,ay; - 1

fzpdpAk; ,izaKk;

1. tsu;e;J tUk; fzpdpj;Jiw :

“cyfk; ahitAk; jhKs thf;fYk;

epiyng Wj;jYk; ePf;fYk; ePq;fyh

myfpyh tpisahl; Lilahu;1”

vd;W ,iwtd; vq;Fk; epiwe;Js;s jd;ikiaf; $Wthu; fk;gu;.

mNj epiyapid ,d;W fzpdpahdJ ngw;Ws;sJ. cyfk; jd;

gug;gpy; RUq;fpr; nra;jpfsp;d; ,izg;ghy;> nray;fspd; tpiuthy;

,d;W xU fpuhkk; mstpw;F khwptpl;lJ. ,jw;Ff; fhuzk; jfty;

njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rp MFk;.

,j;Jiwapd; ngUk;gFjp tsu;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzk; fzpdpj;Jiw.

mwptpay; Jiwapd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; Gul;rpfukhd nray;ghl;bw;Fk;

fhuzkhf tpsq;fp tUtJ fzpdpj;JiwahFk;. cyff; fzpdpfis

,izf;f cUthd ,izaj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; tsu;r;rpAk; Nkw;$wpa

fUj;ij xg;Gf;nfhs;sr; nra;Jtpl;ld.

,f;fl;Liu fzpdpapd; tuyhw;wpidAk;> mjd; gad;ghl;Lj;

jpwj;ijAk;> ,izak; gw;wpAk;> ,iza tsu;r;rp gw;wpAk;>

17
,izaj;jpy; jkpo; nkhopapd; tsu;r;rp gw;wpAk; Md gy nra;jpfis

mwpKf epiyapy; jUtjhf mikfpd;wJ.

1.2. fzpdpapd; njhlf;fk; :

kdpjd; nghUs;fis xd;W ,uz;L vd;W vz;zj; njhlq;fpa

fhyj;ijNa fzpdp vd;w fUj;J cUthd fhykhff; fUjNtz;Lk;.

md;iwa kdpjd; vz;Ztjw;Fr; rpWrpW fw;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;

gLj;jpdhd;. vz;fspd; gad;ghL mjpfupf;f mjpfupf;fg; ngupa

vz;fisg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;ba mtrpak; Vw;gl;lJ. vz;fisf;

Fwpf;ff; FwpaPLfs; Njhd;wpd. kdpjdpd; iffspy; gj;J tpuy;fs;

,Ug;gjhy; jrkf; FwpaPLfs; Njhd;wpd. ,e;jpahtpy; gjpdhwpd;

mbg;gilapy; ehzaq;fs; Njhd;wpd.

fzpg;Gfspd; fbdj;jd;ik mjpfkhdNghJ rpy jfty;fs; gy

,lq;fspy; gad;gl;likahy;, mtw;iw tpiuthfTk; vspjhfTk;

fzpf;fg; gy cj;jpfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. ,e;jpaf; fzpjNkijfs;

Mu;ag;gl;lh, gh];fuh Nghd;wtu;fs; gy Gjpa fzpg;G top

Kiwfisf; fz;lwpe;jdu;.

cyfpd; fzpjg; gad;ghl;bw;fhd Mjpfhyf; fUtpfspy;

Kf;fpakhdJ mghf]; vdg;gLk; kzpr;rl;lk;. ,ij ,uz;lhapuk;

Mz;LfSf;FKd; rPdhtpy; cUthf;fpdu;. ,jd;%yk; vspikahd

$l;ly;, fopj;jy; fzf;Ffisr; nra;jdu;.

18
 mjd;gpd; gjpdhwhk; Ehw;whz;by; yhfupjk; fz;Lgpbj;j

];fhl;yhe;ijr; Nru;;e;j [hd;Neg;gpau; (John Napier) vd;ghu;

ngUf;fYf;Fg;; gad;gLj;Jk; xd;gJ Fr;rpfs; mlq;fpa Neg;gpau;

Fr;rpfisf; (Napier Bones) fz;Lgpbj;jhu;;. ,jd;%yk; ngUf;fy;

tFj;jy;fis vspjhfr; nra;a Kbe;jJ.

1642 - ,y; gpnuQ;Rf; fzpj NkijAk;, jj;JtthjpAkhd

gpisrp gh];fy;, (Blaise pascal) gw;rf;fuq;fshy; ,aq;Fk; xU

nghwpiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. ,jpy; xt;nthU rf;fuj;jpYk; 0 Kjy; 9

tiu vOjg;gl;l gj;Jg; gw;fs; ,Ue;jd. ,J fzpdpf;F

Kd;Ndhbahd fzpg;ghd; tifiar; rhu;e;jJ. ,tiur; rpwg;gpf;f xU

fzpg;nghwp nkhopf;F ,tuJ ngau; ,lg;gl;bUf;fpwJ.

gh];fypd; fzpg;ghd; $l;lYk;, fopj;jYk; nra;jJ. mtw;NwhL

ngUf;fy; tFj;jiyr; Nru;j;jtu; iyg;dP]; (leibniz) ,jw;F

iyg;dP]; ngUf;fy; rhjdk; vd;W ngau;.

mLj;jjhf fzpg;nghwpapd; je;ij vd;;W Nghw;wg;gLk; rhu;y];

ghNg[; (Charles Babbage 1792 – 1871) gy; rf;fuq;fshy; ,aq;Fk;

fzf;fpLk; nghwpiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;. ,q;fpyhe;ijr; Nru;e;j ghNg[;

xU fzpjNkijAk; nghwpahsUk; Mthu;;. fp. gp. 821 – Mk; Mz;by;

,tu; fz;lwpe;j fzf;fPl;Lf; fUtpf;F bgud;]; vd;[pd; (Difference

Engine) vd;W ngau;. ,jpy; xd;iwaLj;J xd;whf %d;W ntt;NtW

fzf;fPl;L ,ae;jpuq;fs; ,Ue;jd.

19
 “1833 – Mk; Mz;Lthf;fpy; gytpjf; fzf;Ffisr; nra;Ak;

gb khw;wpf; nfhs;sty;y Mw;wy;kpf;f xU Gjpa fzpg;nghwpia

tbtikf;fj; njhlq;fpdhu; ghNg[;. me;j tbtikg;igr; nray;

gLj;Jk; nghwpapay; jpwdpd;ikahy; mJ fhfpj tbtpNyNa

Kw;Wg;ngw;wJ2.

jhd; tbtikj;j fzpg;nghwpf;F mtu; mdypbfy; vd;[pd;

(Analytical Engine) vd;W ngaupl;bUe;jhu;. mtuJ vz;zq;fspd;

gpujpgypg;G ,d;iwa fzpg;nghwpfspy; ngupJk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

vdNtjhd; mtu; ,d;iwa ‘fzpg;nghwpapd; je;ij’ vd;W

Nghw;wg;gLfpwhu;. mtUila fdTfs; edthf EhW Mz;Lfs;

MfpapUf;fpd;wd3”.

mjd;gpd; n`u;kd; N`hy;upj; (Herman Hollerith) vd;gtu;

Jisapl;l ml;ilfis vOj;JfSf;Fg; gjpyhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;

vd;gijf; fz;lhu;. Jisfisg; ghu;j;Jg; nghWf;fp vLf;Fk;

,ae;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ntw;wpfz;lhu;.

,k;Kiwapd; ntw;wpapidg; ghu;j;Jg; gy;NtW ehLfs;

N`hy;upj;jpd; nghwpfisg; gad;gLj;jj; njhlq;fpd. mjdhy; ,tu;

lhGNsl;bq; nkrpd; fk;ngdp (Tabulating Machine Company) vd;w

epWtdj;ijj; njhlq;fpdhu;. mJNt gpd;du; Gfo;ngw;w Igpvk;

(International Business Machines Corporation) epWtdj;jpd; xU

gFjpahf khwpaJ. ,JNt fzpdpapd; njhlf;ffhy epiyahFk;.

20
1.3. fzpdpapd; tsu;r;rp :

,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;Gk;, njhlq;fpa

NghJk; (1930 Kjy; 1945 tiu) ,uhZt eltbf;iffSf;fhff;

fzpg;ghd;fs; Njitg;gl;ld.kpFe;j fhyr;nrythFk; ,f;fzpg;Gfisr;

nra;ag; nghwpfshy;jhd; KbAk; vd;;Wzu;e;j mnkupf;f, INuhg;gpa

ehLfs; ,j;Jiwf;Fg; ngUk; Cf;fkspj;J, ngUk; nghUl;nryT

nra;jd. ,jdhy; fzpg;nghwpfspd; tsu;r;rp tpaf;fj; jf;f mstpy;

Kd;NdwpaJ. mt;tifapy; tsu;e;j fzpdpapd; tsu;r;rpapid Ie;J

jiyKiwfshfg; gpupj;Js;sdu;4 Ma;thsu;fs;.

1.3.1. fzpdpapd; Kjy; jiyKiw :

`hu;;tu;l; gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; `hu;;tu;l; Infd; (Howard

Aiken) 1937 – 1947 ,y; tbtikj;j fzpg;nghwpapd; ngau; khu;f;-1.

,J kpd;rhuj;jhy; efUk; ghfq;fis Mjhukhff; nfhz;L

mikf;fg;gl;lJ. ghNg[pd; fdit edthf;fpa fzpg;nghwp ,JthFk;;.

1941 - ,y; ];A+]; (Zuse) vd;w n[u;khdpaUk; ,Nj tiff;

fzpg;nghwpiar; nra;jpUe;jhu;.

mirAk; ghfq;fSf;Fg; gjpy; mirahj kpd;dZf; fUtpahf

cUthf;fg;gl;lNghJjhd; cz;ikahd fzpg;nghwp cUthdJ.

mNahth khepyf;fy;Yhupapy; 1939 - ,y; mNlhNdhN]hg; (Joseph

Vincent Atanasoff) vd;gtUk; mtuJ khztu; ngu;up (Clifford

Berry) vd;gtUk; kpd;dZf; fzpg;nghwp xd;iwr; nra;jdu;.

21
 mjpy; jrk vz;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf ,Uepiy vz;fis (Binary

Numbers) Kjd;Kjyhfg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. fzpg;nghwpapd; tsu;r;rpapy;

,f;fhyj;jpy; kpd;dZ ntw;wplf;Foha;fs; (Vaccumtubes) gad;gl;ld.

,f;fhyj;jpy;jhd; nfhyh]p (Colossis) tif kpd;dZf;fzpg;nghwpAk;

fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

kpd;rhuj;jhy; efUk; ghfq;fs; ,y;yhj ntw;wplf; Foha;fisg;

gad;gLj;jp, Kd;igtpl Mapuk; klq;F Ntfj;Jld; nray;gLk;

vdpahf; (ENIAC – Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)

vd;w fzpg;nghwpapid nksf;yp (John W Mouchly), vf;nfu;l;

( J Presper Eckert) vd;w ,UtUk; cUthf;fpdu;.

fzf;fpw;fhd jfty;fisg; NghyNt fl;lisj; njhFg;igAk;

fzpg;nghwpapd; epidtfj;jpw;Fs;NsNa itj;Jf; nfhz;L Ntiy

nra;ayhk; vd;w GJf;fUj;ijr; nrayhf;fp /ghd;eha;kd; (John van

Neuumen) 1952 - ,y; vl;thf; (EDVAC – Electronic Discrete Variable

Automatic Computer) vd;w fzpg;nghwpapid tbtikj;jhu;. mjw;F

Kd;Ng ,k;Kiwapidg; gad;gLj;jp vl;rhf; (EDSAC – Electronic

Delay Storage Automatic Computor) vd;w fzpg;nghwpapid

Nfk;gpupl;[; gy;fiyf;fofk; cUthf;fpaJ.

