BDA

FLUID MECHANICS
GROUP PROJECT : HYDROSTATIC FORCE

GROUP 3

LECTURER : DR SAHRUL AMIR

SECTION
1
2
3
4

:1

NAME
JOSHUA REYNOLDS BIN JAPAR
AIMY SHAH BIN MARBEK
MOHD ARDY BIN ABDUL RAZAK
LIM JUN MING

MATRIX NUMBER
CD 140046
CD 140091
CD 140074
DD 140003

MARK

CONTENT

CONTENT

PAGE
3

1.0 TITLE
3
2.0 OBJECTIVES
4
3.0 HYDROSTATICS
5
4.0 INTRODUCTION THE HYDROSTATICS PRESSURE ( MODEL: FM 35)
6
5.0 EXPERIMENTAL THEORY
Figure 5.1 Hydrostatics force
Figure 5.2 Water Level above the Quadrant Scale
Figure 5.3

5
6
10

5.1Determination of Centre of Pressure, CP ( Theoritical Method )

6.0 EXPERIMENT PROCUDURE

10

7.0 RESULT

11

8.0 CALCULATION

12

9.0 DISCUSSION
Graph ()

14

For graph ()

10.0 CONCLUSION

17

11.0 REFERENCE

18

12.0 APPENDIX

19

1.0 TITLE
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE

2.0 OBJECTIVES
2.1 To determine the center of pressure on both submerged and partially submerged a
plane surface.
2.2 To compare the center of pressure between experimental result with the
theoretical values.
2.3 To determine experimentally the magnitude of the force of pressure hydrostatic
force.

3.0 HYDROSTATICS
Hydrostatics is the branch of fluid mechanics that studies incompressible fluids at
rest. It encompasses the study of the conditions under which fluids are at rest in stable
equilibrium as opposed to fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in motion. Hydrostatics are
categorized as a part of the fluid statics, which is the study of all fluids, incompressible or
not, at rest.
Hydrostatics is fundamental to hydraulics, the engineering of equipment for storing,
transporting and using fluids. It is also relevant to geophysics and astrophysics (for
example, in understanding plate tectonics and the anomalies of the Earth's gravitational
field), to meteorology, to medicine (in the context of blood pressure), and many other
fields.
Hydrostatics offers physical explanations for many phenomena of everyday life, such
as why atmospheric pressure changes with altitude, why wood and oil float on water, and
why the surface of water is always flat and horizontal whatever the shape of its container.

4.0 INTRODUCTION THE HYDROSTATICS PRESSURE ( MODEL: FM 35)

The Hydrostatic Pressure (Model: FM 35) apparatus has been designed to introduce
students to the concept of centre of pressure of an object immersed in fluid. It can be used to
measure the static thrust exerted by a fluid on a submerged surface, either fully or partially,
and at the same time allowing the comparison between the magnitude and direction of the
force with theory. The apparatus consists of a specially constructed quadrant mounted on a
balance arm. It pivots on knife edges, which also correspond to the centre of the arc of
quadrant. This means that only the hydrostatic force acting on the rectangular end face will
provide a moment about the knife edges (SOLTEQ, n.d.).
The force exerted by the hydraulic thrust is measured by direct weighing. With no water
in the tank, and no weights on the scale, the arm is horizontal. As weights are added one by
one to the scales, water can be added to the tank so that the hydrostatic force balances the
weights and bring the arm back to horizontal. Figure 1 is a sketch of the Hydrostatic Pressure
(Model: FM 35).

Figure 4.1: Hydrostatic Pressure (Model: FM 35).

The design of many engineering systems such as water dams and liquid storage tanks
requires the determination of the forces acting on the surfaces using fluid statics. The
complete description of the resultant hydrostatic force acting on a submerged surface requires
the determination of the magnitude, the direction, and the line of action of the force (Fluid
Mechanics, Cengel & Cimbala, 2010).

