Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Lecture - 09

Design of RC Retaining
Walls
By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
[email protected]

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 1

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Topics

 Retaining Walls

 Terms Related to Retaining Walls

 Types of Retaining Walls

 Soil Parameters

 Earth Pressure for Normal Conditions of Loadings

 Retaining Wall Failure

 Drainage and Other Details

 Design of Cantilever Retaining Wall: Example

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 2

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Retaining Walls
 Retaining walls are used to hold back masses of
earth or other loose material.

 Used in the construction of railways, highways,

bridges, canals, basement walls in buildings, walls of
underground reservoirs, swimming pools etc.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 3

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Retaining Walls

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Terms Related to Retaining Walls

Reinforcement
Deflected
Applied shape
placement
loading on
wall

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 5

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Retaining Walls

 Gravity Wall (a),

 Cantilever Wall (b),

 Counterfort Wall (c).

Retains the earth

Weight
entirelyofbyearth on top
its own
of heelsand
weight contributes
contains to
stability
no reinforcement

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Soil Parameters
Table: Unit weight (γ), effective angles of internal friction (φ), and
the coefficient of friction with concrete (f)
Unit Weight
Should be used Soil (γs), pcf φ (degree) f
as backfill for 1. Sand or gravel without fine
110 to 120 33 to 40 0.5 to 0.6
retaining walls particles, highly permeable
wherever 2. Sand or gravel with silt mixture,
120 to 130 25 to 35 0.4 to 0.5
possible low permeability
3. Silty sand, sand and gravel with
The value of Φ 110 to 120 25 to 30 0.3 to 0.4
high clay content
may be un- 4. Medium or stiff clay 100 to 120 25 to 35 0.2 to 0.4
conservative
under saturated 5. Soft clay, silt 90 to 110 20 to 35 0.2 to 0.3
conditions

the φ values do not account coefficient of friction “f”

for probable additional between concrete and
pressures due to pore water, various soils
seepage, frost, etc
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 7

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Earth Pressure for normal conditions

of loading
 Conditions of Loading:
1. Horizontal surface of fill at the top of the wall (figure a),

2. Inclined surface of fill sloping up and back from top of the wall (figure b),

3. Horizontal surface of fill carrying a uniformly distributed additional load

(surcharge), such as from goods in a storage yard or traffic on a road
(figure c).
h′ = s / γs

The increase in pressure

caused by uniform surcharge
s (figure c) is computed by
converting its load into an
equivalent imaginary height
of earth (h') above the top of
the wall such that,
h′ = s / γs

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Retaining Wall Failure

 A wall may fail in three different ways:

1. The individual structural parts (stem, toe, heel) of the wall
may not be strong enough to resist the acting forces.

2. The wall as a whole may be bodily displaced by the earth

pressure, without breaking up internally.
1. Overturning

2. Sliding

3. The soil beneath the wall may fail.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 9

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Retaining Wall Failure

 Failure of Individual Parts (stem, toe and heel) of

Retaining Wall
 The stem, heel or toe of the retaining wall may fail in bending
and shear such as when a vertical cantilever wall is cracked
by the earth pressure acting on it.

 The design of these components require the determination

of the necessary dimensions, thicknesses, and
reinforcement to resist the moments and shears.

 The usual load factors and strength reduction factors of the

ACI Code may be applied.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Retaining Wall Failure

 Failure of Individual Parts of Retaining Wall

 ACI load factors relating to structural design of retaining
walls are summarized below (ACI 9.2):
 U = 1.2D + 1.6L + 1.6H

 U = 0.9D + 1.6H

 U = 1.2D + 1.6L
Table: ACI Load Factors
Location Load Factor
Pressure of Soil 1.6
Weight of Toe Slab 0.9
Weight of Heel Slab 1.2
Weight of Surcharge 1.6

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 11

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Retaining Wall Failure

 Failure of Individual Parts of Retaining Wall

 Reinforcement requirements in stem, toe and heel of a RC retaining
wall
0.0015Ag
(ACI 14.3.2) Maximum spacing for both
horizontal and vertical
reinforcement: 3h or18″
0.0025Ag
(ACI 14.3.3)
As,main ≥ (3 √ (fc′)/fybd ≥ 200bd/fy)

