Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of

Agricultural Development.

CHAPTER IX

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural

Performance and Level of Agricultural Development.
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

CHAPTER IX

Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance

and Level of Agricultural Development.

9.1 Levels of Agricultural Technology

9.1.1 Introduction

9.1.2 Methodology

9.1.3 Spatial Variations in the level of Agricultural Technology

9.2 Level of Agricultural Performance

9.2.1 Introduction

9.2.2 Methodology

9.2.3 Regional Pattern of the levels of Agricultural Performance.

9.3 Relationship between level of Agricultural Technology and Level of

Agricultural performance.

9.4 Levels of Agricultural Development

9.4.1 Introduction

9.4.2 Methodology

9.4.3 Spatial pattern in the level of Agricultural Development.

 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

9.5 Summary

References.

CHAPTER IX

Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural

Performance and Level of Agricultural Development.

9.1 Levels of Agricultural Technology –

9.1.1 Introduction –

Irrigation and modern inputs, such as farm implements, high yielding varieties
and chemical fertilizer have played as the key factors affecting the agriculture. In
irrigated areas farming is generally carried out scientifically and with commercial
attitude. Farmers in such areas prefer the modern technology to maximize agricultural
production. In India technological variables have made a significant impact on both
agricultural pattern and agricultural productivity. After, independence, the introduction of
economic planning has brought about structural changes in rural economy and transition
from traditional farming to modern farming in rural India, since early seventies with the
application of new farm technology (Green Revolution) agricultural productivity has
shown marked improvements.

Regional inequalities in the level of agricultural technology are responsible for

regional imbalances in the levels of agricultural performance. Therefore attempts has
been made here ot measuring and mapping the regional inequalities to identify backward
and advanced areas in terms of agricultural technology which are responsible for
agriculturally prosperous and backward areas in IndapurTahasil.
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

9.1.2 Methodology –

For the computation of the levels of technology the equation evolved by Dutt and
sen Gupta (1969) which further modified by Jasbir Singh (1994) is employed here and
composite index values have been derived. The equation is an under –

Ie Te Toie Poie Fe Pe
Ite = + + + + +
Ir Tr Toir Poir Fr Pr

Where,

Ite = implies the composite index of the level of agricultural technology.

I= means percentage of irrigated area to total cropped area.

T= abbreviates tractors per 1000 hectares of cultivated area.

Toi = means tractor operated implements per 1000 hectares cultivated area.

Poi = power operated implements 1000 hectares cultivated area.

F= stands for fertilizer consumption per 1000 hectares cultivated area.

P= means pesticide consumption per 1000 hectares cultivated area.

e and r subscripts symbolize respectively the Revenue circles and the entire region
(Tahasil)

The above procedure is adopted to compute the index value of each Revenue
circle. The summed up index value of all parameters then multiplied by 100 to derive the
Degree of agricultural technology.

∑LQS
Degree of agricultural technology = × 100
N

Here, N specifies the number of parameters of agricultural technology.

 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

9.1.3 Spatial variations in the levels of Agricultural Technology:

After the calculation of index values classified with the help of standard deviation
method can conveniently be described into three different zones.

1) High level of Agricultural technology Region-

It includes Sansar Revenue circle which have recorded high (above 140 index
value) level of Agricultural technology. This region has been characterized by assured
irrigation facilities i.e. canal and irrigation etc. substantial development of agro-industries
like sugar industries are also plying vital role for promoting the use of new agricultural
Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

Fig.9.1

technology, high literacy rate of this region are responsible for the forward looking
attitude of farmers. Substantial income from sugarcane farming and positive role of co-
operative has regarding financial assistance to farmers. All these have led to high level of
agricultural technology. (Fig.9.1)

2) Moderate level of Agricultural Technology Region –

It includes Indapur, LoniDeokar, Bhigwan, Bawda and Anthurne Revenue circles

which have recorded moderate (70-140 index value) level of agricultural technology.
These regions are endowed with the substantial developments in irrigation facilities i.e.
lift and well irrigation besides in this part the co-operative sector is playing vital role for
promoting and introducing the new technology. Farmers are well aware about the new
farm technology. Some parts of all these Revenue circles have physiographical adverse
conditions for cultivation of land under different crops. Consequently, the existing
situation shows moderate level of agricultural technology.