5.0 EXPERIMENTAL THEORY

Figure 5.1 Hydrostatics force

The hydrostatic force on submerged surface is given by,
= g A
Where,
= hydrostatic force
= depth of the centroid from fluid free surface
A = Submerged surface
At any given depth, h, the force acting on the element area Da is given by
dF = h dA
and is perpendicular to the surface. Thus, the magnitude of the resultant force acting on the
entire surface can be determine by summing all the differential forces.
= = sin
With h = y sin . For constant and
= sin ydA
But the term ydA is the first moment of area with respect to axis x where
ydA = yc A
Thus
= Ayc sin or = hc A
6

Where is the vertical distance from the fluid surface to the centroid of the area.
5.1Determination of Centre of Pressure, CP (Theoritical Method)

Point or location where resultant force FR act is known as center of pressure of pressure, CP.
Position of this point usually is explained by a vertical distance free surface, hR or distance
from axis x, yR (or sometimes known as ycp). This yR distance can be determined by
summation of moments around x axis. That is moment of resultant force must equal the
moment of the distributed pressure force, or
Therefore,
=
=
=

sin 2

sin 2
sin
2

But dA is the second moment of area (moment of inertia), ix with respect to an axis formed
by the plane containing the surface and the free surface (x axis). Thus, we can write

Or,

= +

Where,
= distance from point 0 to center of pressure, CP (m)
= distance from point 0 to centeroid of surface area (m)
= second moment of area about the centroid (m)
A= area of submerged surface (2 )

Or in a vertical distance

= +

Hydrostatic pressure on the circular side of the quadrant exerts no turning moment on yhr
fulcrum. The same is hydrostatic pressure on the radial side of the quadrant. The only
pressure exerting turning moment on the fulcrum is that a pressure actin on the 100mm x
75mm surface which is maintained at vertical.

Submerged surface, A= 100mm x 75mm (width)

Quadrant inner radius, R1= 100mm
Quadrant outer radius, R2= 200mm
Fulcrum is located at the same centre of the quadrant block.

Under static balance conditions,

FY= mgL
Thus,
Y=

a. When water level is above the quadrant scale :

() = +

Theorytically,
= ( 1 + 50) mm
Where,
=

3
75 X 1003
=
= 6.25
12
12

= 75 X 100 = 7500 2

From Figure 5.2,

= + ( 1 1 )

Thus,

= 1 + 1

Experimentally,

() = 1 + 1
=

- 1 + 1

= (

100 + 1

1 +50)

100 + 1

= 1000 /3

Where,

L = 280 mm
A = 100 mm x 75 mm = 7500 2

Figure 5.2 Water Level above the Quadrant Scale

b. When water Level is within the Quadrant Lower Scale :
Theoretically,

() = +

Where,

=
=

3
12

2
2

75 x 23

= 752
From Figure 5.3,

2 = + (2 + )

Experimentally,

() = (2 + 2 )
=

2 + 2

200 + 2

2
200 +

Figure 5.3

6.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

1. make sure all equipment is in good condition
2. Add water until the container is full column
3. Adjust the balance so that the plane in balance, showing the value of '0'.
4. Put a weight of 500g
5. Remove the water so the plane back in balance.
6. Measuring the level of water is left in the container.
7. Reduce the weight of 50g up to 450g it. The experiment was repeated starting from
step 5 to 7. The reduced weight of 50g for each test so that the water is at a point
below the latter.

all data collected and verified by calculation.

10

7.0 RESULTS

Table 7.1 Water level above the Lower Quadrant

NO. Mass, m

h1

= (1 +50)

Ixc

Unit

mm

mm

mm4

500

73

123

6.25 x 106

450

60

110

400

98

350

5
6

hR(theory)

hR(exp)

mm

mm

922.5 x 103

123.10

129.15 x 106

6.25 x 106

825 x 103

117.58

103.95 x 106

98

6.25 x 106

735 x 103

106.50

82.32 x 106

36

86

6.25 x 106

645 x 103

95.69

63.21 x 106

300

23

73

6.25 x 106

547.5103

89.92

45.99 x 106

250

11

61

6.25 x 106

457.5 x 103

74.66

32.02 x 106

A1 x hc

Table 7.2 Water level within the Lower Quadrant

NO. Mass, m

h1

Ixc

A2

A2 x hc

hR(theory)