1.3.2. fzpdpapd; ,uz;lhk; jiyKiw :

jilaw;w Ntiyf;fhf ntw;wplf; Foha;fis tpLj;J

kpd;khw;wpahd buhd;]p];lu;fisg; gad;gLj;jp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ

22
A+dpthf; - 1 (UNIVAC – 1 Universal Automatic Computer) vd;w

fzpg;nghwp tifahFk;. A+dpthf; - 1 cUtpy; rpwpajhf, Ntfk;

cilajhf, Fiwe;j kpd;rf;jpapy; ,aq;Ftjhf ,Ue;jJ. ,jd;

epidtfk; fhe;j tisaq;fshy; MdJ.

1.3.3. fzpdpapd; %d;whk; jiyKiw :

buhd;]p];lu;fshy; GJg;nghypT ngw;w fzpdpfs; mjpf

ntg;gj;ij ntspapLtjhf ,Ue;jjhy;, mij khw;Wk; Kaw;rpapy;

Njhd;wpait %d;whk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfs; MFk;. rpypfd; rhu;e;J

mikf;fg;ngw;w xUq;fpize;j kpd;Rw;Wfs; (Integrated Circuit Chips)

gad;gLj;jpa fzpdpfs; %d;whk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfshFk;.

rpy;Yfspd; njhlf;ffhyk; ,J. Igpvk; 360 ,e;j %d;whk;

jiyKiwiar; Nru;e;jJ.

1.3.4. fzpdpapd; ehd;fhk; jiyKiw :

rpy;Yfspd; njhopy;El;gk; tsu;ej

; J. xU rpy;ypy; Mapuf;

fzf;fhd buhd;rp];lu;fs; mlf;fg;gl;ld. ngUksT xUq;fpizg;G

tsu;e;J xUq;fpizf;fg;gl;ljd; %yk; rpy;Yfs; gj;jhapuj;jpw;Fk;

Nkw;gl;l ghfq;fisj; jk;Ks; nfhz;bUe;jd.

rpy;Yfs; jahupg;gpy; ,z;nly; (Intel) epWtdk; ngau; ngw;wJ.

,jd; jahupg;Gfshd 8088, 80826, 80836, 80486 ngd;bak; tifr;

rpy;Yfs; ,d;W gy Ez;fzpdpfspd; (Micro Computer) ,jakhf

23
tpsq;Ffpd;wd. kpfg;ngupa mstpy; xUq;fpize;j rpy;Yfisg;

gad;gLj;Jk; fzpdpfs; vy;yhk; ehd;fhk; jiyKiwiar; Nru;e;jit.

1.3.5. fzpdpapd; Ie;jhk; jiyKiw :

jhNk rpe;jpj;Jr; nray;glj; jf;fjhf nraw;if mwpTj;jpwd;

nfhz;ljhf (Artificial Intelligence) ,Uf;fNtz;Lk; vd;w Nehf;fk;

nfhz;L, nkhopapd; EZf;fq;fisg; Gupe;J nray;gLk; tifapy;

tbtikf;fg;gl;L tUk; fzpdpfNs Ie;jhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpfs;

MFk;. ,it ,f;fhy tsu;r;rpf;F Vw;w mstpy; tbtikf;fg;ngWk;

fzpdpfs; MFk;.

fhyj;jpd; Njitf;F Vw;gTk;> khw;wj;jpw;F Vw;gTk; ,d;dKk;

fzpdpj;Jiw tsu;e;J nfhz;Nl cs;sJ. mjd; tsu;r;rp vd;d

vd;gij mt;tg;NghJ mwpe;J nfhs;tJ kdpjFyj;jpd; tsu;r;rpf;F

cjTtjhFk;.

1.4. fzpdpapd; ghfq;fs; :

nghJthff; fzpdp tpiuthfr; nray;gLk;gb mjd; ghfq;fs;

tbtikf;fg;glNtz;Lk;. fzpdpapd; td;nghUs; ghfq;fs; ahTk;

Ntiyapd;wp ,Uf;Fk; Neuj;ijf; Fiwj;J, vy;yh ghfq;fSk;

mjpfNeuk; Ntiy nra;tij VJthf;Fk; tifapy; nkd;nghUs;

njhFg;Gfs; tbtikf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;. mjd; mbg;gilapy; fzpdp

fPof
; f
; hZk; mbg;gilr; nray;ghLfisr; nra;aNtz;Lk;.

juitAk; epuiyAk; ngwNtz;Lk;.

24
 mtw;iw epidtpy; itj;J, NjitahdNghJ nfhLf;f

Ntz;Lk;.

epuypy; Fwpg;gpl;lgb juTfisr; nray;gLj;jpg; gaDs;s

jfty;fshf khw;wNtz;Lk;.

mt;tifapy; fzpdpapd; nray;ghLfisf; nfhz;L mjd; nray;

ghfq;fis ehd;F5 tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;. mit

1. cs;sPll
; fk;

2. ikar;nrayfk;

3. epidtfk;

4. ntspaPl;lfk;

1.4.1. cs;sPl;lfk; ( Input Divices )

gadUf;Fk;, fzpdpf;Fk; ,ilNa ,it xU ghykhfr; nray;

gLfpd;wd. xU fzpdpAld; gy cs;sPl;lfq;fis ,izf;f KbAk;.

,it juTfisg; ngw;Wf; fzpdpf;Fg; GupAk; epiyapy; cs;Ns

mDg;gp itf;Fk;.

mtw;wpy; rpy fPNo jug;gLfpd;wd.

1. tpirg;gyif (Keyboard)

2. Rl;b (Mouse)

3. tUb (Scanner)

25
 4. gl;ilf; FwpaPL gbg;ghd; (Barcode Reader)

5. ,yf;f tifg; glf;fUtp (Digitel Camera)

6. njhLjpiu (Touch Sensitive Screen)

7. fhe;j ik vOj;J ik czu;jy; (Magnatic Ink Character

Recognition)

8. xsptop vOj;J czu;jy; (Optical Character Recognition)

9. xsptopf; FwpaPL czu;jy; (Optical Mark Recognition)

10. xspg;Ngdh (Light Pen)

11. fhe;jg; gbg;ghd; (Magnatic Reader)

12. Rl;b ml;il (Smart Card)

13. Fwpg;G vLg;ghd; (Note taker)

14. Ez;Ngrp (Micro phone)

1.4.1.1. tpirg;gyif (Keyboard)

juTfis cs;spl cjTk; rhjdk; tpirg;gyif. ,jpy;

jl;lr;Rg; gyifapy; ,Ug;gJNghyg; gy tpirfs; cs;sd. Mq;fpy

vOj;JfSf;F, vz;fSf;F, epWj;jw;FwpfSf;F, rpwg;Gr;

nray;ghLfSf;F vd ehd;F tif tpirfs; cs;sd.

,jpy; cs;s tpirfs; jl;lg;gl;lhy; mjw;Fupa FwpaPL

fzpdpf;Fs; mDg;gg;gLk;. ngUk;ghYk; Mq;fpyj;jpy;; kl;LNk

tbtikf;fg;gl;L ,Ue;j tpirg;gyiffs; jw;NghJ jkpopYk;

tbtikf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

26
1.4.1.2. Rl;b (Mouse)

,J jpiuapy; Njhd;Wk; ,lk;Rl;bia (Curser) efu;j;jg;

gad;gLfpwJ. Rz;nlyp Nghd;W ,Ug;gjdhy; Mq;fpyj;jpy; ,J

“nks];” (Mouse) vd;Nw miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,jd;mbapy; xU

rpWge;J ,Uf;Fk;. ,ij efu;j;Jk;NghJ mij czUk; Rl;b,

Fwpg;Gfisf; fzpdpf;F mDg;gp ,lk;Rl;bia efu;jJ

; k;. Rl;bapd;

Nkw;Gwk; tyJ, ,lJ vd ,U nghj;jhd;fs; cs;sd. ,it

Fwpg;gpl;l xd;iwj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; Ntiyiar; nra;a cjTfpd;wd.

1.4.1.3. tUb (Scanner)

,J glq;fisAk;, ciufisAk; cs;spl cjTk; fUtp.

,jd; kPJ itf;fg;gLk; jhis xU glkhff; fzpdpf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk;.

vOj;Jf;fshf ,Ue;jhy; mjid XrpMu; (OCR) nkd;nghUs; %yk;

mwpayhk;. ,jidg; gbnaLf;Fk; fUtpAld; ( Xerox ) xg;gplyhk;.

1.4.1.5. ,yf;ftifg; glf;fUtp (Digitel Camera)

glq;fis vLj;Jf; fzpdpf;F mDg;Gk; fUtpahd

,jd;%yk; efUk;, efuhg;glq;fisf; fzpdpf;F mDg;gyhk;.

1.4.1.6. njhLjpiu (Touch Sensitive Screen)

jpiuapy; fhl;lg;gLk; gytw;wpy; xd;widj; Nju;T nra;aTk;,

mjd;%yk; gadu; Ntz;Lk; tptuq;fis mwpAk; tz;zk; mike;jJ

27
njhLjpiu. tpuyhy; njhLtijj; jpiu czu;e;J Nju;T nra;ag;gl;l

tptuj;ijf; fzpdpf;F mDg;Gk;.

1.4.1.7. fhe;j ik vOj;J czu;jy; (Magnatic Ink Character

Recognition – MICR)

vk;IrpMu; vdg;gLk; ,t;tiff; fhNrhiyfs; tq;fpfspy;

ngupJk; gad;gLfpwd. ,jpy; fhNrhiy vz;, tq;fp vz; Kjypad

fhe;j ikapdhy; mr;rplg;gl;bUf;Fk;. ,tw;iw ,ae;jpuq;fs;

gbg;gjdhy; jtWfs; NeuhJ. Neuj;ij kpr;rkhf;Fk;. ghJfhg;ghdJ.

,JTk; xU cs;sPl;L KiwahFk;.

1.4.1.8. xsptop vOj;J czu;jy; (Optical Character

Recognition -OCR)

tUbapdhy; glkhf khw;wg;gl;lijg; ghu;j;J, me;j vOj;Jfis

milahsk; fhZjy; xsptop vOj;J czu;jy;. ,jw;Ff; fhe;j ik

Njitapy;iy. rpytif vOj;Jfis kl;Lk; milahsk; fhZk;

czupfSk;, vy;yhtpj vOj;JfisAk; milahsk; fhZk;

czupfSk; cs;sd. gy nkhopfspy; gbf;Fk; czupfSk; cs;sd.

1.4.1.9. xsptopf; FwpaPL czu;jy; (Optical Mark Recognition –

OMR)

,jw;nfd mr;rplg;gl;l gbtq;fspy; ngd;rpy; my;yJ

ikapdhy; epug;gg;gLk; NghJ, ,jw;nfd cs;s gbg;ghd; epug;gg;gl;l

28
ngl;bfis fzpdpf;Fj; njuptpf;Fk;. ,jdhy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd

gbtq;fisr; rpykzp Neuj;jpNyNa cs;spl KbAk;. Nju;Tfs;,

njhopw;rhiyfspy; Neug;gjpTj; juTfs; ,t;top Kiwapy; kjpg;gplg;

gLfpd;wd.

1.4.1.10. xspg;Ngdh ( Light Pen )

Ngdh tbtpy; cs;s ,J jpiuafj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;L

,Uf;Fk;. ,jd; Kidiaj; jpiuapd; kPJ itj;jhy; me;j ,lk;

xspUk; Neuj;ijf; fzf;fpl;Lg; Ngdh njhLk; ,lk; mwpag;gLk;.

,ijr; nray;gLj;JtJ vspjhf ,Ug;gjpy;iy. vdpDk; ,ijf;

nfhz;L jpiuapy; tiua KbAk; vd;gJ ,jd; rpwg;G.

1.4.1.11. fhe;jg; gbg;ghd; (Magnatic Reader)

fhe;jg;gl;iliag; gbf;fTk;, mjp;y; vOjTk; cjTk; rhjdk;

,J. gw;W ml;il (Credit Card), Vbvk; ml;il (ATM Card), ngl;Nuh

ml;il (Petro Card) Kjypatw;wpd; cupikahsiu tpiuthf

milahsk; fhzcjTk;.