Supporting bars
(#4 @ 18″)
approximately

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Retaining Wall Failure

 Failure Due to Bodily Displacement of Retaining Wall

 To safeguard the wall against bodily displacements, i.e., to
ensure its external stability, the overall factors of safety is
evaluated by comparing resisting forces to maximum loads
acting under service conditions.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 13

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Retaining Wall Failure

 Failure Due to Bodily

Displacement of Retaining Wall
 Factor of safety against overturning
about toe:
(FOS)OT = Stabilizing moment / overturning
moment

= ∑W a / P y ≥1.5

Where a is the distance of the resultant ∑W = Rv

from the toe

 Factor of safety against sliding:

(FOS)S = μRv / P ≥1.5 ; where Rv = ∑W

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Retaining Wall Failure

 Failure Due to Bodily Displacement of Retaining Wall

 Determination of “a”: “a” can be determined by taking moment of
applied loads about toe (point O).

Taking moment of all forces about toe edge:

Rva − Py = W1x1 + W2x2 + W3x3 + W4x4
x4
Where, Rv = W1 + W2 + W3 + W4
W3 W4
Therefore, x3 Rv P
{W1x1 + W2x2 + W3x3 + W4x4 – Py}
a=
Rv
a
∑Wx – Py x2 W1 y
a= W2
Rv O
x1
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 15

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Retaining Wall Failure

 Failure of Soil Beneath the Wall

 If the pressure of the wall on the soil beneath exceeds the
maximum allowable limits, the soil beneath the wall may fail.

 Computed soil bearing pressures, for service load

conditions, are compared with allowable values set suitably
lower than ultimate bearing values.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Retaining Wall Failure

 Failure of Soil Beneath the Wall

 Soil pressure distribution for various locations of resultant
“R” of Rv and P.

R = P + Rv R = P + Rv R = P + Rv
R = Rv

R R R

R at mid R within R at edge of R outside

location middle third middle third middle third

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 17

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Retaining Wall Failure

 Failure of Soil Beneath the Wall

 Bearing Pressure Calculation
 When Resultant of vertical and horizontal loads lie in middle third of
base slab (a > l/3)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Retaining Wall Failure

 Failure of Soil Beneath the Wall

 Bearing Pressure Calculation
 When Resultant of vertical and horizontal loads lie just at the edge of
middle third of base slab (a = l/3)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 19

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Retaining Wall Failure

 Failure of Soil Beneath the Wall

 Bearing Pressure Calculation
 When Resultant of vertical and horizontal loads lie outside the middle
third of base slab (a < l/3)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Retaining Wall Failure

 Failure of Soil Beneath the Wall

 It is good practice, in general, to have the resultant located
within the middle third.

 If, as is mostly the case, the resultant strikes within the

middle third, adequate safety against overturning exists and
no special check need be made.

 If the resultant is located outside the middle third, a factor of

safety of at least 1.5 should be maintained against
overturning.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 21

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Drainage and Other Details

 Failures or damage to retaining walls, in most

cases, occur due to one of two causes:
1. Overloading of the soil under the wall with consequent forward tipping, and

2. Insufficient drainage of the backfill.

 Allowable bearing pressures should be selected with great

care.

 Soil immediately underlying the footing and the deeper layers

should necessarily be investigated.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Drainage and Other Details

 Drainage can be
provided in various
ways:
Continuous back drain:
Most efficient but
expensive if material
not available locally

Longitudinal
Drains: To prevent
outflow to seep
into the soil
underneath the
wall

Weep Holes:
usually spaced
horizontally at 5 to
10 ft.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 23

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Design the cantilever retaining wall for the following data:
400 lb/ft2 (Live load surcharge)

Unit weight of soil, γs = 120 pcf

Angle of internal friction, Φ = 30o
11′-6″ (with adequate drainage to be
provided)
Base friction coefficient, f = 0.5
Kah = 0.333, Kph = 3.0

3′-6″ γc = 150 pcf;

fc′ = 4500 psi; fy = 60000 psi
Allowable bearing pressure
(qa) = 8000 psf

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:

