BMCG 3011

MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
LABORATORY III

LAB REPORT
(INFORMAL)

EXPERIMENT: THIN-THICK CYLINDER ANALYSIS

DATE OF EXPERIMENT: 26 APRIL 2019

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 3 MAY 2019

LECTURER’S NAME: PROF MADYA DR ZULKEFLI BIN SELAMAT

DR NIDZAMUDDIN BIN MD. YUSOF

GROUP MEMBERS:

NAME MATRICS NUMBER

NURHIDAYAH BINTI ROSLI B041610213
NURFARAH NABILA BINTI SAAD AZAM B041610136
NURHASLINDA BINTI WAILUDDIN B041610235
1. OBJECTIVES

I. To investigate and analyse the strain system in thin and thick cylinder.
II. To compare stress system or distributions between thin and thick cylinder.

2. DATA AND RESULTS

2.1 THICK CYLINDER

2.1.1 Stress Distribution

Table 1: Stress Distribution

Radius (mm) 18.5 28 36 45 56 63 75

Calculated 𝜎𝐻 (Pa) 6.7 3.2 2.1 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.8
Derived 𝜎𝐻 (Pa) 6.5 3.2 2.1 1.6 1.1 0.9 0.0
Calculated 𝜎𝑅 (Pa) -6.0 -2.4 -1.3 -0.7 -0.3 -0.2 0.0
Derived 𝜎𝑅 (Pa) - -3.3 -1.6 -0.8 -0.4 -0.3 -
Cylinder Pressure 5.95Pa

Figure 1: Graph of Stress Distribution

2.1.2 Strain Distribution

Table 2: Strain Distribution

Gauge No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Radius (mm) 28.0 28.0 36.0 36.0 45.0 56.0 56.0
Type H R H R H R H
Strain 58.88 -60.00 36.07 -31.21 25.23 -17.57 17.57
Theory 53.87 -46.80 33.99 -26.92 23.02 -15.95 16.12
Error -5.07 13.20 -2.09 4.30 -2.21 1.62 -1.45

Gauge No. 8 9 10 11 12 13
Radius (mm) 56.0 63.0 63.0 18.5 75.0 75.0
Type R H R H L H
Strain -10.84 13.27 -8.22 116.07 0.00 0.00
Theory -9.05 13.48 -6.41 118.84 -3.48 10.55
Error 1.79 0.21 1.82 2.77 -3.48 10.55

Figure 2: Graph of Strain Distribution

2.1.3 Calculation of Principle Stress

i) Principal Stresses at a Cylinder Pressure of 5.95𝑃𝑎

ii) The Maximum Principal Stress is the hoop stress at the inner surface,
𝜎1

𝜎1 = 6.72𝑃𝑎

iii) The Minimum Principal Stress is the radial stress at the inner surface,
𝜎2

𝜎2 = −5.95𝑃𝑎

iv) The Maximum Shear Stress, 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥

𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6.34𝑃𝑎

2.1.4 Result & Calculation

From Table 2, 𝜎𝐻 = 𝜎10 = −8.22𝑃𝑎 while 𝜎𝐿 = 𝜎6 = −17.57𝑃𝑎

𝜎𝐻 −8.22𝑃𝑎
 𝑣= = −17.57𝑃𝑎 = 0.47
𝜎𝐿

 Theoretical Poisson’s Ratio: 0.33

2.2 THIN CYLINDER

2.2.1 Thin Cylinder with Open Ends

Table 3: Strain data for Thin Cylinder with Open Ends

Hoop
Readin Pressur Stress Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge Gauge
g e (MPa) (MPa 1 2 3 4 5 6
)
1 0.48 6.40 84.6 -25.8 0.8 29.4 56.8 85.8
2 0.97 12.93 176.2 -57.4 -1.2 59.0 117.0 177.8
3 1.49 19.87 272.4 -91.0 -3.2 90.0 180.4 274.8
4 1.97 26.27 361.0 -122.6 -5.2 118.8 238.8 364.6
5 2.48 33.07 456.0 -156.0 -7.0 149.6 301.6 460.8
6 2.99 39.87 551.2 -189.0 -8.6 180.6 364.4 557.2
 Figure 3: Graph of Hoop Stress Vs Hoop Strain

Figure 4: Graph of Longitudinal Strain vs Hoop Strain

 Figure 5: Mohr’s Circle

I. Result & Calculation

a) 1) 𝐷𝑖 = 80𝑚𝑚 , 𝑅1 = 40𝑚𝑚

𝐷𝑜 = 86𝑚𝑚 , 𝑅2 = 43𝑚𝑚

𝑅 43
𝐾 = 𝑅2 = 40 = 1.075
1

(𝐾2 +1) (1.0752 +1)

𝜎𝐻,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑃. (𝐾2 −1) = (0.48x106 ). (1.0752 −1) = 6.65𝑀𝑃𝑎

2𝑃 2(0.48x106 )
𝜎𝐻,𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (𝐾2 −1) = = 6.17𝑀𝑃𝑎
(1.0752 −1)

 Calculated 𝜎𝐻,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 6.65𝑀𝑃𝑎

 Theoretical 𝜎𝐻 = 6.40𝑀𝑃𝑎

2) From table 3, gauge 1 and gauge 6 that measured hoop strain in cylinder
has highest hoop strain than the others. From the data obtained, gauge
that placed vertically at 90o has highest hoop strain followed by gauge
that placed at 45o while gauge that placed with 0o has the lowest hoop
strain.
 3) Figure 3 shows the graph of hoop stress vs hoop strain where the
gradient obtained is the Young’s Modulus that is 72.29GPa

b) 1) Figure 3 shows the graph of longitudinal strain vs hoop strain where the

gradient obtained is the Poisson’s Ratio that is 0.34.