3) Low level of Agricultural Technology Region –

The Revenue circles of NimgaonKetki and Kati have recorded the low level of
Agricultural Technology (below 70 index value). This is mainly due to the lack of
irrigation facilities, adverse physiographic condition less amount of rainfall; poor fertile
soil etc. farmers in such area are unable to allocate more land under cash crops which can
fetch them high income. Above all factors are responsible for discouraged to farmers to
use application of agricultural technology.

9.2 Level of Agricultural Performance

9.2.1 Introduction
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

Today, the foremost challenges facing the world in general and underdeveloped
and developing countries in particular are the appalling increasing in population and a
corresponding upsurge in food demands. Food shortage is primarily due to insufficient
production of food grains despite best efforts to enhance the same. The causes are not tar
to seek. They are unfavorable physiographic and weather conditions, socio economic
constraints and or index methods of farming which together stand in the way of
successful application of new farm technology which together enhance farm production.

Agricultural productivity is a measure of overall performance of an region, which

is quite useful in planning the developmental programmers in rural areas. Agriculture has
always occupied an important place in Indian economy. The proportion of cultivable land
per man has been decreased considerably during the recent past. The increase in crop
production is must in India since the areal spread of crop land has almost reached its
saturation limit (vidyanath, 1985). It needs, therefore to improve the agricultural
productivity. Agricultural productivity is a function of various factors like physical,
socio-economic technical and organizational. The level of agricultural productivity as a
concept means the degree to which the economic, cultural, technical and organizational
variables are also to exploit the biotic resources of the area for agricultural production
(Singh, J. 1984).

The differential in productivity per unit area is determined partly by soil types and
climate and partly by the farming techniques. The agricultural productivity is also defined
as the level of existing performance of a unit of land which differentiates from one area to
another (Mohammad Ali, 1979). Agricultural productivity is a dynamic in its
spatiotemporal perspectives. The development of irrigation facilities mechanization, use
of fertilizers and high yielding varieties of seeds, adoption of other components of new
technology leads to variation in agricultural efficiency per unit of time and space
(Ajagekar B.A., 1988). Being an interdisciplinary study, many scholars from different
fields like economic, agriculture geography etc. have evolved different methods to
measure the agricultural productivity and also several techniques adopted for computing
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

efficiency in level of agricultural productivity. Determining output in relation to input or

output, Input ration and profitability of farming measured in terms of the return for the
sum total of human efforts or paid-out cost in relation to the output (Khusro, 1964). The
ranking co-efficient of principal crops for a unit of area was used in analyzing and
estimating the agricultural efficiency, by kendall(1939). This method was further applied
by stamp (1952) for measuring the agricultural efficiency in India. Buck used
Shafi(1960), grain equivalents per head of population for the first time in India (1967). In
India did similar work on U.P.(1979) has taken into account the yield of crops and their
areal spread, M.Hussain (1976) and Shinde and Jadhav (1978) calculated the agricultural
productivity of sutlaj-Ganga plains and Maharashtra plateau in terms of money value of
crop production in proportion to the whole region respectively. Ramanaiah and Reddy
(1984) have also suggested the new methods of measuring agricultural productivity.