 Step No 01: Sizes

 Trial dimensions for cantilever retaining wall can be calculated as
shown in figure below using thumb rules (reference: topic 24.7, pg 705, Treasures of
R.C.C Design by Sushil Kumar).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 25

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:

 Step No 01: Sizes

 Let,

 B = 0.65h = 0.65  15 = 9.75′

 D = h/10 = 15/10 = 1.5′

 Top width of arm of retaining wall = 8″

 Width of arm at bottom = h/12 = 15/12 = 1.25′ = 15″

 Length of toe = B/3 = 9.75/3 = 3.25′

 Equivalent depth of surcharge (h′) = s / γs = 0.4 / 0.120 = 3.33′

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 26

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:

 Step No 01: Sizes (Stability checks)

 Active earth pressure at base (see figure) of retaining wall for the case
of horizontal backfill surface with surcharge is given as:

(Pa) = (1/2){Kahγsh(h + 2 h′)}

 Here h = total height of retaining wall = 15′

Pa = (1/2)(0.333  0.120  15)(15 + 2  3.33)

= 6.43 kips

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 27

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:

 Step No 01: Sizes (Stability checks)

 And location of resultant from base of retaining wall is:

y = (h2 +3hh′)/3(h+2h′)

= (152 + 3  15  3.33)/3 x (15 + 2  3.33) = 5.77′

 Therefore, Overturning moment (OTM) = Pay = 6.43 x 5.77 = 37.10 ft-k

 Now calculate the weights of areas and take their moment about toe
edge (shown next).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 28

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:

 Step No 01: Sizes (Stability checks)

Table: Weights and moments about front edge (toe) of

retaining wall.
x (from
S.No γ Area (A) W = γA Wx
toe)
1 0.15 (8/12) × 13.5 = 9 1.35 3.58 4.83

2 0.15 (1/2)(7/12)(13.5) = 3.94 0.591 4.11 2.43

3 0.15 9.75 × 1.5 = 14.625 2.2 4.875 10.73

4 0.12 3.25 × 2 = 6.5 0.78 1.625 1.27 13.5′

5 0.12 (1/2)(7/12)(13.5) = 3.94 0.4728 4.31 2.04

6 0.12 5.25 × 16.83 = 88.35 10.602 7.125 75.54

∑W=Rv ∑(Wx)=
=16.00 k 96.84 k

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 29

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:

 Step No 01: Sizes (Stability checks)

 F.O.S against OT = ∑(Wx) / OTM

= 96.84 / 37.10 = 2.61 > 1.5 O.K.

 Factor of Safety against sliding = μRv / Pa

Total horizontal force sliding the wall (Pa) = 6.43 kips

μ = tanφ ≈ 0.577

Resistance to sliding = μRv = 0.577  16.00 = 9.23 kips

Factor of safety against sliding = μRv / Pa = 9.23 / 6.43 = 1.44.

 This is slightly less than the recommended value of 1.5 and can be
regarded as adequate. However, FOS can be increased by providing
key.
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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:

 Step No 01: Sizes (Stability checks)

 Check for Allowable Pressure:

Rv = 16.00 kips

 To find the point of action “a” of Rv, take moment of forces about the
toe of wall:

aRv = ∑(Wx) – OTM

a = {∑(Wx) – OTM}/Rv = (96.84 – 37.10)/ 16.00= 3.73′

l/3 = 9.75/3 = 3.25′ < 3.73′

 The resultant lies within the middle third.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 31

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:

 Step No 01: Sizes (Stability checks)

 qmax = (4l – 6a) Rv/l2

 qmin = (6a – 2l) Rv/l2

 l = 9.75′; a = 3.73′; and Rv = 16.00 kips

 qmax = (4  9.75 – 6  3.73)  16.00/9.752

= 2.82 ksf

 qmin = (6  3.73 – 2  9.75)  16.00/9.752

= 0.48 ksf

 Allowable pressure = 8000 psf or 8 ksf > qmax, O.K.