1.4.1.12. Rl;b ml;il (Smart Card)

,e;j ml;ilapy; cs;s xU rpW Ez;nraypapy; juTfis

vOjpitf;fyhk;. khw;wpitf;fyhk;. gpd; ,e;jj; juTfisf; fzpdpf;F

mDg;gyhk;. ngUk;ghyhd milahs ml;ilfs; ,t;top Kiwapy;

Kf;fpa nra;jpfisg; gjpe;J itf;f cjTfpd;wd.

29
1.4.1.13. Fwpg;G vLg;ghd; (Notes taker)

,jpy; xU rhjhuzg; NgdhTld; ,lk; mwpAk; trjpAk;

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,e;j ,lk; gw;wpa nra;jp miyfshf ntspaplg;

gLk;. mijg; ngWk; trjp, gpbg;ghd; Nghd;w xU gFjpapy; cs;sJ.

,jpypUe;J fzpdpf;Fj; jfty; nry;Yk;. mjd; %yk; ehk; vOJk;

vOj;J, glk; Kjypatw;wpy; cs;s Gs;spfs; tupirahff; fpilf;Fk;.

1.4.1.14. Ez;Ngrp (Micro phone)

NgRk; xypiag; ngw;Wf; fzpdpf;Fj; juTfshf mDg;Gk;

rhjdk; ,J. ,e;jj; juTfis myrp, ve;jr; nrhw;fs; Ngrg;gl;ld

vd;gijf; fz;lwpa nkd;nghUs;fs; Njit. ,J tpirg;gyif, Rl;b

Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;j Kbahjtu;fSf;Fg; ngupJk; gad;gLk;.

ghu;itaw;NwhUf;F ,J kpfTk; cjTk;. Mdhy; ,e;jg;Ngr;R czUk;

nkd;nghUSf;fhd njhopy; El;gk; ,d;Dk; Kjpu;e;j epiyia

milatpy;iy.

,it jtpu Njf;ffq;fshd nefpo;tl;L ,Lk;gFjp (Floppy

Disk), FWtl;L (CD), tprpb (VCD), btpb (DVD), ngd;biut;

(Pendrive), , - NgL (E–Pad) KjypadTk; cs;sPl;lfq;fs; vdyhk;.

1.4.2. ikar;nrayfk; ( Central Processing Unit )

fzpdpapy; cs;splg;gLk; jfty;fisg; ngw;Wr; nrayhw;w,

fzpdpapy; ,Uf;Fk; jdpg;gFjpNa ikar;nrayfk;. ,ijf;

30
fzpdpapd; %is vd;W $wyhk;. ,JNt nrayhf;fg; gFjpahFk;.

Ez;nrayp (Micro Proccessor) vDk; ,J jha;g;gyifAld;

(Mother Board) ,ize;J nray;gLfpwJ.

ikar;nrayfk; juTfisf; nfhz;L vz;fzpjr; nray;ghL

fisAk;, ju;f;fr; nray;ghLfisAk; nra;fpwJ. ju;f;f mbg;gil

thjq;fisg; Gupe;J nfhz;L nray;gLfpwJ.

fzpdpapd; midj;Jg; ghfq;fisAk; fl;Lg;gLj;jp, Njitahd

nray;ghLfis, nfhLj;j jfty;fspd;gb nra;a itf;fpwJ. ikar;

nrayfk; %d;W mbg;gil ghfq;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.

1. fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; (Artimetic Logic Unit – ALU)

2. fl;Lg;ghl;lfk; (Contrl Unit)

3. gjptfk; (Register)

1.4.2.1. fzpj Vuzr; nrayfk; ( Artimetic Logic Unit – ALU )

,g;gFjp ju;f;fq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; cs;s fzpjr; nray;

ghLfisr; nra;fpwJ. fzpjr; nray;ghLfshd $l;ly;, fopj;jy;,

ngUf;fy;, tFj;jiyAk; nra;a cjTfpwJ. ju;f;fr; nray;

ghLfshd ,U vz;fs; my;yJ vOj;Jfs; my;yJ rpwg;Gf;

FwpaPLfis xg;gpl;Lr; rkkh, rpwpjh, ngupjh vd;W $WtJk; mJTk;

,JTk;, my;yJ, ,y;iy vDk; nghUs;gLk; nray;ghLfisAk;

nra;Ak; gFjp ,J.

31
1.4.2.2. fl;Lg;ghl;lfk; ( Contrl Unit )

ngwg;gLk; juTfis ikar;nrayfj;jpw;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yTk;,

Nrkpf;fTk;, epidtfj;jpy; ,lTk; fl;lisfisg; gpwg;gpf;Fk; gFjp

,J. ikar;nrayfk;, epidtfk;, cs;sPL, ntspaPl;lfq;fisf;

fl;Lg;gLj;jp, mLj;j nray;ghl;bidr; nra;tjw;fhd fl;lisiaj;

jUtjd; %yk; fzpdpiaj; njhlu;e;J ,aq;f itf;Fk; gFjp ,J.

1.4.2.3. gjptfk; ( Register )

gjptfk; vd;gJ Ez;nraypapy; Nrkpj;j jfty;fisg; gad;

gLj;jpf; nfhs;s cjTk; gFjp. fl;Lg;ghl;lfk; fzpjj; ju;f;fg;

gFjpf;Fj; jfty;fisf; nfhLj;J thq;Fk;NghJ, mt;tg;NghJ

jfty;fisr; rpwpJ Neuj;jpw;F itj;jpUf;fr; rpy epidtplq;fs;

Njitg;gLk;. mJNt gjptplq;fs; vdg;gLk;.

,k;%d;W gFjpfSk; Nru;e;jNj ikar;nrayfk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

1.4.3. epidtfk; ( Memory )

fzpdpapd; nray;ghl;bw;Fg; gytpjkhd jfty;fs; mjd;

epidtpy; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. fzf;Ffspy; tUk; vz;fs;, FwpaPLfs;,;

ruq;fs;, fzf;Ffisr; nra;Ak; topKiwfs;,fzpdpapd; Nkyhsuhfr;

nray;gLk; ,af;f mikg;G (Operating system) midj;Jk; epidtpy;

,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fzpdpapd; epidTj;jpwid ,uz;lhfg; gpupf;fyhk;6. mit

32
 1. Neub mZFKiw epidtfk; (Random Access Memory Unit -

RAM)

2. gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk; (Read Only Memory – ROM)

1.4.3.1. Neub mZFKiw epidtfk; (RAM)

,d;iwa fzpdpfspd; Kjd;ik epidtfkhfg; gad;gLtJ

Neub mZFKiw epidtfk;. ,jpy;jhd; juTfSk;, epuy;fSk;

vOjp itf;fg;gLfpd;wd. Vnddpy; vt;tplj;jpypUe;Jk; jftiy kpf

vspjhfTk;, tpiuthfTk; ngwKbAk;. kpd;rhuk; epWj;jg;gl;lhy;

,jpYs;s jfty; vy;yhk; mope;JtpLk;.

ika epidtfk; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; ,jpy; gy miwfs;

,Ug;gjhff; nfhs;syhk;. Xt;nthU miwf;Fk; xU Kftup ,Uf;Fk;.

jfty;fisf; Fwpg;gpl;l Kftup cs;s miwapy; vOjp itf;fyhk;.

me;j miw vz;izf; nfhLj;J mjpy; ,Uf;Fk; jftiyg; ngwyhk;.

xU jftiy epidtfj;jpy; ,Ltij vOJjy; (Write)

vd;Wk;, mjpypUe;J jftiyg; ngWjiyg; gbj;jy; (Read) vd;Wk;

Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,e;j ,uz;ilAk; nra;Ak; epidtfk; nghJthf Neub

mZFKiw epidtfk; vdg;gLfpwJ.

1.4.3.2. gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk; (ROM)

,e;epidtfj;jpy; jfty;fs; rpy;ypid cUthf;Fk;NghNj vOjp

itf;fg;gLk;. ,e;jj; jfty;fis khw;w KbahJ. kpd;rhuk; ,y;yhj

33
NghJk; ,jpy; cs;s jfty;fs; mopahJ. fzpdp njhlq;Fk;NghJ

nra;a Ntz;ba nray;fs; Nghd;wit ,j;jifa epidtfq;fspy;

vOjp itf;fg;gLk;.

,itayy;yhJ epuyhf;F gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk;

(Programmable Read Only Memory – PROM), mopAk; epuyhf;F gbf;f

kl;Lk; epidtfk; (Erasable Read Only Memory – EPROM),

kpd;rhuj;jhy; mopAk; epuyhf;F gbf;f kl;Lk; epidtfk;

(Electrically Erasable Read Only Memory – EEPROM) Nghd;w

epidtfq;fSk; cz;L.

1.4.4. ntspaPl;lfk;; (Output Divices)

fzpdpapy; cs;s jfty;fis ntspapl cjTk; rhjdq;fNs

ntspaPll
; fk;. fzpdpapy; ,lg;gl;l juTfs;, epuy;fs; Nrkpf;fg;

ngw;wpUf;Fk; epidtfj;jpypUe;Njh, NtW tifapNyh jfty;fisg;

ngw ntspaPlL
; r; rhjdq;fs; mtrpak;.

mt;tifapy; fPo;tUk; ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdq;fs; gutyhfg;

gad;gLgitahFk;.

1. fzpdpj;jpiu (Monitor)

2. mr;;Rg;nghwp (Printer)

3. xypngUf;fp (speaker)

4. tiutp (Plotter)

34
1.4.4.1. fzpdpj;jpiu (Monitor)

mjpf mstpy; gad;gLk; ntspaPl;Lr; rhjdk; ,J. fhl;rpj;jpiu

vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. fzpdpAld; ,izf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,J

njhiyf;fhl;rpg;ngl;b Nghd;wpUf;Fk;. mjpYs;sJ Nghd;W glf;Foha;

cz;L. tz;zKilaJ, tz;zkw;wJ vd ,Utiffspy; cs;sJ.

vOj;JfSld; glq;fSk; fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ. jpiuapy; gy

Gs;spfs; xspu;tjd; %yk; vOj;JfSk;, glq;fSk; cUthfpd;wd.

,e;jg;Gs;sp gpf;nry; (Pixel – Picture Element) vdg;gLk;. Gs;spfspd;

vz;zpf;if mjpfkhf mjpfkhfg; glq;fs; Jy;ypakhfj; njupAk;.

fzpdpj;jpiu jw;NghJ gy tbtq;fspy; fpilf;fpd;wJ.

1.4.4.2. mr;;Rg;nghwp (Printer)

td;gb (Hard Copy) vdg;gLk; glq;fSk; ciufSk;

mr;rplg;gl;l gf;fq;fis fzpdpapypUe;J jhspy; ngw cjTtJ

mr;;Rg;nghwp. Ntfk;, mr;Rj;juk; vd;gijg; nghWj;J ,ij ,U

tiffshfg; gpupf;fyhk;.

jl;ly; tif mr;;Rg;nghwp (Inpact Printer)

jl;lh tif mr;;Rg;nghwp (Non- Inpact Printer)

jl;ly; tif mr;;Rg;nghwpfspy; fhfpjj;jpd; kPJ rpWfk;gp

jl;Ltjhy; Gs;sp my;yJ vOj;J cUthfpwJ. Fiwe;jtpiy, rpwe;j

ciog;G vd;gjhy;, kpf mjpfmsT mr;rpLtjpy; ,it ngupJk;

35
gad;gLfpd;wd. ,it tup mr;;Rg;nghwp (Line Printer) Gs;sp mr;;Rg;

nghwp (Dot-Matrix Printer) vd ,U tiffspy; fpilf;fpwJ.

tup mr;;Rg;nghwp kpf tpiuthf xU rkaj;jpy; xU tupia

mr;rpLk; jpwd;ngw;wit. ,it xU epkplj;jpy; 150 Kjy; 3000 tupfs;

tiu mr;rpLk;. Mdhy; xU vOj;JUtpy; kl;Lk; mr;rpLk;. glq;fs;

tiuahJ. mr;Rj;juk; FiwT. mjpf rj;jk; vOg;Gk;. Mdhy; mjpf

msT ciufis kpf tpiuthfg; gygb vLj;Jf; nfhLg;gjpy;

rpwe;jit.

