define the following terms for D/A converters: (May/JUNE 2009)
a) Resolution b) Accuracy c) Monotonicity and d) conversion time
2.(i) Explain the construction and working of LVDT with a neat sketch
(i) Explain schematic block diagram of a general data acquisition system
and give its objectives(MAY/JUNE 2014) (APR/MAY 2015)
3.(i) Discuss R-2R ladder type D/A converter(APR/MAY 2015)
(ii) Explain the successive approximation type ADC. (MAY/JUNE 2014)
4. Explain the various types of ADC with suitable sketches.
5.Explain the principle of piezo electric transducers and name any two piezo electric
materials. (May/JUNE 2009) (APR/MAY 2015)
6.Explain in detail about smart sensors.(May/JUNE 2009)
7.Discuss in detail about(APR/MAY 2015)
(i)Optical encoder
(ii)Resistive encoder
(iii)Shaft encoder.
8. Explain different strain gauges with the principle of operation. (May/JUNE 2009)

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