 If not, increase the width (B) of the retaining wall.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 32

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:

 Step No 01: Sizes

 Selected dimensions.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 33

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:

 Step No 02: Loads (Toe Slab)

 Factored Self weight of toe = Ignored

 Factored earth fill load from above= Ignored

 Factored soil pressure at exterior end of toe slab = 1.6  2.82  1= 4.512 k/ft

 Factored soil pressure at interior end of toe slab = 1.6  2.07 = 3.312 k/ft

h=1.5′

b = Unit width

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:

 Step No 02: Loads (Heel)

 Factored Self weight of heel = 1.2γconchb =1.2  0.15  1.5  1= 0.27 k/ft

 Factored earth fill load = 1.6γfillhfillb = 1.6  0.12  13.5  1= 2.592 k/ft

 Factored surcharge load = 1.6γfillhsurchargeb = 1.6  0.12  3.33  1 = 0.639 k/ft

 Total factored load on heel = 0.27 + 2.592 + 0.639 = 3.50 k/ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 35

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:

 Step No 03: Analysis (Arm)

 Analysis for flexure

 General equation of factored active earth pressure w.r.t bottom of arm is:

Pa = 1.6  (1/2)(0.333  0.120h)(h + 2  3.33)

 Taking moment at the base of the arm. Moment arm will be equal to:

y = {(h2 +3h  3.33)/3}(h+2  3.33)

 Mu = Pay (neglecting passive earth pressure for safety)

= 1.6(1/2) (0.3330.120h) (h + 2  3.33) (h2 +3h  3.33)/3(h+2  3.33)

= (0.0319h2 + 0.212h) (h2 +9.99h)/3(h + 6.66)

Using this equation, bending moment diagram for arm can be drawn for
various values of h..

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:

 Step No 03: Analysis (Arm)

 Analysis for flexure
Mu = Pay = (0.0319h2 + 0.212h) (h2 +9.99h)/3(h + 6.66)
0 < h < 13.5′
0

3 1.241 kip-ft

6 6.114 kip-ft

Pa
9 16.341 kip-ft
y
12 ΦMnmin = 39.14 kip-ft
45.489 kip-ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 37

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:

 Step No 03: Analysis of Arm for Shear

Kahγs(h + h′)h′/ (h+h′) = Kahγsh′

= 0.3330.120 3.33 = 0.133 kip

0
12.46′
3
Factored Shear (Vu) =
1.6  4.75 = 7.6 kip
6
0.63 kips

9
Kahγs(h + h′)
= 0.3330.120 (13.5+3.33)
12 = 0.67 kips 4.75 kip

Shear force diagram

Load causing shear at critical section

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 38

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:

 Step No 03: Analysis (Toe)

 Analysis for flexure and shear Vu = 6.51 kips

Mu = 261 in-kip/ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 39

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:

 Step No 03: Analysis (Heel)

 Analysis for flexure and shear

Vu = 14.14 kips

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design (Arm)

 Design for flexure:

 For h = 13.5′; Mu = 45489.7 ft-lb/ft = 545.87 in-kip/ft

Asmin = 3{√(4500)}/60000)bd = 0.0034  12  (15 – 2 – 0.5) = 0.51 in2/ft

Φ Mn = ΦAsminfy (d-a/2) = 0.9  0.51  60  (12.5 - 0.66/2) = 469.7 in-k/ft (39142

ft-lb/ft)

 Φ Mn < Mu, therefore using trial method As = 0.846 in2, (#8 @ 11.17″)

 Maximum spacing for main steel reinforcement is:

 3h = 3 x 15 = 45″ ; 18″

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 41

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design (Arm)

 Similarly for other depths, the design is given in tabular form as below:

Table: Design of main bars in arm of retaining wall.

Maximu
Governin Final
Thicknes Moment Governin m
Depth g Design Spacing
s of arm (M) Asmin ΦMn,min g Area of spacing
(h), ft Moment spacing for #8
(w), in (in-k/ft) steel allowed
(in-k/ft) Bars
by ACI
0 8.00 0 0.224 58.81 58.81 0.224 42 18 18
3 9.56 14.89 0.287 98.98 98.98 0.287 32 18 18
6 11.11 73.36 0.351 149.52 149.52 0.351 26 18 18
9 12.67 196.09 0.414 210.45 210.45 0.414 24 18 9
12 14.22 403.74 0.478 281.75 403.74 0.66 14 18 9
13.5 15.00 545.87 0.51 321.3 545.87 0.846 11 18 9

 Therefore, from a depth of 13.5 ft to 9 ft, provide #8 @ 9″.