Gs;sp mr;;Rg;nghwp rpW fk;gpfshy; Gs;spfis itj;J vOj;J,

glq;fis cUthf;Fk;. mjdhy; Ntfk; kpfTk; FiwT. Mdhy;

nryT FiwT vd;gJk;, gygbfs; vLf;f KbAk; vd;gJk; ,e;j

tif mr;;Rg;nghwpfspd; mjpfg; gad;ghl;bw;Ff; fhuzk;. ,it xU

tpdhbf;F Rkhu; 300 vOj;Jfs; mr;rpLk;.

jl;lh tif mr;;Rg;nghwpfspy; efUk; ghfq;fs; FiwT

vd;gjhy; Ntfk; mjpfk;. Rj;jk; ,y;iy. mjpfj;juk; cs;s

glq;fis tiuayhk;. ,it ntg;gtif mr;;Rg;nghwp (Thermal

Printer), Nyru; mr;;Rg;nghwp (Laser Printer), ikgPrR

; mr;;Rg;nghwp

(Inkjet Printer) vd;w tiffspy; cs;sd.

ntg;gtif mr;;Rg;nghwpapy; Gs;spfs; Ntz;ba ,lj;jpy;

kpd;rhuj;jhy; ntg;gk; mjpfupf;fg;gLfpwJ. ntg;gk; czUk; rpwg;Gj;

jhs;fs;, ,e;j ntg;gj;jhy; Njitg;gLk; ,lq;fspy; Gs;spfis

36
cUthf;Ffpd;wJ. ,J njhiyefyp (Fax), fzpg;ghd; (Calculator)

Nghd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLfpwJ. mr;Rj;juk; FiwT.

Nyru; mr;;Rg;nghwpapy; Nyru; xspiaAk;, Jfshf tUk;

ikiaAk; nfhz;L nray;gLk; tif ,J. kpfr;rpwpa Gs;spfis

cUthFk; jpwd; ngw;wJ. juk; mjpfk; cs;s glq;fis mr;rpLk;.

ikgPrR
; mr;;Rg;nghwpapy; tz;zikapd; kpfr;rpW Jsp ntspNa

gPrr
; g;gLfpwJ. ,ij kpd;fhe;jj; jfLfs; rupahd ghijapy; mDg;G

fpd;wd. ,e;jj; Jspfs; fhfpjj;jpy; gbe;J glj;ij cUthf;Ffpwd.

1.4.4.3. xypngUf;fp (speaker)

Xyp tifapy; Ngr;irAk;, ,iriaAk; ntspapl cjTk;

rhjdk; xypngUf;fp. ciuapypUe;J Ngr;ir cUthf;fj; jdp

nkd;nghUs;fs; cs;sd. ,e;jtif ntspaPL tpkhd epiyaq;fs;,

tq;fpfs;, jhdpaq;F jfty; ikak; Nghd;wtw;wpy; gad;gLfpwJ.

1.4.4.4. tiutp (Plotter)

tPL fl;Ltjw;fhd tiuglq;fs;, nghwpfs; kw;Wk; rhjdq;fspd;

mikg;igf; $Wk; glq;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwj; jahupg;gjw;nfdNt ,e;j

tiutpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

1.5. fzpdpapd; ,af;f mikg;G

fzpdpf;Fk; gpw kpd;dZr; rhjdq;fSf;Fk; ngupa NtWghL

cz;L. fzpdp jtpu;jj

; kpd;dZr; rhjdq;fis ,af;fr; rpy

37
nghj;jhd;fisg; gw;wpj; njupe;J nfhz;lhNy NghJk;. Mdhy;

fzpdpapy; cs;sPL, ntspaPL nra;a tpjtpjkhd nghwpfs; cs;sd.

,it xt;nthd;WlDk; njhlu;Gnfhs;s ntt;Ntwhd tpjpKiwfisf;

fzpdp filgpbf;fNtz;Lk;. mtw;iwnay;yhk; gad;gL;j;JgtNu

gbj;Jg; Gupe;Jnfhz;L mjd;gb nrayhw;WtJ vd;gJ fbdkhd

NtiyahFk;. mj;Jld; cs;sPl;L ntspaPl;lfq;fis rupahd

Kiwapy; epu;tfpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

fzpdpf;Fs;NsNa ,Uf;Fk; epidtfk;, ikar;nrayfk;

Nghd;wtw;iwr; rupahfg; gfpu;e;J mspf;fNtz;Lk;. mt;tifapy;

fzpdpapd; vy;yh ghfq;fisAk; epu;tfpj;J, jpwk;gl ,af;fpj;ju

xUtu; Njit.

njhlf;f fhyj;jpy; epuy; vOJgtNu Neubahff; fzpdpiag;

gad;gLj;jpdhu;. fzpdpapd; mikg;Gg; ngupajhfp, rpf;fy;fSk;

mjpfkhf mjpfkhf, Neub ,af;fk; rhj;jpakw;wjhf MdJ.

xt;nthd;iwAk; ed;fwpe;J, mtw;wpd; nray;ghLfs; ,it vd;gij

kl;Lk; ntspAyfpw;Fj; jUk; nkd;nghUs; gbg;gbahf cUthdJ.

mJNt ,af;fmikg;G7 (Operating System) vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

td;nghUs;fisr; nray;gLj;Jtjpy; cs;s rpf;fy;fis mJ

ntspapy; njupahky; kiwj;JtpLk;. vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk; vd;gij

kl;Lk; ntspapy; ,Ue;Jngw;W, mijr; nra;J nfhLf;Fk;. fzpdpapy;

td;nghUs; cly; vd;why; nkd;nghUs; capu; vd;W tpsq;FfpwJ.

38
 8
xd;wpy;yhky; kw;wJ Ntiy nra;ahJ. nkd;nghUspy; ,Utif

cz;L. mit

1. mikg;G nkd;nghUs; (System Software)

2. gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs; (Application Software)

1.5.1. mikg;G nkd;nghUs; (System Software)

fzpdpapd; gy gFjpfisAk; fl;bf;fhj;J Ntiythq;Fk;

nkd;nghUs; mikg;Gnkd;nghUs; vdg;gLk;. ,k;nkd;nghUsikg;Ng

fzpdpf;Fk; gadUf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngWk; gupkhw;wq;fs; rpf;fy;

,y;yhky; eilngw cjtp nra;fpwJ.

fzpdpapd; epiytl;by; (Hard Disk) gjpag;ngWk; ,t;tikg;G

nkd;nghUs;, fzpdpf;F kpd;,izg;Gf; nfhLj;jTld; epidtfj;jpy;

,Ue;J rpWgFjpia vLj;J itj;Jf; nfhz;L jahuhfptpLk;.

fzpdpapd; KOf;fl;Lg;ghLk; ,t;tikg;G nkd;nghUspd; fPo; te;J

tpLk;. gpd; gadupd; fl;lisf;fhff; fhj;J epw;Fk;. fl;lisfis

,l,l mtw;iwr; nra;J Kbj;JtpLk;. kpd;,izg;Gj; Jz;bf;fg;gLk;

tiu ,t;thW njhlu;e;J nray;gLk;.

,t;tikg;G nkd;nghUNs gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs;fisf;

fl;Lg;gLj;jp, epu;tfpf;Fk; NtiyiaAk; nra;Ak;. gad;ghl;L nkd;

nghUs;fSf;Fj; Njitahd epidtplq;fis xJf;fp, juTf;

fhg;gpidAk; ,it guhkupf;Fk;. mt;thNw cs;sPl;L ntspaPlL

; r;

nray;ghLfisAk; ,t;tikg;G nkd;nghUNs guhkupf;Fk;. ,jd;

39
jiyaPbd;wp fzpdpapy; vr;nraYk; eilngwhJ vdyhk;. vk;v];lh];,

tpz;Nlh];, A+dpf;]; Mfpait mikg;G nkd;nghUs;fSf;F

vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

gadu; ,ilKfk; (User Interface)

gadu; ,ilKfk; vd;gJ ,af;f mikg;G gadUld; njhlu;G

nfhs;Sk; ,lkhFk;. ,af;f mikg;G td;nghUSf;Fk;, ntsp

cyfpw;Fk; ,ilapYs;s Xu; ,ilKfkhfg; (Interface) gad;gLfpwJ.

fzpdpj;jpiuapy; njupAk; jfty;fs; fzpdpf;Fk;, fl;lisfisj; ju

,Uf;Fk; gadUf;Fk; ,ilapy; cs;s Xu; ,ilKfkhf mikfpwJ.

,JNt gadu; ,ilKfk; vdg;gLfpwJ. ,Utopj; njhlu;ghf ,Uf;Fk;

gadu; ,ilKfk;, FwpaPl;Lg; gadu; ,ilKfk;, vOj;Jtifg; gadu;

,ilKfk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.

rpy FwpaPLfs; %yk; fzpdpf;Ff; fl;lisfisj; jUtJ

FwpaPlL
; g; gadu; ,ilKfk;. tpz;Nlh]; nkd;nghUs;fs; ,t;tifg;

gl;ld. vOj;Jfs; %yk; fzpdpf;Ff; fl;lisfisj; jUtJ

vOj;Jtifg; gadu; ,ilKfk;. vk;v];lh]; nkd;nghUs;fs;

,t;tifg;gl;ld.

1.5.2. gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs; (Application Software )

gadUf;Fj; Njitahd nray;fisr; nra;J nfhLf;fg;

gad;gLtJ gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUs; MFk;. vy;yh td;nghUisAk;

40
epu;tfpf;Fk; jpwd;ngw;w mikg;Gnkd;nghUspd; cjtpNahL gad;ghl;L

nkd;nghUs;fs; nray;gLfpd;wd.

,t;tif nkd;nghUs;fs; fzpdpapd; %yk; Njitahd

nray;fis vspjhfr; nra;Jnfhs;s cjTfpd;wd. gytifahd

nray;fis vspjhfr; nra;Jnfhs;s tha;g;gspg;gitahf ,Uf;Fk;

,tw;iwf; fzpdpapy; epWtpg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

,it nghJthf vOJjy;, fzf;fpLjy;, ju;f;fr;

nray;ghLfisr; nra;jy;, tiujy;, tz;z%l;Ljy;, njhlu;G

Vw;gLj;Jjy;, jpl;lkply; Mfpa nray;fisr; nra;Jnfhs;s

cjTfpd;wd.

vk;v];Mgp]; vDk; nkd;nghUs; gad;ghl;L nkd;nghUSf;Fr; rhd;W.

1.6. fzpdp nkhopfs; (Computer Languages)

fzpdp ekf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwf; fzf;fpl;Lj; juNtz;Lk;

vd;why;, ehk; nrhy;tijg; Gupe;Jnfhz;L mjd;gb nray;gl

Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F ehk; nrhy;tJ GupaNtz;Lk;. mjw;nfd cUthf;fg;

ngw;wJjhd; fzpdp nkhopfs;9. ,it Ie;J jiyKiwfshfg;

gpupf;fg;gLfpd;wd. mit

1. nghwpnkhop (Machine Language)

2. $l;Lnkhop (Assembly Language)

3. cau;epiy nkhop (High-level Language)

41
 4. ehd;fhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpnkhop

5. Ie;jhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpnkhop

1.6.1.nghwpnkhop (Machine Language)

fzpdpapd; jha;nkhop 0,1 vd;w ,uz;L FwpaPLfs; kl;LNk.

fzpdp Njhd;wpa fhyj;jpy; fl;lisfs; vOjg; gad;gl;lJ

nghwpnkhop.