hR(exp)

mm

mm

(1 +50)
unit

mm

mm

mm4

mm2

200

98

49

5.882 x 106

7350

360.15 x 103

65.33

40.34 x 106

150

84

42

3.704 x 106

6300

264.6 x 103

56

22.27 x 106

100

69

34.5

2.053 x 106

5175

178.54 x 103

46

10 x 106

80

63

31.5

1.563 x 106

4725

148.84 x 103

42

6.67 x 106

60

55

27.5

1.039 x 106

4125

113.44 x 103

36.66

3.811 x 106

40

48

24

6.91 x 106

3600

86.4 x 103

24.08

1.94 x 106

20

38

19

342.95 x 106

2850

54.15 x 103

25.33

0.606 x 106

11

8.0 CALCULATION

Table 7.1,
1 = 73

= 7500 x 100 = 7500 2

= (1 + 50)

To find area = 1 x

= 73 + 50

= 7500 x 123

= 123

= 922.5 x 103

=
=
=

3
12
75 x 23
12
75 x 1003
12

= 6.25 x 106

() = (

1 +50)

100 + 1

500(200)

= 1000 x

(123 x 7500)

100 + 73

= 129.15 x 106

() = +

6.25 x 106

= 123 + (7500)(123)
= 123.10 mm

12

Table 7.2
h2 = 98
=
=

2
2
98
2

= 49 mm

=
=
=

3
12
75 x 23
12
75 x 983
12

= 5.882 x 106

2 = 75 x 98
= 7350 mm2

A2 x hc = 7350 x 49
= 360.15 x 103

() = +

5.882 x 106

= 49 + 360.15 x 103
= 65.33
() =

200 +

2(200)(280)

= 1000( 360.15 x 103) 200 + 98

= 40.37 mm
13

9.0 DISCUSSION
21

m=

2 1

450200

= 117.5863.33
250

= 54.25
m = 4.68 g/mm
For graph ()
m=

21
2 1

450150

= 103.95 x 10622.27 x 106

300

= 81.68 x 10

= 3.673x 10 6 g/mm
For graph ()

For graph () show that a straight line with m = 4.608 g/mm. We can see that
most of point is near and touch on the point and data we know increased evenly
For graph () show that a straight line with m = 3.673x 10 6 g/mm. This is
because we take a point on average to know the change that occurred.

14

For graph ()

15

For graph ()

16

10.0

CONCLUSION

The conclusion about the Hydrostatic force is, all the objective of the experiment is
successful. From that we know the hydrostatic force is the branch of fluid mechanics that
studies incompressible fluids at rest. It encompasses the study of the conditions under which
fluids are at rest in stable equilibrium as opposed to fluid dynamics, the study of fluids in
motion. Hydrostatics are categorized as a part of the fluid statics, which is the study of all
fluids, incompressible or not, at rest.
Hydrostatics is fundamental to hydraulics, the engineering of equipment for storing,
transporting and using fluids. It is also relevant to geophysics and astrophysics (for example,
in understanding plate tectonics and the anomalies of the Earth's gravitational field), to
meteorology, to medicine (in the context of blood pressure), and many other fields.
Hydrostatics offers physical explanations for many phenomena of everyday life, such
as why atmospheric pressure changes with altitude, why wood and oil float on water, and
why the surface of water is always flat and horizontal whatever the shape of its container.
Besides that, all the theory we can prove that from the experiment and we know that
the hydrostatic force is not affected by the volume of water. The hydrostatic force is
influenced by the depth, gravity and mass (type of liquid).
Hydrostatic power system is widely used in our daily lives. It can be seen as the
system of water tanks, dams and more. This system helps in saving energy and costs
especially in the industrial and electricity generating sources. All these involve knowledge of
fluid mechanics

17

11.0

REFERENCES

1. Y.A. Cengel & J. M. Cimbala, . Fluid mechanics: fundamental and applications.

Third Edition In SI Unit : McGraw-Hill.
2. Centre of pressure. [Online]
Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatics.
3. Penerbit UTHM, Engineering Laboratory IV Book

18

12.0

APPENDIX

19