 And from 9 ft to top end, provide #8 @ 18″.

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design (Arm)

 Horizontal Bars:

 According to ACI 14.3.3,

 Ast = 0.0025bh (for deformed bars larger than #5)

 Ast = 0.0025  12  15 = 0.45 in2/ft (3/4″ @ 11.73″)

 Use 3/4″ @ 9″ c/c

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 43

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design (Arm)

 Although not required by the Code for cantilever retaining walls, vertical steel
equal to 0.0012 times the gross concrete area will also be provided on exposed
face of wall.

 As = 0.0015  12  15 = 0.27 in2

 Using 3/4″ dia bar with area Ab = 0.44 in2

 Spacing =Area of one bar (Ab)/Ast

= (0.44 in2/0.27 in2/ft)  12 = 19.5″

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design (Arm)

 Design for Shear:

 Vu = 7.6 kips

 Shear Capacity is given as:

ΦVc = Φ2√(4500)  12  12.5/1000 = 15.09 kips > 7.6 kips O.K.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 45

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Retaining Wall Failure

 Solution: Detailing in arm of retaining wall.

0.0012Ag (#6 @ 18″)

(#8 @ 18″)

Horizontal
reinforcement (#8 @ 9″)
(#6 @ 9″)

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design (Toe)

 Design for flexure:

 Mu = 261 in-k/ft

Asmin = 3{√(4500)/60000)bd = 0.0034  12  (18 – 3 – 0.5) = 0.592 in2/ft

Φ Mn = ΦAsminfy (d – a/2) = 0.9  0.592  60  (14.5 – 0.774/2) = 451.16 in-k/ft

 Φ Mn > Mu, therefore As = Asmin = 0.592 in2/ft (#8 @ 16″)

 Maximum spacing for main steel reinforcement:

 3h = 3  18 = 54″; 18″

 Finally use #8 @ 16″ c/c.

 Also provide #4 @ 18″ c/c as supporting bars for main bars.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 47

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design (Toe)

 Design for Shear:

 Vu = 6.794 kip

 ΦVc = 2  0.75  √(4500)  12  14.5/ 1000 = 17.51 kip > 6.794 kip, O.K.

 If not O.K, then increase thickness of toe.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 48

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design (Heel)

 Design for Flexure:

 Mu = 578.8 in-kip/ft

Asmin = 3{√(4500)/60000)bd = 0.0034  12  (18 – 3 – 0.5) = 0.592 in2/ft

Φ Mn = ΦAsminfy (d-a/2)= 0.9  0.592  60  (14.5 – 0.774/2) = 451.16 in-kip/ft

 Φ Mn < Mu, therefore using trial method As = 0.765 in2,(#8 @ 12.39″)

 Maximum spacing for main steel reinforcement:

 3h = 3 x 18 = 54″ ; 18″

 Finally use #8 @ 12″ c/c.

 Also provide #4 @ 18″ c/c as supporting bars for main bars.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 49

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design (Heel)

 Design for Shear:

 Vu = 14.14 kips

 ΦVc =2  0.75  √(4500)  12  14.5/ 1000 = 17.51 kips > 14.14 kips, O.K.

 If not, increase thickness of heel.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 50

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
 Solution:
 Step No 4: Design (Heel)

 Development length check of Arm reinforcement in Heel slab

 Thickness of heel slab = 1′-6″ = 18″

 ldh =(0.02fy/√fc′)db > 8db or 6 in (whichever is greater) (ACI 12.5)

 ldh = (0.0260000/ √(4500))(1) = 17.88″ < hheel .

 Increase depth or change steel grade.

 If grade 40 steel is used, ldh = (0.0240000/ √(4500))(8/8) = 11.92″.

 Therefore either revise the design, specially of arm, using grade 40

steel or increase depth of base slab to at least 22″. When depth is
increased, the revision of design is not required.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 51

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 52

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 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

References
 ACI 318

 Design of Concrete Structures (13th Ed.) by Nilson, Darwin

and Dolan.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 53

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

The End

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 54

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