1.6.2. $l;Lnkhop (Assembly Language)

nghwpnkhopapy; fl;lisfs; xt;nthd;whf vOJtJ kpff;

fbdkhd ,Ue;jJ. jtWfs; Neu;e;jd. ,r;rpf;fiyg; Nghf;f

cUthf;fg;gl;lNj $l;Lnkhop. ,jd;%yk; fl;lisfisj; jrk

vz;fspy; vOjpdu;. MapDk; $l;Lnkhopapy; vOjpa epuy;fisg;

nghwpnkhopapy; ngau;j;j gpd;dNu mtw;iwr; nrayhf;f KbAk;.

1.6.3. cau;epiy nkhop ( High-level Language )

$l;LnkhopapYk; rpy rpf;fy;fs; ,Ue;jd. xU rpW nraiyr;

nra;aTk; gy fl;lisfis vOjNtz;b ,Ue;jJ. ngupa fl;lis

epuy;fis vOJtJk; fbdkhf ,Ue;jJ. mijj; jPu;f;ff; fzpdpAld;

Neubahf ciuahLtijg;Nghy; mike;j nkhopNa cau;epiy nkhop;.

,it epfo;epuy;fisf; nfhz;ljhfTk;, my;[Pg;uh tiff;

fzpjr; nray;ghl;L KiwapYk; mike;jpUe;jd. /Nghu;l;uhd; (FOR

TRON – Formula Translation), My;fhy; (ALGOL – Algorathmic

42
Language), Ngrpf;(Basic – Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction

Code) ,t;tifiar; rhu;e;j nkhopfs;.

1.6.4. ehd;fhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpnkhop

,it kpf cau;epiy nkhopfshFk;. fl;lis epuy;fis

vOJtjpy; Xu; xOq;F, fl;likg;gpw;F cl;gl;lit. thf;fpaq;fs;

kpfr; RUf;fkhfTk;, gy;NtW rpf;fyhd fzpg;Gfisr; nra;a

cfe;jjhfTk; ,k;nkhopfs; mikfpd;wd.

Nfhghy;, ]p, Mufps;, A+dp/ig Nghd;wit ,k;nkhop

tiffNs.

1.6.5. Ie;jhk; jiyKiwf; fzpdpnkhop

,it fzpdpiar; nray;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nraw;if nkhopfis

tpLj;J, kdpjd; NgRk; nkhopfspd; mbg;gilapy; mike;jit.

,jd;%yk; fzpdp nkhop mwpahj vtUk; fzpdpahy; gad;ngw

KbAk;. &gp, igjhd; Nghd;wit ,t;tif nkhopfs;.

,tw;wpd; %yk; kdpjd; jhd;NgRk; nkhopapNyNa jfty;fisf;

nfhLj;Jg; ngw KbAk;.

,itay;yhJ nraw;if mwpitr; nray;gLj;Jk; nkhopfSk;

Ie;jhk; jiyKiwiar; rhu;e;jitNa. yp];g; (LISP – List Processing),

g;Nuhyhf; (Prolog – Programming in Logic) ,t;tif nkhopfs;.

43
 fzpdpf;Ff; fl;lisfis ,l $l;Lnkhop, cau;epiy nkhop,

kpf cau;epiy nkhopfs; cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jhYk; mbg;gilahf

midj;Jf; fl;lis epuy;fisAk; fzpdpapd; jha;nkhopahfpa

nghwpnkhopf;F khw;wk; nra;jhy;jhd; nrayhf;fk; ngWk;. mt;thW

khw;wk; nra;a nkhopkhw;wpfs; Njit. $l;Lnkhopf;F $l;LthDk;

(Assembler), cau;epiy, kpf cau;epiynkhopfSf;Fj; njhFg;ghDk;

(Complier), tup - nkhop khw;wpAk; (Inter preter) nkhopkhw;wpfshFk;.

1.7. fzpdpAk; jkpOk;

Kj;jkpOld; ehd;fhk; jkpohfpa mwptpay; jkpOk;; mjd;

cl;$whfpa fzpdpj;jkpOk; ,d;W ngUtsu;r;rp fz;Ls;sd. fzpdpj;

njhopy; El;gj;ij KOikahfg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; cyfj;jkpou;

Kd;dpw;fpd;wdu;. cynfq;Fk; gutp tho;e;J tUk; mj;jkpou;fis

xd;W$l;Lk; rhjdkhff; fzpdpAk;, mjd; njhopy;El;g tsu;r;rpahfpa

,izaKk; tpsq;Ffpd;wd.

mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; fzpdp, ,izag; gad;ghl;by; Vw;gl;l

tpaj;jF khw;wq;fspy; xd;W fzpdpj;jkpo;. ngUk;ghd;ikahff;

fzpdpg; gad;ghl;by; Mq;fpyj;ijaLj;J, jkpopd; gad;ghL rpwg;gplk;

tfpf;fpwJ.

njhlf;ffhyj;jpy; fzpdpapy; jkpod; jkpiog; gad;gLj;j

Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; gy. mk;Kaw;rpfspd; Kjy;gbahff;

fzpdpapy; jkpo; vOj;JUf; Fwpahf;fj;jpd; tsu;r;rp ,Ue;jJ.

44
1.7.1. fzpdpapy; Fwpahf;f (Encoding) Kiw

cyfpy; gy nkhopfspYk; fzpdp gad;gLj;jg;gl;L tUfpwJ.

ve;jnthU nkhopahf ,Ue;jhYk; fzpdpapy; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ

xt;Nthu; vOj;Jf;Fk; Xu; vz; xJf;fg;gLk;. rhd;whf, A vd;w

vOj;Jf;F 01000001 vd;w vz;Zk;, B vd;w vOj;Jf;F 01000010 vd;w

vz;Zk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. ,jw;F M];fpKiw (ASCII – American

Standard Code for Information Interchange) vd;W ngau;. ,NjNghy;

xt;nthU nkhopapYs;s vOj;JUtpw;Fk; xt;nthU vz; xJf;fg;gLk;.

vz; mikg;gpidf; nfhz;Nl fzpdp ,aq;FfpwJ. ,g;gbf;

fzpdpapy; xt;nthU vz;izAk; epu;zapf;Fk; FwpaPl;L Kiwf;Ff;

Fwpahf;fk; (Encoding) vd;W ngau;.

10
,t;thW Fwpahf;fk; nra;tjpy;

cyfnkhopahf cs;s Mq;fpyk; ghjp ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.

mjhtJ, vOj;JUtpw;F vz;zhf xJf;fg;gLk; fzpdpapd;

,lkhdJ 16 x 16 vd;w mstpy; 256 fPw;Wfshf (glyph) mikfpwJ.

,jpy; 128 fPw;Wfspy; Mq;fpynkhop Fwpahf;fk; nra;ag; ngw;Ws;sJ.

mjpYk; vOj;Jfs;, vz;fs;, epWj;jw;Fwpfs; kw;Wk; fzpjf;FwpaPLfs;

vd 94 vOj;Jfs;11 Fwpahf;fk; nra;ag; ngw;Ws;sJ. kPjKs;s 128

fPwW
; fspy; kw;w cyf nkhopfSf;F ,lk; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

1.7.2. jkpo; vOj;JUf; Fwpahf;fj;jpd; njhlf;fk;

Nkw;nrhd;djd; mbg;gilapy; fzpdpapd; gad;ghl;by;

jkpohdJ njhlf;fj;jpy; jkpo;j; jl;lr;Rf; fUtpiaj; jOtp ‘ghkpdp’

45
vd;fpw vOj;JU mwpKfkhdJ. ,J Mq;fpyf; Fwpahf;fj;jpy;

mike;j vOj;JUf;fSf;Fg; gjpyhfj; jkpio cl;GFj;jpaJ.

,JNghd;Nw gyUk; nrhe;jj; jahupg;gpy; gy tif vOj;JUf;fis

cUthf;fpdu;. Mdhy;, fhyg;Nghf;fpy; ,izaj;jpd; tuthy; gy;NtW

eilKiwr; rpf;fy;fs; ,jpy; cUthfpd.

,f;fhyj;jpy; NtWrpy Fwpahf;f nkd;nghUs;fSk;

gad;ghl;bw;F te;jd. mjdhy; ,izaj;jpd; nra;jp gupkhw;wj;jpy;

gytifr; rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gl;ld. NkYk; ,t;tifapy; jkpo; - Mq;fpyk;

vd ,U nkhopfspYk; Mtzk; xd;iwj; njhFg;gJ fbdkhdJ.

,e;epiyapy; gy nkd;nghUs; jahupg;ghsu;fs;, jkpowpQu;fs;,

jkpiof; fzpdpapy; gad;gLj;JNthu;, jkpo; Mu;tyu;fs; kw;Wk;

gyupd; Kaw;rpahy; Gjpa Gjpa jkpo;epakf; Fwpahf;fKiw

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.

,k;Kiw, “fzpdp rhu; NjitfSf;Fj; jkpo; vOj;Jfisg;

gad;gLj;Jtjw;nfd cUthf;fg;gl;l 8 gpl; mbg;gilapy; mike;j

jkpo; - Mq;fpyk; vd ,U nkhopfisf; ifahsj;jf;f xU vOj;Jf;

FwpKiw epakkhFk;. ,f;FwpKiwapd; ngau; Mq;fpyj;jpy;

RUf;fkhf TSCII (Tamil Standard Code for Information Interchange)

vd;wthW Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ. jkpopy; jp];fp vdTk;, jFjuk; vdTk;

(jkpo; FwpaPlL
; j; juhjuk;) toq;fg;gLk;. ,JNt Kjd;Kjypy; cyfk;

jOtpa ,iza ciuahly; %yk; jug;gLj;jg;gl;L cUthf;fg;gl;l

FwpKiw epakkhFk; ” vd;W jkpo; tpf;fpgPbah ciuf;fpwJ.

12

46
 mJtiu epytpte;j gy;NtW rpf;fy;fSf;F, jkpo; vOj;Jf;

Fwpahf;f tuyhw;wpy; xUnkhopf; (ASCII) Fwpahf;fj;jhy; Vw;gl;l

ntw;wplj;ij epiwT nra;a cUthfpa mLj;j fl;l tsu;r;rpNa

jp];fp. fzpdpapy; M];fp Fwpahf;fj;jpw;fhd ,lk;Nghf kPjKs;s

(129 Kjy; 256 tiuAs;s fPw;Wfspy;) ,lj;jpy; jkpo; vOj;Jfis

gpujpaPL nra;jNy jp];fp Fwpahf;fj;jpd; mbg;gil. Mq;fpy

vOj;Jfspd; Fwpahf;fj;jpy; jkpiog; gpujpaPL nra;j KiwapDk;

,J Kd;Ndw;wk; cilajhf, ,Unkhopg; gad;ghl;bw;F vspjhf

,Ue;jJ. ,k;Kiw jkpo; ,iza khehL 99 - ,y; jkpof murhy;

Vw;wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

1.7.3. jkpo; 99 tpirg;gyif

murhy; Vw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;L ntspaplg;gl;l jkpo; 99

tpirg;gyif mr;RKiwapy; jkpo; vOj;JUf;fs; lhk; (TAM) vd;Wk;>

lhg; (TAB) vd;Wk; ,Utifahfg; gpupf;fg;gl;ld. lhk; vd;gJ jkpio

kl;Lk; gad;gLj;jty;yJ (TAM – Tami-Monolingual.) lhg; vd;gJ

jkpOk; Mq;fpyKk; gad;gLj;jty;yJ (TAB- Tamil Bilingual ). lhk;

vd;gJ KO tbtpyhd vOj;JUf;fisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,k;Kiwapy;

jl;lr;Rr; nra;ag;gLk; vOj;JUf;fs; KOtbtpy; ,Uf;Fk;. rhd;whf,

‘epyh’ vd;W jl;lr;R nra;jhy; e, p, y, h vd;W jdpj;jdp

vOj;Jfshf ,y;yhky; ep, yh vd KO vOj;Jfshf ,Uf;Fk;13.

moFzu;rr
; pf;fhf KO vOj;Jfshf ,f;FwpaPlL
; Kiw cUthf;fg;

gl;lJ.