9.2.2 Methodology –

In the present research work, on attempt has been made to compute the
agricultural performance for selected crops. The main objective is to examine the spatial
pattern of agricultural performance by which ‘weaker areas’ can be identified which
would be useful in designing proper strategy in agricultural planning. The regionalization
in attempted to identify the regional variations in levels of performance has also been
attempted by overlapping the map of the levels of technology on the map showing the
levels of agricultural performance at Revenue circle level. This kind relationship gives
idea of the factors responsible for the emergence of certain level of performance. Finally
considering other socio-economic aspects, the level of agricultural development has been
examined which could be useful for planning too. The village wise data were collected
and those converted into Revenue circle wise and processed to calculate indices by
employing statistical procedure which is discussed in succeeding pages. Jasbir Singh
(1990) method of ‘Weighted composite level of Agricultural performance has been
employed for to assess the agricultural performance. The technique takes into
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

consideration both the cropland occupancy and productivity of crop for ascertaining the
level of agricultural performance. The indices of inter regional inequalities in agricultural
performance are calculated for each Revenue circle based on following formula –

! #$% '(% #(% ')% #)%

VW= × + × + × ± N = ∑ LQS/N
" #$& '(& (& ')& #)&

Where,

VW – denotes weighted composite index of regional inequality in agricultural

performance.

P- implies cropland occupancy of crop ‘a’ in kilograms per hectare.

a, b and c subscripts denote crops considered, e and r subscripts denote Revenue

circle and Tahasil respectively.

N- is number of crops holding more than 5 per cent of the total cropped area.

LQS – means location quotients in the present study the crops like Jowar, Wheat, Maize,
Bajra, Sugarcane etc. are selected as they have occupied cultivated area
significantly.

The summed up location quotients (LQS) were divided by the number of crops
considered in the Revenue circle and multiplied by 100 to obtain the weighted composite
index for the level of agricultural performance. Thus,

∑,-.
Weighted composite level of agricultural performance = × 100
/
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

9.2.3 Regional pattern of the levels of Agricultural Performance -

The composite index values in percentage giving the level of agricultural

performance for each Revenue circle are depicted in fig.9.2. The entire region can
conveniently be divided into three sub region.

1] High level of Performance Region (above 120 percent index value)

It includes Indapur, Sansar and Anthurne Revenue circle. This zone has been
characterized by assured supply of water mainly form lift and canal irrigation, dominance
Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

Fig.9.2

of sugarcane and grapevine cultivation. The farmers in this zone, is generally carried out
scientifically and with commercial attitude. As a result of this zone possesses high level
of agricultural performance. In this zone grapevine cultivation is dominant and grape
growers have adopted modern technology. This has led to high level of performance of
agriculture.

2] Moderate level of Performance Region (between 60 to 120 per cent index

value) –

Moderate Performance is observed in Bhigwan, NimgaonKetki, Kati, Bawda

Revenue circles endowed with the relative development in irrigation mainly from canal,
well and some part of lift irrigation in Bawda Revenue circle. Besides in this part of the
Tahasil the agro-based industries like sugar industries are also playing vital role for
promoting and introducing the agricultural technology. Mention may be made of recent
expansion of pomegranate cultivation in NimgaonKetki which Revenue circle requires
modern technology at substantial level. This has also contributed to the performance of
agriculture. The farmers are well aware about the new farm technology, so result is the
moderate level of performance.

3] Low level of Performance Region (below 60 Percent index value) –

Low level of performance region is observed in LoniDeokar Revenue circle.

Southern parts of this Revenue circle having poor reliability of rainfall, seasonal nature of
well irrigation, inadequate water supply , undulating topography and moderate level of
agricultural technology have led low productivity of land. Beside this, Northern part of
this Revenue circle located along the back water of Ujani dam have been characterized by
excess use of water and high consumptions of fertilizer irrespective to requirement have
led to the low level of agricultural performance. Thus, valuable irrigated land is degraded
possessing low performance of agriculture.
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

9.3 Relationship between Levels of Agricultural Technology and

Levels of Agricultural Performance:

On the basis of composite index value in percentage the relationship between

performance and technology of the region can be established, which is the reflection of
the impact of agricultural technology on agricultural performance. This is an attempt
show to how level of agricultural technology determines the level of agricultural
performance because any fluctuation in it may led to change in agricultural performance.
The region can be divided conveniently into nine categories.

Table 9.1

Relationship Between, levels of Agricultural Technology and levels of Agricultural

Performance in IndapurTahasil.

