NTEC 1

Lecture CFD-3
2014 31

CFD modelling of multiphase flows

Simon Lo
CD-adapco
Trident House, Basil Hill Road
Didcot, OX11 7HJ, UK
[email protected]

NTEC 2
Multiphase models and applications
2014 31
•  VOF
–  Free surface flows
•  LMP
–  Droplet flows
–  Liquid film
•  DEM
–  Particle flows
•  EMP
–  Particle flows
–  Bubbly flows
–  Population balance
–  Boiling heat and mass transfers
–  Interphase mass transfer

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NTEC 3
Volume of Fluid (VOF) model
2014 31

•  Solve equation for volume fraction (based on conservation of mass) to

identify location of gas and liquid.

∂α i
+ ∇.(α i u ) = m! i
∂t
•  Momentum equation for the gas-liquid mixture:
∂
(ρmui ) + ∂ (ρmu j ui − τ ij ) = − ∂p + ρm gi + M
∂t ∂x j ∂xi
•  Properties of mixture:
N Gas flow
ρ m = ∑ (α i ρ i )
i =1

N
µ m = ∑ (α i µi )
i =1
Liquid flow

NTEC 4
Slug flow in interconnected subchannels
2014 31
Calculation grid 204,512 cells
18.7 mm
20 mm

1.7 mm

Water Inlet 0.23 m/s

150 mm

Air Inlet 2.0 m/s Air Inlet 0.5 m/s

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NTEC 5
Slug flow in interconnected subchannels
2014 31

NTEC 6
Effects of surface tension
2014 31

S. Tension = 0.072 S. Tension = 0.06

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NTEC 7
Free surface flow in drink carton
2014 31

NTEC 8
Lagrangian model for particle flows
2014 31

•  Equation of motion for individual particle:

du dx
md d = F ud = d
dt dt
•  F = force acting on particle

Particle
Gas flow

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NTEC 9
Spray modelling
2014 31

•  Modified Han et al atomisation model

Charalambos (2002)!

NTEC 10
Droplet collision and coalescence
2014 31

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NTEC 11
Spray coating
2014 31

NTEC 12
Fluid film boiling
2014 31

Simulation of films and their evaporation on high temperature surfaces

•  Walls above saturation temperature of droplet fluid
•  Required multi-component film

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NTEC 13
DEM (Discrete Element Method)
2014 31

•  Linear momentum of particle:

d vi
mi = F Drag + F Contact + F Other
dt

•  Angular momentum:

dω i k
! !
Ii
dt
[
= ∑ τ ij + M ij ]
j =1
! ! !
M ij = − µ roll FContact ωi
!
•  M ij = rolling torque
•  µ roll = rolling friction coefficient.

NTEC 14
Pneumatic conveying of particles in pipe
2014 31

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NTEC 15
Spreading of particles by conveyor belts
2014 31

NTEC 16
Eulerian multiphase model
2014 31

•  Conservation of mass of phase k:

N
∂
(α k ρk ) + ∇.(α k ρk uk ) = ∑ (m! jk − m! kj )
∂t j =1

•  Conservation of momentum of phase k:

∂
(α k ρ k uk ) + ∇.(α k ρ k uk uk )
∂t
t
= −α k ∇p + α k ρ k g + ∇.α k (τ k + τ k ) + M k

Particle Gas flow

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NTEC 17
Forces on a particle
2014 31

•  Forces acting on a particles: L, T

–  Buoyancy, B.
–  Drag, D. uc
–  Lift, L.
D V
–  Virtual mass, V. ud
–  Turbulent dispersion, T.
–  Basset force.
g
–  And others. B

•  Buoyancy and drag are the dominant ones.

ud B
•  Basset force is complicated and almost always
ignored. Lift, virtual mass and other forces will
be considered later. g

NTEC 18
Slurry flow in horizontal pipe
2014 31
Uniform inlet Measurement plane
g 1m

V D

L=10m
Liquid velocity

Inlet Middle Outlet

Particle volume fraction

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NTEC 19
Slurry flow horizontal pipe
2014 31
Uniform inlet Measurement plane
g 1m