47
 lhg; Kiwapy; jkpo; vOj;JUf;fisf; Fwpahf;fk; nra;af;

fpilj;j 128 fPwW

; fspy; 247 vOj;Jfis nghUj;j Kbahj

fhuzj;jhy; vOj;Jfisf; $wpl;Lg; nghUj;j Ntz;bajhapw;W. ‘nfhL

moF nkhopr; nrhy;’ vd;Dk; thf;fpy; cs;s nfh, L, m, o, F, nkh, op,

r;, nrh, y; vd;Dk; gj;J vOj;Jfisj; jp];fp Fwpahf;fj;jpy; n, f, h,

L, m, o, F, n, k, h, o, p, r;, n, r, h, y; vdg; gjpNdO fPw;Wfshff;

Fwpahf;fk; nra;jdu;14 vd;W Nkw;fz;l rhd;wpd; %yk; ,k;Kiwf;

Fwpahf;fj;ij xU Fiwahff; $Wthu; Ma;thsu; Kidtu; ,uhk.fp.

1.7.4. AdpNfhL Kiwapd; tpsf;fKk; NjitAk;

AdpNfhL my;yJ xUq;Fwp vd;gJ vOj;JfisAk;,

tupAUf;fisAk; vz;Kiw cgfuzq;fspy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;nfd

cUthf;fg;gl;l xU FwpKiw epakkhFk;. ,e;epakj;jpy; jw;fhyj;jpy;

cyfpy; gutyhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gy;NtW tup tbtq;fs;

mlq;fpAs;sd. mtw;Wld; rpy mupjhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; tup

tbtq;fSk;, fzpjk;, nkhopapay; Nghd;w Jiwfspy; gad;gLk;

tupAUf;fSk; mlq;fpAs;sd. ntt;NtW tup tbtq;fSf;F ntt;NtW

FwpKiwfs; gad;ghl;by; cs;sd. NkYk; jkpo; Nghd;w rpy

nkhopfspy; xNu tbtj;jpw;Fg; gy;NtW FwpKiwfSk; fhzg;

gLfpd;wd.

gd;nkhopr; R+oypy; ,j;jifa NtWgl;l FwpKiwfisg;

gad;gLj;Jtjhy; gy;NtW rpf;fy;fs; cUthfpd;wd. AdpNfhL vd;gJ

48
,j;jifa NtWgl;l FwpKiwfSf;F khw;whf xU epakf;Fwp

Kiwia epWTtjw;fhd jpl;lkhFk;15 vd;W tpf;fpgPbah $WfpwJ.

jkpiog; NghyNt cyf nkhopfs; ahtpYk; cs;s ngUk; gpur;rid

ve;jf; Fwpahf;fKiwia ,izajsq;fs; mikg;gjpYk;, kpd;dQ;ry;

gupkhw;wj;jp;w;Fk; gad;gLj;JtJ vd;gNj. gyUk; gy Fwpahf;f

Kiwfisg; gpd;gw;Wtjhy; nra;jpg; gupkhw;wj;jpy; gy;NtW

FsWgbfs;. ,f;FsWgbfisg; Nghf;f cUthf;fg;ngw;wNj AdpNfhL

Fwpahf;f Kiw.

1.7.5. AdpNfhL $l;likg;G (Unicode Consortium)

Mq;fpyk; jtpu cyfshtpa nkhopfspy; Vw;gl;l ,f;Fwpahf;fg;

gpur;ridiag; Nghf;fTk;, cyfpy; cs;s midj;J nkhopfisAk;

xd;wpizf;fTk; AdpNfhL $l;likg;G (Unicode Consortium) vd;w

mikg;G cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,yhg Nehf;fw;w epiyapy; kpfg;ngupa

fzpdp epWtdq;fSk;, cyf ehLfs; gyTk;, fzpdp Mu;tyu;fs;

gyUk; cWg;gpdu;fshf cs;s ,t;tikg;G cyf nkhopfs;

midj;ijAk; xU Filapd; fPo; nfhz;L tuNt epWtg;gl;lJ.

,f;$l;likg;gpy; cWg;gpdu;fshf cs;stu;fs; mtutu;

nkhopia AdpNfhL %yk; fzpdpapy; vg;gbf; nfhz;LtUtJ vd;Wk;,

mjpy; Vw;gLk; rpf;fy;fSf;F vt;thW jPu;T fhz;gJ vd;Wk;

Muha;;e;J, jpl;l mwpf;iffis ,t;tikg;gplk; toq;Ftu;. mjid

Muha;e;J xt;nthU nkhopf;Fk; vt;tsT ,lk; xJf;FtJ vd

49
,t;tikg;G KbTnra;Ak;. ,t;tikg;gpy; ,e;jpamuRk;, jkpofmuRk;

cWg;gpdu;fshf cs;sd. jkpof muR rhu;gpy; jkpo; ,izag;

gy;fiyf;fofk; jkpo; tsu;r;rpf;fhd gzpia Nkw;nfhz;L tUfpwJ16.

1.7.6. AdpNfhL Fwpahf;f Kiw (Unicode Encoding)

AdpNfhL Fwpahf;f Kiw cyfshtpa Fwpahf;f Kiw. ,jpy;

cyfnkhopfs; midj;jpw;Fk; ,lKz;L. ,J 32 gpl; jpl;lk;. ,jpy;

65000 fPwW
; fspy; gy;NtW nkhopfSf;Fk; ,lk; xJf;fg;gLfpwJ.

irdP]; Nghd;w rpy nkhopfs; jtpu xt;nthU nkhopf;Fk; 128 gpl;fs;

17
xJf;fg;gLk; .

,t;thW ,e;jpa nkhopfSf;F xJf;fg;gl;l Fwpahf;f Kiw

ISCII (Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange) vd;W

miof;fg;gl;lJ. Mdhy; Njtehfup Kiwapy; Fwpahf;fk; nra;ag;

ngw;wjhy; jkpo; nkhopf;Ff; Fiwthd ,lq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;lJ.

,jdhy; jkpo;g; gad;ghl;by; rpy rpf;fy;fs; Vw;gl;ld. vd;whYk;

AdpNfhL ekJ mrpuj;ijapdhy; ,];fp rhu;e;j Fwpahf;f Kiwia

Vw;Wf;nfhz;L tpl;lJ18. vd;ghu; Ma;thsu;. Mdhy; “,d;dKk;

AdpNfhL jpl;lj;jpy; gy;yhapuf;fzf;fhd FwpaPLfSf;fhd ,lq;fs;

fhypahf cs;sd. ehk; jkpo;nkhopf;F ,g;NghNj Fuy; nfhLj;jhy;

mjpff; FwpaPlL
; ,lq;fisf; fz;bg;ghfg; ngwKbAk;.

Vnddpy; AdpNfhbd; tpjpg;gb xU nkhopapd; xt;nthU

vOj;jpd; xypf;Fk; NtWghLfs; ,Uf;fNtz;Lk;. ,e;j mbg;gilapy;

50
ghu;j;jhy; jkpo;nkhopapy; m, f;, fp, F, $ vd xt;nthU vOj;jpw;Fk;

ntt;NtW xypNa cs;sJ. NkYk; jkpo;nkhopf;F mjpf ,lk;

Nfl;lhy; nkhop rpijAnkdg; gyUk; fUJfpwhu;fs;. mjpff; FwpaPlL

;

,lnkd;gJ fzpg;nghwpapd; cs; nray;ghl;Lf;Nf.

ekf;F mjpff; FwpaPl;L ,lq;fs; Njitnad ehk; Fuy; vOg;g

Ntz;ba mtru epiyapy; cs;Nshk;. 128 ,lq;fisj;jhd; AdpNfhL

; y; mspj;Js;shu;fNs, ru;tNjr muq;fpy; ,ijtpl mjpfkhfj;

FwpaPlb

jkpo; FwpaPlL
; ,lj;ij mspg;ghu;fsh vd epidf;f Ntz;lhk;.

Vnddpy; nfhupa (`hq;Fy;) nkhopf;F ,f;fzpg;nghwpj; jpl;lj;jpy;

12,177 ,lq;fs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd ” vd;gij Nehf;Fk; NghJ ehk;

19

njhlu;e;J NghuhLk; gl;rj;jpy; ekf;Fupa ,lj;jpidf; fz;bg;ghfg;

ngwKbAk; vd;gJ njspthfpwJ.

1.7.7. AdpNfhL jkpo; Fwpahf;fKk; vOj;JU gad;ghLk;

jw;NghJ AdpNfhl;by; jkpo; nkhopf;Fk; 8 gpl; mbg;gilapy;

Fwpahf;f Kiw tiuaiw nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; ek;kpilNa

,Unkhopg; gad;ghl;bw;nfd cs;s TAM, TSCII Kiwfistpl

AdpNfhby; gd;nkhop cs;slf;fpa vOj;JUitg; gad;gLj;j top

Vw;gLfpwJ. NkYk;, TAM, TAB ,TSCII Nghd;w Fwpahf;f Kiwapy;

FwpaPLfs; Ntw;Wnkhop vOj;JUf;fisf; nfhz;ljhf ,Uf;Fk;.

Fwpahf;f KiwapYk; xU Fwpahf;f Kiw ‘m’ it 140

MtJ ,lj;jpy; GFj;jpapUe;jhy;, NtnwhU Fwpahf;f Kiw ‘d’ itg;

51
GFj;jpapUf;Fk;. AdpNfhby; Nkw;fz;l ,lu;g;ghL fisag;gLtJld;,

gpwnkhopf; Fwpahf;fj;jpy; gpujpaPL nra;j KiwAk; khw;wk; ngw;W

jkpo;nkhop vOj;JUf;fs; cl;GFj;jg;gLfpwJ. AdpNfhby; vz; 2946

Kjy; vz; 3071 (OB80 – OBFF Hex) tiu jkpOf;fhf ,lk;

xJf;fg;gLk;. me;epiyapy;, ve;j nkhopiar; Nru;e;jtuhYk; 2946 vd;w

vz;iz AdpNfhby; vOjpdhy; mJ jkpo; ‘m’ thfNt fzpdpapy;

ntspg;gLk;20. Nkw;$wpathW cyfk; KOtJk; xNu Fwpahf;fk;

gad;gl;lhy; nra;jpg; gupkhw;wj;jpy; Fog;gNkw;glhJ.

1.7.8. AdpNfhLk; fzpdp epWtdq;fSk;

fzpdpg; gad;ghl;by; ikf;Nuhrhg;l,; Mg;gps; Nghd;w fzpdp

epWtdq;fs; AdpNfhL Kiwapid Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sd. ikf;Nuh

rhg;l; epWtdk; AdpNfhL gad;ghl;bw;F ‘yjh’ vd;w vOj;JUitj;

jUfpwJ. jw;NghJ tpz;Nlh]; 2006, tpz;Nlh]; XP , tpz;Nlh]; 2003,

Mg;gps;, Gjpa nkf;fpd;lh]; fzpdpfspy; AdpNfhLKiw jilapd;wpg;

gad;gLj;jKbfpwJ.