Sr. No. Levels of Agricultural Level of Agricultural Revenue circles

Technology Performance
1 High High Sansar
2 High Moderate --
3 High Low --
4 Moderate High Indapur, Anthurne
5 Moderate Moderate Bhigwan, Bawda
6 Moderate Low LoniDeokar
7 Low High --
8 Low Moderate NimgaonKetki
9 Low Low Kati

i) High level of Agricultural Technology and high level of Agricultural

performance Region –
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

It include Sansar Revenue circle which have index values for level of technology and
level of performance are above 140 and above 120 respectively. This is due to high
literacy rate, forward looking attitude of educated farmers, dominance of sugarcane
cultivation and role of sugar factories leading to high level of Agricultural Technology
and high level of Agricultural performance.

ii) Moderate level of Agricultural Technology and High Level of

Agricultural performance Region -

It includes Indapur and Anthurne Revenue circles, the index value of level
of Agricultural Technology and Agricultural performance are between 70 to 140
percent and between 60 to 120 percent respectively. This Revenue circle is
endowed with irrigation facilities from lift and wells. Besides this, substantial and
positive role of co-operative sugar factories, co-operative banks regarding
financial assistance to farmers and dominance of sugarcane, pomegranate and
grapevine cultivation leading to moderate level of Agricultural Technology and
high level of Agricultural performance.

iii) Moderate level of Agricultural Technology and Moderate Level of

Agricultural performance Region -

It’s includes Bhigwan and BawdaRevenue circles. The zone also possesses
moderate level of agricultural performance which is resulted from role played by
agro based industries by promoting and introducing the new technology. Different
technologies at subsidies rates have been provided to farmers by sugar factories.
Viz. Drip sets, Tractors, fertilizers, Hyv of seeds so farmers are well aware about
the use of new farm technology leading to moderate level of technology and
performance.

iv) Moderate level of Agricultural Technology and Low Level of Agricultural

performance Region -
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

It includes Lonideokar Revenue circle where the level of Agricultural

Technology is moderate and low level of Agricultural performance. The southern
side of this Revenue circle located in rain shadow area having variability and poor
reliability of rainfall, inadequate water supply and, Beside this in north part of
Revenue circle excess use of water by back water of Ujani dam heavy doses of
fertilizer in deep black soil, ignorance of the farmers regarding standard
requirement of crop for water and fertilizer, As a result agricultural performance
is low.

v) Low level of Agricultural Technology and Moderate Level of Agricultural

performance Region -

It includes NimgaonKetkiRevenue circle which have index values for

level of Technology is below 70 percent and below 60 percent for the level of
performance. This region is depending on inadequate irrigation facilities from
wells and tub wells. Beside this, recently, government gives subsidies for
pomegranate cultivation and positive role of co-operative regarding financial
assistance to farmers have led to moderate level of agricultural performance.

vi) Low level of Agricultural Technology and Low Level of Agricultural

performance Region -

It includes Kati Revenue circle, due to the rain shadow area, seasonal
nature of well irrigation; inadequate water supply, poor financial condition of
subsistence farmers and too much dependence of agriculture on rainfall have
discouraged large scale application of agricultural technology as a result low level
of Agricultural performance.

9.4 LEVELS OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

9.4.1Introduction:
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

Agricultural change cannot be understood separately from general process of

development. However, agro-technical determinants like irrigation, fertilizers, high
yielding varieties of seeds, agricultural mechanization and others together from a
developed kind of agricultural landscape and provide a frame of parameters to measure
the level of agricultural development of a region. (Rajapati Ram, 1989). There are
different technologies used with varied intensities leading to variations in agricultural
efficiency per unit of time and space. It is of a crucial importance in order to delineate
agriculturally development implies maximum economic utilization of land and this means
land has to be provided with adequate water and fertilizer which in conjunction with
multi cropping land to increased yield and income from the land (Shinde, S.D., 1980).
Therefore, the need arises for measuring and mapping the regional inequalities and
further to identify backward and advanced areas in terms of agricultural developments.
In the succeeding analysis an attempt has been made to bring out the level of
agricultural development in IndapurTahasil at Revenue circle level.