V D

L=10m
d=270 µm, vf=0.2, d=480 µm, vf=0.203,
d=90 µm, vf=0.19,
D=51.5mm V=5.4 m/s D=51.5mm V=3.41 m/s
D=103mm, V=3 m/s

d=165 µm, vf=0.189, d=165 µm, vf=0.0918

D=51.5mm, V=4.17 m/s D=51.5mm V=3.78 m/s

d=165 µm, vf=0.273,

D=495mm V=3.46 m/s

NTEC 20
Particle suspension in stirred vessel
2014 31

Liquid Velocities
0.5
0.4 Uz Experimental

0.3 Uz Star-CCM+
0.2 Ur Experimental
0.1 Ur Star-CCM+
U/Utip

0 Utheta
-0.1 Experimental
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
r/R
Measurement
Solids Velocities
0.5
0.4
Uz Experimental
0.3
Uz Star-CCM+
0.2
0.1 Ur Experimental
U/Utip

0 Ur Star-CCM+
-0.1 Utheta
Experimental
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
r/R

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NTEC 21
Gas dispersion in stirred vessel
2014 31

Gas superficial velocity:

U=0.0184 m/s U=0.0448 m/s U=0.0835 m/s U=0.1175 m/s U=0.201 m/s

NTEC 22
Comparison of gas holdup
2014 31

50
45
40
35
G as  holdup  [% ]

30
25 E xperimental
SSTAR-CCM+
tar-­‐C C M+
20
15
10
5
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
S uperfic ial   veloc ity   [m/s ]

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NTEC 23
Adaptive MUSIG Model
2014 31

An Eulerian population balance method for poly-disperse multiphase flows.

NTEC 24
Adaptive MUSIG Model
2014 31

Mass and number density are redistributed between neighbour groups

so that each group has the same mass but new diameters.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

• d

• d

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NTEC 25
Droplet breakup through an orifice
2014 31

Sauter Mean Diameter

Breakup Rate (log scale)

Turbulent-induced breakup

Shear-induced breakup

NTEC 26
Boiling heat and mass transfers
2014 31

•  Conservation of energy for phase k:

⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤
∂
(α k ρk hk ) + ∇.(α k ρk uk hk ) − ∇.⎢α k ⎜⎜ λk ∇Tk + µt ∇hk ⎟⎟⎥ = Qk
∂t ⎣ ⎝ σh ⎠⎦

•  Wall heat flux is modelled by three mechanisms:

q!Tʹ′ʹ′ = q!cʹ′ʹ′ + q! qʹ′ʹ′ + q!eʹ′ʹ′

Evaporation
Convective Quenching
heating

q!cʹ′ʹ′ q! qʹ′ʹ′ q!eʹ′ʹ′

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NTEC 27
Bartolomei (1982) – 147 bar experiments
2014 31
•  D = 0.012 m
•  L = 2 m
•  P = 147 bar Water + steam
•  Tsat = 613 K
•  Q = 0.42 - 2.21 MW/m2
•  G = 1878 - 2012 kg/m2s
•  ΔTsub = 16 - 145 K
g

L
Wall heat
flux

Sub-cooled water Void fraction Condensation rate

NTEC 28
Bart 22-26 : Comparison of axial void profiles
2014 31

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NTEC 29
Multi-component multiphase model
2014 31

•  General species transport equation for phase k is:

⎡ ⎛ ⎞ ⎤
∂
(α k ρkYk ) + ∇.(α k ρk ukYk ) − ∇.⎢α k ⎜⎜ Dk + µt ⎟⎟∇Yk ⎥ = Sk
∂t ⎣ ⎝ σY ⎠ ⎦

Y =mass fraction of species or other scalar quantity,

D =diffusion coefficient,
σ =Schmidt number,
S =sources.

NTEC 30
Oxygen transfer in aeration tank
2014 31

Volume fraction of air Oxygen in air

Water

Air injector

Oxygen in water Oxygen level at water surface and exit

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NTEC 31
Summary
2014 31
•  VOF
–  Free surface flows
•  LMP
–  Droplet flows
•  DEM
–  Particle flows
•  EMP
–  Particle flows
–  Bubbly flows
–  Population balance
–  Boiling heat and mass transfers
–  Interphase mass transfer

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