Gjpa ypdf;]; jsj;jpYk; AdpNfhL gad;ghL cs;sJ. KOf;f

KOf;f AdpNfhL mikg;gpy; ,aq;Fk; nraypfs; ehSf;F ehs;

mjpfupj;J tUfpd;wd. ikf;Nuhrhg;l; Mgp];, vf;];gp (XP) , ,d;lu;nel;

vf;];GNshuu; (Internet Explorer), mTl;Yf; ; pu]; (Outlook

vf;]g

Express), mNlg; ,d;bird; (Adope InDesign) Kjypa nraypfs;

,t;tupirapy; mlq;Fk;. ,ytrj; njhFg;ghf toq;fg;gLk; Xg;gd;

52
Mgp]; (Open Office), XMu;[p (Org) nraypfspYk;$l AdpNfhL

mkyhf;fg;gl;L cs;sJ21 vd;gJ AdpNfhL Kiwf;Ff; fzpdp

epWtdq;fs; fhl;Lk; tuNtw;igf; fhl;LfpwJ.

1.7.9. Gjpa jkpo; AdpNfhLk; AdpNfhL ntw;wplg; gad;ghLk;

“jkpo; AdpNfhL KiwapYs;s FiwghLfisf; fise;J Gjpa

jkpo; AdpNfhL jpl;lk; (Tamil Unicode New Encoding) %yk;

jw;NghJ jkpo; Fwpahf;f Kiw Kjy; epiyapypUe;J ,uz;lhk;

epiyf;F Kd;NdwpAs;sJ. ,e;j Gjpa jkpo; AdpNfhL Kiw 8 gpl;

Fwpahf;f Kiwf;F tpil nfhLj;Jtpl;lJ vd;;W $wyhk;.

jkpo; ,izag; gy;fiyf;fofKk; fzpj;jkpo;r; rq;fKk;

,ize;J ,ij cUthf;fpAs;sd. fzpg;nghwpapy; gytpjkhd

gad;ghLfspy; Ma;Tfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld. ,e;j Ma;tpd;gb Gjpa

Fwpahf;f Kiwiaf; nfhz;L jkpo; vOj;JUf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;

NghJ mjd; nray;Ntfk; mjpfupj;Js;sJ. Nrkpg;gfk; rpf;fdg;gl;L

cs;sJ. jfty;fisg; gug;Gk;Neuk; Fiwe;Js;sJ vd;gJ njupfpwJ.

AdpNfhL jpl;lj;jpy; gy ,lq;fs; gad;gLj;jg;glhky;

ntw;wplkhfNt cs;sd. ,ij gpiuNtl; A+]; Vupah (PUA – Private

Use Area) vd;fpd;wdu;. ,e;j ,lj;ijg; gad;gLj;JkhW AdpNfhL

fd;rhu;l;bak; jkpof muRf;Fg; gupe;Jiu nra;Js;sJ ”

22
vd;gjd;

%yk; Gjpa jkpo; AdpNfhL vOj;JUf;fis ahtUk; gad;gLj;jTk;;

AdpNfhL ,lg;gpur;ridiar; rkhspg;gjw;Fk; top Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.

53
1.7.10. jkpo; AdpNfhL nraypfs; vOj;JUf;fs;

gy;NtW jkpo; AdpNfhL nraypfSk;, vOj;JUf;fSk; ,d;W

,izajsq;fspy; ,ytrkhfTk; fpilf;fpd;wd. mtw;wpy; rpy

nraypfs;

1. ru;kh]; nrhy;A+rd;]; nkd;nghUs;

2. mofp jkpo; nkd;nghUs;

3. v. fyg;ig 2.0

4. KuR mQ;ry;

5. Fws; jkpo; nrayp

6. GJit jkpo; vOjp

7. GJit jkpo; AdpNfhL vOj;JU khw;wp.

vOj;JUf;fs;

1. AdpNfhL ,izkjp

2. jkpo; AdpNfhL ,sq;Nfh ghujp

3. Nfhl; 2001

4. NjdP AdpNfhL

5. jkpo; AdpNfhL Mthuq;fhy;

6. yjh AdpNfhL vOj;JU

7. bv];rp cjk;gh (TSCuthamba) AdpNfhL vOj;JU

8. R+upad;. nfhk; bbvg; (ttf) njhFg;G: fzpQu; cku;

54
 fzpj; jkpohdJ gy;NtW epiyfspy; ngw;w tsu;r;rpahy; ,d;W

cyfshtpa epiyapy; AdpNfhL Fwpahf;fk; khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ.

,e;j AdpNfhL KiwapYk; rpygy FiwghLfs; cs;sd. MapDk;

mf;FiwghLfs; fisag;gl Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

1.8. fzpdpAk; ,izaKk; (Computer and Internet)

jfty; gupkhw;wk; vd;gJ ,d;iwa fhyf;fl;lj;jpy; jtpu;f;f

Kbahjjhfptpl;lJ. cyfk; rp;Wfpuhkkhfr; RUq;fpajw;Fk; ,j;jfty;

gupkhw;wg; Gul;rpNa fhuzk;. cyfshtpa kf;fis xd;W$l;Lk;

rhjdkhff; fzpdpAk; ,izaKk; cs;sd. cyfmstpy; rpwpJk;,

ngupJkhd gy fzpdpfis ,izf;f cUthdJ ,izak;.

“kdpjdpd; %isapd; frf;fypdhy; mwpT tsu;r;rp, jfty;

cUkhw;wk; ngw;W… ,jw;FKd; ,y;yhj mstpy; kdpj tuyhw;wpy;

Kd;Ndw;wkile;J cs;sJ. kdpj rKjhaj;jpy; kpfg;ngupa

khw;wq;fis cz;lhf;fpa njhopy; Gul;rp, tptrhag; Gul;rp kw;Wk;

gRikg; Gul;rp Mfpatw;wpd; jhf;fk; kdpj rKjhaj;jw;F mjd;

Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F cWJiz nra;ag; gy tUlfhyk; Njitg;gl;lJ.

Mdhy;, mwptpay;... mjhtJ tpQ;Qhdg; Gul;rpapd;

cr;rfl;lkhf ,d;W… fzpdpapd; %yk; ek; fz;Kd; ele;J

nfhz;bUf;Fk; jfty; njhopy;El;gg; Gul;rp kpff; FWfpa fhy

msNt vLj;Jf; nfhz;Ls;sJ. kpfkpff; FWfpa fhyf;fl;lj;jpy;

55
mjpNtf tsu;r;rpaile;J cyfk; KOtijAk; jd;Ds; mlf;fpr;

rhjid Gupe;J tUfpd;wd fzpdpAk; ,izaKk;.

cyfj;jpd; ve;j %iyf;Fk; njhlu;G nfhs;sf;$ba kpf

mw;Gjkhd fz;Lgpbg;G. rKjhak;, ,yf;fpak;, tpQ;Qhdk;, tuyhW,

P k;,
Md;kf gf;jp, nghOJNghf;F ,g;gb vy;yh tp\aq;fisAk;

jd;dfj;Nj Nrkpj;J itj;Jf; nfhz;L ahu; Ntz;LkhdhYk;, ve;j

tp\aj;ij Ntz;LkhdhYk; njhlu;G nfhz;L tp\a Qhdk;

ngwf;$ba tifapy; kdpj rKjhaj;ij ,izf;Fk; khngUk;

gzpiar; nra;JtUfpwJ ,izak;. [hjp, kj, ,d, nkhopg;

gpur;ridfisf; fle;J, midj;Jg; gpupT kf;fisAk; xUq;Nf

nray;gLfpwJ ”
23
,izf;Fk; ghykhfTk; vd;fpwhu; fhk;Nfu; Nf

GtNd];tup.

,izaj;ij Muha;r;rpahsu;, Mrpupau;, khztu;, murhq;fk;,

muRg;gzpahsu;, epWtdq;fs;, mtw;wpd; gzpahsu;fs; Kjy;

fzpdpia ,af;fj; njupe;j midtUk; gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

jfty;fisAk;, tsq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;, jfty;fis

mDg;gpj; njhlu;G nfhs;sTk;, fUj;Jfisg; gupkhwTk; ,izak;

gad;gLfpwJ.

1.8.1. ,iza tuyhW (History of Internet)

mnkupf;f uhZtk; jdJ fl;lisfisAk;, jfty;fisAk;,

gpw ehLfspd; mZFz;Lj; jhf;Fjy;fspypUe;J ghJfhf;fTk;,

56
 ; (Charles m
ahUkwpahky; gupkhwpf; nfhs;sTk; rhu;y]; n`u;]; gPyL

Herz Field) vd;gtiu ,af;Feuhff; nfhz;L 1957 ,y; ARPA Net

(Advanced Research Projects Agency) vd;w mikg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

,t;tikg;G MIT vd;w mikg;Gld; ,ize;J G+Nfhs uPjpahfg;

gpupe;J fplf;Fk; fzpdpfis ,izj;Jj; jfty;fisg; gupkhwpf;

nfhs;sj; Njitahd njhopy;El;gk; Fwpj;J Muha;e;jJ.

,t;tikg;gpdu; jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhf 1966 ,y; nghl;lyg;

gupkhw;wj; njhopy;El;gk; (Pocket Switching Technology) xd;iwf;

fz;lwpe;jJ.

uhZtj;jpw;F kl;Lky;yhJ gy;fiyf; fofq;fSf;Fk;

,j;njhopy;El;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. 1969 ,y; mjpfhug; G+u;tkhf

nray;glj; njhlq;fpa Mu;gh nel; (ARPA Net) mikg;G 1971 ,y;

`hu;tu;L gy;fiyf;fofk; ehrh (NASA) cs;spl;l 15 ,lq;fSf;F

tpupTgLj;jg;gl;lJ.

mjd;gpd; 1974 ,y; tpd;l;u;d; nru;g; (Vinton Cerf), ghg; fhd;

(Bob Kohn) ,UtUk; tpiuthd nra;jpg; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhd brpgp

(TCP) (Transmission Control Program) El;gj;ijf; fz;lwpe;jdu;.

1982 ,y;; jfty; gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhd nghl;lyg; gupkhw;wj;

njhopy;El;gj;Jld; brpgp/Igp (TCP/IP) (Transmission Control Protocol

and Internet Protocol) vd;w ,U newpKiwfis cUthf;fpdu;. 1982

,y;; Xu; miwf;Fs; ,Uf;Fk; fzpdpfis ‘<ju;nel; (Ethernet Card)

57
vDk; tiy ,ilKf ml;ilfisg; (Network Interface) gad;gLj;jp

,izj;jdu;. ,t;tpizg;gpw;F FWk;gug;G (LAN – Local Area Network)

tiyg;gpd;dy; vd;W ngau;. mjd;gpd; ,j;jifa FWk;gug;G tiyg;

gpd;dy;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;L mfd;w gug;G tiyg;gpd;dy;fs; (WAN –

Wide Area Network) cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

,j;njhopy; El;gj;Jld; tsuj;njhlq;fpa ,izakhdJ 1991

,y;; ,izaj;jpd; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLk; bk; ngu;du;]; yP (Tim

Berners Lee) apdhy; mfd;w gug;G tiyg;gpd;dy;fs; ,izf;fg;gl;L

World Wide Web (WWW) vd;w cyfshtpa tiyaikg;ghf

24
cUntLj;jJ .

1.8.2. ,izar; nray;ghL

yz;ld; Mf;];Nghu;L gy;fiyf; fofj;jpy; 1976 ,y;

,aw;gpay; gapd;w ,q;fpyhe;Jf;fhuuhd bk; ngu;du;]; yP cyfshtpa

tiyaikg;gpid %d;W El;gq;fspd; cjtpiaf; nfhz;L

cUthf;fpdhu;. mtw;wpd; cjtpahy; ,d;W ,izag; gad;ghL kpf

vspjhd xd;whf khwpAs;sJ. mit

1. kPciuf; Fwpg;G nkhop (HTML)

2. kPTiug; gupkhw;w newpKiw (HTTP)

3. rPuhd ts ,lq;fhl;bfs; (URLs)

58
1. kPciuf; Fwpg;G nkhop (HTML - Hypertext Markup Language)

,izaj;jpy; Xuplj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;Fr; nry;y,

Fwpg;Gfs; vOjg; gad;gLk; El;gNk kPciuf; Fwpg;G nkhop. jftypd;

jiyg;Gk; jfty; gFjpAkhf ,J gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;.