2.2.2 Thin Cylinder with Closed Ends

Table 4: Data for Thin Cylinder with Closed Ends

Hoop Long.
Pressure
Reading Stress Stress Gauge1 Gauge2 Gauge3 Gauge4 Gauge5 Gauge6
(MPa)
(MPa) (MPa)
1 0.49 6.53 3.27 72.0 17.6 26.6 49.6 59.6 76.8
2 0.98 13.07 6.53 145.8 34.2 52.6 98.8 119.8 155.0
3 1.44 19.20 9.60 213.2 49.0 78.4 141.4 174.6 224.8
4 1.98 26.40 13.20 296.0 67.2 111.8 191.8 240.8 308.0
5 2.50 33.33 16.67 375.0 83.4 143.0 239.4 303.8 388.0
6 3.00 40.00 20.00 452.4 100.4 174.2 286.6 365.6 466.2

Figure 6: Graph of Hoop Stress Vs Hoop Strain

 Figure 7: Mohr’s Circle

I. Result & Calculation

At 𝑃 = 3𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝑣 = 0.33 ; 𝐸 = 70𝑀𝑃𝑎

From table 4, 𝜎𝐻 = 𝜎𝑎 = 40𝑀𝑃𝑎 while 𝜎𝐿 = 𝜎𝑏 = 20𝑀𝑃𝑎 and 𝜎𝑍 = 𝜎𝑐 = 0

Theoretical Principal Strain:

𝜎𝑎 𝜎𝑏 40𝑀𝑃𝑎 20𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜀𝑎 = −𝑣 = − 0.33 70𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.4771
𝐸 𝐸 70𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝜎𝑎 𝜎𝑏 40𝑀𝑃𝑎 20𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝜀𝑏 = −𝑣 + = −0.33 70𝑀𝑃𝑎 + 70𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.0971
𝐸 𝐸

𝑣 0.33
𝜀𝑐 = − 𝐸 (𝜎𝑎 + 𝜎𝑏 ) = − 70𝑀𝑃𝑎 (40𝑀𝑃𝑎 + 20𝑀𝑃𝑎) = −0.2829

3. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

At the end of the experiment, we have been able to make a number of inferences which
include:

 Human factor that is error as a result of human imperfection.

  Equipment error in the form of the form of improper or lack of calibration and
maintenance of the data logger and Digital Dial Test Indicator.

 Error can result from the inaccurate zeroing of the Digital Dial Test Indicator
and data logger and just before reading were taken especially from the Digital
Dial Test Indicator.

 Improper installation or setup of the apparatus such that it is not securely fixed
and stable to prevent unwanted movement of the apparatus during the
experiment process and lead to an ability of attaining accurate results.

3.1 THIN CYLINDER:

From the Graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop Strain, we know that the value of the
Young’s Modulus is 72.29GPa. The actual value of Young’s Modulus is 69GPa. The
percentage error is 4.77.

While from the Graph Longitudinal Strain against Hoop Strain, the value that we
obtained is 0.34. We know that the Poisson’s ratio given is 0.33. The percentage error
is 3.03.

For Open condition, the experimental Mohr’s Circle was drawn based on the values
of the gauge strain. For theoretical Mohr’s Circle the values for all gauge are obtained
from the formula.

Despite the errors in this experiment, more accuracy can be obtained by taking
precautions which include repeated reading can be taken and average values from the
data logger determined, zeroing the Digital Dial Test Indicator accurately before
reading and ensuring proper lubrication and pressure from the hydraulic ram during the
experiment.

3.2 THICK CYLINDER:

From the Graph of Radial and Hoop Strain against The Penetration, it can be seen
that as the depth of the penetration increases, that is the more the tapered plug penetrated
the cylinder, the value of the hoop and radial strain increases accordingly but the
increase in plug penetration has no effect on the internal pressure.

In addition, from the Graph of Hoop and Radial Stresses against Radius there’s a
noticeable in the hoop and radial stress as the lines rise in the positive direction and
negative direction respectively as the radius increase confirming that there is an
increase hoop and radial stress with the penetration depth and internal pressure increase.

4. CONCLUSION

In conclusion, we could conclude that our experiment has accomplished its objective
which are to investigate and analyse the strain system in thin and thick cylinder and to
compare stress system or distributions between thin and thick cylinder.

From experiment 1, which is open ends condition, it was observed that as the
pressure (MN. m−2) increase, the strain for gauge 1 until gauge 6 increase well. From
that, we could see that the pressure applied is proportional to the strain. In addition,
from the graph of Hoop Stress against Hoop strain, the value of the Young’s Modulus
is 72.29GPa which is slightly different from the actual value of Young’s Modulus
which is 69GPa. As for experiment 2 which is closed ends condition, the increase of
pressure led to the increase of the strain from gauge until gauge 6 as well. The Poisson’s
ratio is 0.33 which determined by plotting the graph of Longitudinal Strain against
Hoop Strain.

From experiment 2, which the Radial and Hoop Strain against The Penetration is
directly proportional. While for Hoop and Radial Stresses against Radius is inversely
proportional.