9.4.2 Methodology –
The development of a region can be assessed in many ways. One of the
approaches is to assess the annual rate of growth of national income in relation to growth
rates of other economies. The development of various input output technical coefficients
is another approach which followed by the dealing with the growth pattern of certain
physical indicators. This is considered sensitive enough to reflect the growth and
development of economy of these various approaches, for a developing economy where
agriculture is dominant the selected indicators approach appears to be of special
relevance. This approach has been used by Dutta and Sen Gupta (1969) for assessing the
agricultural development of west Bengal. Sharma P.S. (1973) has also used this method
for agricultural regionalization of India. Further this approach has been also used by
Jasbir Singh (1994) for assessing the level of agricultural Modernization.
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

In order to find out the levels of development in the study region selected indices
were measured for each Revenue circle. The following variables are considered for
determining the levels of development.

1) Percentage of net irrigated area to net sown area.

2) Percentage of cultivated area to total geographical area.
3) Number of tractors available per 1000 hectares of cultivated area.
4) Number of electrical pumps available per 1000 hectares of cultivated area.
5) Number of oil Pumps available per 1000 hectors of cultivated area.
6) Fertilizer consumption per 1000 hectares of cultivated area.
7) Pesticides consumption per 1000 hectares of cultivated area.
8) Tractor operated implements per 1000 hectares of cultivated area.
9) Power operated implements per 1000 hectares of cultivated area.
10) Percentage of literate population.

The method adopted to determine the levels of development involves two stages. First,
the determination of level of each Revenue circle in terms of discrete variable and second
the integration of values obtained to give a complete index of development taking all
indices into account. The coefficient of development of each Revenue circle in terms of
single variables is expressed as follows:
PV × 100
CDVI =
MPV

Where,

CDVI = The co-efficient of development of variable ‘I’

PV = Value of Variable ‘I’
MPV = Means value of variable ‘I’ in the whole region.
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

In order to develop a composite index which reflects the composite effects of

indicators enumerated above the following equation is applied.

CDVi1 + CDVi2 + CDVi3 + CDV in

CD =
N
Where

CD = Composite index of development

N = Number of variables.

The composite index values of each Revenue circle were further arranged in
descending order and classes were considered as high, moderate and low level of
development.
Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

Fig.9.3
9.4.3 Spatial pattern in the level of Agricultural Development
The composite index values classified with the help of standard deviation method,
there are three different regions described as under-

1) Region Of High Level Of Agricultural Development – (Above 130)

It includes Sansar Revenue circle located in western parts of the region. This zone
has been characterized by assured irrigation facilities, conversant nature of farmers,
substantial income from grapevine and sugarcane farming, Positive role of co-operative
society’s banks, sugar industries and awareness among the farmers to adopt new
technology have all made greater favorable impact on the levels of agricultural
development.

2) Region Of Moderate Level Of Agricultural Development- (Between 65 To

130)
It includes Indapur, Loni-deokar, Bawda, Anthurne and Kati Revenue circles.
These Revenue circles are endowed with the substantial developments in irrigation. The
agro-based industries have played vital role for promoting and introducing the new
technology. The farmers are aware about the new farm technology.

3) Region Of Low Level Of Agricultural Development - (Below 65)

In includes two Revenue circles namely Bhigwan and Nimgaon-Ketki. The Seasonal
nature of well irrigation, coarse soils, unfavorable topography inadequate water supply
has led to moderate productivity of land. The poor financial conditions of subsistence
farmers and too much dependence of agriculture on uncertain rainfall have discouraged
large scale application of technological inputs. All these have led to low level of
development.
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