2. kPTiug; gupkhw;w newpKiw (HTTP – HyperText Transfer

Protocol)

,izajsj;jpy; jftiyg; ngWtjw;fhd newpKiwf;F

‘Gnuhl;lfhy;’ vd;W ngau;. Xu; ,izajsj;jpy; jfty;fs; ve;nje;j

,lq;fspy; vitnait ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij ,e;newpKiw

fisf; nfhz;L Kd;Ng jPu;khdpf;f KbAk;.

3. rPuhd ts ,lq;fhl;bfs; (URLs – Uniform Resource Locators)

,izaj;jpy; cs;s jftiyg; ngWtjw;fhd KftupNa ,J. ,k;

Kftupiag; gad;gLj;jpNa ,iza cyhtpfs; jfty;fisf;

fz;lwpfpd;wd. jfty; Nfl;gtUf;F tpiue;J toq;Ffpd;wd.

1.8.3. ,iza Kftup :

,izaj;ijg; gy;Clfg; gFjp vdyhk;. ,jpy; cyfj;jpd; gy

Nritafq;fs; ,ize;Js;sd. ,it ciu, xyp, glq;fs; kw;Wk;

efUk; glq;fisg; Nghd;w gy;Clfj; jfty;fisj; Njf;fp itj;J,

Nfl;NghUf;Fj; jUk;. ,jpy; gyNfhbg; gf;fq;fs;; cs;sd. ,it

tiyg;gf;fq;fs; (Web pages) vdg;gLk;. ,izaj;jpy; ,ize;j xU

59
fzpdp Nritafk; (Host Computer) vdg;gLfpwJ. gy njhlu;Gila

gf;fq;fs; njhFf;fg;gl;L xU Nritafj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mJ

xU tiyj;jsk; (Website) vdg;gLk;.

,izaj;jpy; xt;nthU fzpdpf;Fk; xU Kftup cz;L.

mijf; nfhz;Ljhd; me;jf; fzpdpf;Fj; jfty; nry;Yk;. ,t;thW

,izaj;jpy; jfty; mDg;g cjTk; newpKiw ,z;lu;nel;

Gnuhl;lf;fhy; (Internet Protocal – IP) vdg;gLk;. ,k; KftupNa Igp

Kftup vd;Wk;, AMu;vy; (URL) vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,k;Kftup

vz;fshfTk;, ehd;F gFjpfs; cilajhfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. fhl;lhf

117 – 201 – 35 – 173 vd;gJ xU Kftup. ,t;ntz; Kftupia

epidtpy; epWj;j Kbahnjd;gjhy;, nrhw;fspd; njhFg;ghf ,k;Kftup

toq;fg;ngWfpwJ.

1.8.4. ,iza ,izg;G :

,izaj;jpy; ,izg;Gg; ngw fPo;f;fhZk; Ie;Jk;

mtrpakhFk;.

1. ,izaf; fzf;F (ISP Account)

2. njhiyNgrp ,izg;G

3. fzpdp

4. Nkhlk; (Modam)

60
 5. njhlu;G nkd;nghUs; (Communication Software)

,izaj;jpy; ,ize;J nfhs;s xU fzpdpAk; mjpy;

,izaj;ijj; njhlu;G nfhs;s njhlu;G nkd;nghUSk;

(Communication Software) Ntz;Lk;. ,izaj;jpw;F ,izg;Gf;

nfhLf;Fk; epWtdk; (ISP – Internet Service Provider) %yk;

,izaf; fzf;ifg; ngwNtz;Lk;.

njhiyNgrp topahfj; (Digital Mode) jfty;fs; ngwg;gl;L

Nkhlk; (Modam) vz;Zk; fUtp topahff; (Analogue Mode)

fzpdpf;F Vw;w tifapy; toq;fg;gl;L fzpdpapy; jfty;fs; mwpag;

ngwg;gLfpd;wd. Nkw;fz;l Kiwapy; ,iza ,izg;G %ykhff;

fzNeuj;jpy; ekf;F Ntz;ba jfty;fs; ngwg;gLfpd;wd.

1.8.5. ,izag; gad;ghL

,izaj;jpy; cs;s gf;fq;fisg; ghu;g;gJ cyhTjy;

(Browsing) vdg;gLk;. ,jw;F cytp (Browser) vd;Dk; nkd;nghUs;

cjTfpwJ. ,J jfty; jsq;fspy; ,Ue;J n`r;bvk;vy;

gf;fq;fisg; ngw;W, mtw;iwj; jpiuapy; fhl;Lfpd;wd. ,d;lu;nel;

vf;];GNshuu; (Internet explorer), nel;];Nfg; NetpNfl;lu; (Netscape

Navigator), Nkhrpy;yh gau;ghf;]; (Mozilla Firefox) vd;git mjpfk;

gad;gLk; cytpfs;.

,izaj;ij ,U topfspy; gad;gLj;jyhk;. Ntz;ba tiyj;

jsj;jpd; Kftup njupe;jhy; mij xU cytpapd; Kftupg; ngl;bapy;

61
,l;L mj;jsj;ijg; ngwyhk;. Kftup VJk; njupahjNghJ

NjLnghwpfs; (Search engines) cjtpAld; ekf;F Ntz;ba

nra;jpapYs;s Kf;fpar; nrhw;fis ,l;L tiyj;jsj;ijg; ngwyhk;.

$fps; (Google), my;;lhtp];lh (Altavista), ahcw_ (Yahoo),

iyNfh]; (Lycos), M];f;[Pt;]; (Askjeeves), MSN gutyhfg;

gad;gLk; NjLnghwpfs;.

1.8.6. ,iza epu;thfk;

,izaj;jpw;nfdj; jdp epu;thf mikg;G vJTk; ,y;iy.

,d;lu;nel; nrhi]l;b vd;gJ gy epWtdq;fs; mq;fk; tfpf;Fk; xU

epWtdk;. ,J jfty;fisj; jpwk;glg; gupkhw;wk; nra;tij cWjp

nra;tjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;fpwJ.

Ifhd; (ICANN – International Corporation for Assigned Names

and Numbers) vDk; epWtdk; ,iza Kftupg; gjpit

epu;tfpf;fpwJ. ,J xNu ngau; ,UtUf;Ff; nfhLf;fhky; ,Ug;gij

cWjp nra;fpwJ.

1.8.7. ,izaj;jpd; gad;fs; :

,izaj;jpdhy; tpisAk; gad;fs; vz;zw;wit. ,izak;

thapyhf ekf;Fj; Njitahd jfty;fisg; ngwTk;, mDg;gTk;

KbAk;. Muha;r;rpahsu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd nra;jpfis, Ehyfk;,

Muha;r;rp epWtdk;, vd;irf;NshgPbah, jpdrupfs; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J

62
ngwyhk;. gy fy;tp epWtdq;fs; jq;fs; gbg;Gfspd; ghlq;fis

,izaj;jpy; itj;jpUf;Fk;. mtw;iw khztu;fs; jq;fs; tPlb

; y;

,Ue;jgbNa ngwKbAk;.

kpd;dQ;ry;, gazr;rPlL
; Kd;gjpT, Ntz;ba nghUl;fis

Kd;gjpT nra;J thq;Fjy;, tq;fpf; fzf;if epu;tfpj;jy;, gq;Fr;

re;ijapy; thq;FtJk;, tpw;gJk; Nghd;w gytpj Nritfs;

,izaj;jpd; %yk; eilngWfpd;wd.

,izaj;jpy; kpd; thzpfk; (E-Commerce), kpd; murhq;fk;

(E-governance) Nghd;w Nritfisg;Nghy; ,iza ,jo;fSk;

elj;jg;gLfpd;wd.

1.8.8. ,iza ,jopay; :

fy;tp, tzpfk;, tq;fp, Ntshz;ik, nghwpapay;, kUj;Jtk;,

mwptpay; Nghd;w gy;NtW Jiwfs; fzpdpj; njhopy;El;gj;ijg;

gad;gLj;jp Kd;Ndwp tUfpd;wd. ,t;tupirapy; ,jopay; JiwAk;

Kd;Ndwp tUfpd;wJ. mr;R ,jopay; njhopy; El;gj;jpy; kpfg; ngupa

khw;wj;ijf; fzpdp tpistpj;Js;sJ. ,J jtpu ,izaj;jpy;

,jopay; vd;w Gjpa gpupTk; jw;NghJ njhlq;fpAs;sJ. jkpopYk; gy

,iza ,jo;fs; njhlq;fg;gl;L eilngw;W tUfpd;wd. ,J xU

Gjpa Kaw;rpahFk;. ,k;Kaw;rpapd; jd;ikiag; gpd;tUk; ,ay;fs;

Muha;fpd;wd.

63
rhd;nwz; tpsf;fk;

1. ftpr;rf;futu;j;jp fk;gu;. fk;guhkhazk;. ghyfhz;lk;. ghapuk;

flTs; tzf;fk; Kjy; ghly;. rf;jp fhupahyak; Mapuk;

tpsf;F nrd;id. K.g. Vg;uy; - 1958.

2. http://inventors.about.com/library/blcoindex.htm

3. www.hitmill.com/computers/computerhx1.html

Mfpa ,iza jsq;fspy; ,Ue;J gjptpwf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l

nra;jpfspypUe;Jk;, Kidtu; nt.fpU\;z%u;j;jp. fzpg;nghwp

,aYf;F mwpKfk;. mz;zh gy;fiyf;fofk;, nrd;id – 25.

vd;w EhypYs;s nra;jpfspypUe;Jk; vOjg;gl;lJ.

4. Nkw;gb Ehy; g – 6.

5. www.computerhistory.org/ ,

www.yahoo.com/Computers_and_Internet/History Mfpa

,iza jsq;fspy; ,Ue;J gjptpwf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l

nra;jpfspypUe;Jk;,

Kidtu;.nt.fpU\;z%u;j;jp. fzpg;nghwp ,aYf;F mwpKfk;.

g-6. mz;zh gy;fiyf;fofk;, nrd;id – 25.

tp. mg;ghf;Fl;b B.E. fk;gpA+l;liu vspjhff; fw;Wf;nfhs;tJ

vg;gb?. epA+nrQ;Rup Gf; `T]; gpiuNtl; ypkpnll;, nrd;id-98

64
 Mfpa Ehy;fspy; cs;s fzpdp gw;wpa nra;jpfspypUe;Jk;

vOjg;gl;lJ.

6. http://inventors.about.com/library/blcoindex.htm,

www.hitmill.com/computers/computerhx1.html

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware

www.wifinotes.com/computer-hardware.../history-of-

computer-hardware.html

www.desihotmasala.com/.../history-of-computerhardware.html

Mfpa ,iza jsq;fspy; ,Ue;J gjptpwf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l

nra;jpfspypUe;Jk;,

Kidtu; K. godpag;gd; gp.vr;.b. fzpdpAk; ,izaKk;.

kPdhl;rp Ehyfk;, GJf;Nfhl;il – 3.

fzpg;nghwp ,ay;. Nky;epiy Kjyhk; Mz;L njhFjp – 1.

jkpo;ehl;Lg; ghlEhy; fofk;, nrd;id – 6 Mfpa Ehy;fspy;

cs;s fzpdp gw;wpa nra;jpfspypUe;Jk; vOjg;gl;lJ.

7. inventors.about.com/od/rstartinventions/a/Ram.htm

www.timeline-help.com/computer-memory-timeline.html

www.ehow.com › ... › RAM, Cards and Motherboardsen.

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 wikipedia.org/wiki/Random-access_memory Mfpa ,iza

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dir.yahoo.com/computers_and_internet/.../operating_systems

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www.osdata.com/kind/history.htm

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Software.htm

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www.datarecoverylabs.com/history-computer-programming-

languages.html

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25. www.arpanet.com,

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