9.5 Summary –

The overhead discussion reveals that the region marks regional variations in level
of Agriculture performance and Level of agriculture development. The study also point
out that these aspects are closely related to each other.
Agricultural technology plays a vital role to increasing the crop yield, there are
marked regional variations in the adoption of agricultural technology. The discussion of
the level of agricultural technology reveal that its high and moderate proportion is
confined to the areas having high & moderate intensity of irrigation, substantial income
from sugarcane and grapevine farming with forward looking attitude of farmers where
less of important role of co-operative societies, sugar factories etc. Beside this, Low
technology are confined where the less intensity of irrigation. Poor economic conditions
of farmers, less rainfall, rigid topography etc. observed.
The discussion of the levels of agricultural performance reveals that the high level
of Agricultural Performance i.e. above 120 percent are confined in Indapur, Sansar and
Anthurne Revenue circles; having assured supply of water, dominance of sugarcane,
grapevine and pomegranate cultivation. The Moderate Performance i.e. 60 to 120
percentages is observed in Bhigwan, NimgaonKetki, Kati and Bawda Revenue circles
due to endowed with the relative development in irrigation, role of agro based industries,
expansion of pomegranate cultivation, awareness about the new farm technology has
leads to the observed moderate technology of this region. low level of performance is
observed in Lonideokar Revenue circle, due to poor reliability of rainfall, seasonal nature
of wells, inadequate water supply, undulating topography moderate agricultural
technology have led low productivity of land.
The study also indicates the level of agricultural technology and level of
agricultural performances related to each other. The relations between to such aspects
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

reveal that, there are nine zones observed in the region. The Revenue circle a namely
Sansar has shown high level of agricultural technology and high level of agricultural
performances due to the more proportion of sugarcane and role of sugar factory. The
farmers in this Revenue circle have tried to enhance the agricultural production with the
use of modern technology. The moderate technology and performance observed in
Bhigwan and Bawda Revenue circles due to sugar factories provides different
technologies at subsidized rates viz. Drip sets, tractors, fertilizers Hyv of seeds etc. So
farmers are well aware about the use of new farm technology leading moderate level of
technology and performance. Low level of technology and performance observed in Kati
Revenue circle due to the less amount of rainfall seasonal nature of well irrigation,
inadequate water sources and poor financial condition of subsistence farmer’s as a result
low level of agricultural technology and performance.
The study of the levels of agricultural development reveals that the high and
moderate level of agricultural development is confined to the areas having assured supply
of water. The dominance of grapevine, Pomegranate and sugarcane farming, social
awareness among the farmers, Co-operative movement, role of sugar industries have
played significant role for the development of agricultural level, which is observed in the
Revenue circles of Sansar, Indapur, Anthurne, Bawda, LoniDeokar and Kati. The
remaining Revenue circles have low development of agriculture due to frequent drought
conditions, meager water supply, dependence on rainfall etc.
The spatial analysis of agricultural technology reveals the fact that there is an
extensive tract of ‘Weaker Zone’ of unfavorable environmental conditions in the central
part of the region. This region has been deprived of the advantages of agricultural
technology. The attention has to be paid to overcome the problems by adopting favorable
measures in planning during the years to come especially through the development of
irrigation facilities.
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

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West Bengal. The Journal of Tropical Geography, Vol. 128, Pp- 18-21.

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Ph.D Thesis Submitted to Shivaji University, Kolhapur. Pp- 310-330.
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Agricultural Development.

Rajapati Ram (1989): Agricultural Development and Palnning in India, Driterion

Publication, New Delhi, Pp- 2-3.

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Singh Jasbir and Dhillon S.S. (1984, 1994) : Agricultural Geography ,Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing, Delhi.
 Chapter IX - Levels of Agricultural Technology, Levels of Agricultural Performance and Level of
Agricultural Development.

Stamp L.D. (1952): The Measurement of Agricultural Efficiency with Special Refearence
to India. Silver Jubilee Souvenir, Indian Geographical Society, Pp.177-178

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Geographical Journal of India. Vol. 31,No.3, Pp-205-207.

Venkateswaray A (1998): Developing Agricultural Technology, Rawat Publication,

jaipur.