Electronics and Communications Engineering: Part-B

APRCET
Andhra University
Visakhapatnam
Paper – II.
PART-B will cover 90 Objective Type Questions (Multiple Choice, Matching
type, True/False, Assertion – Reasoning type) carrying 90 marks of 90 minutes
duration. Each question carries 1 mark. There will be negative marks for
wrong answers. Each wrong answer will be penalized @ 1/6th of the marks
prescribed for the question.
(64) ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING
Section 1: Engineering Mathematics
Linear Algebra: Vector space, basis, linear dependence and independence, matrix algebra, eigen
values and eigen vectors, rank, solution of linear equations – existence and uniqueness.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, evaluation of definite and
improper integrals, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, multiple integrals, line, surface and
volume integrals, Taylor series.
Differential Equations: First order equations (linear and nonlinear), higher order linear
differential equations, Cauchy's and Euler's equations, methods of solution using variation of
parameters, complementary function and particular integral, partial differential equations,
variable separable method, initial and boundary value problems.
Vector Analysis: Vectors in plane and space, vector operations, gradient, divergence and curl,
Gauss's, Green's and Stoke's theorems.
Complex Analysis: Analytic functions, Cauchy's integral theorem, Cauchy's integral formula;
Taylor's and Laurent's series, residue theorem.
Numerical Methods: Solution of nonlinear equations, single and multi-step methods for
differential equations, convergence criteria.
Probability and Statistics: Mean, median, mode and standard deviation; combinatorial
probability, probability distribution functions - binomial, Poisson, exponential and normal; Joint
and conditional probability; Correlation and regression analysis.
Section 2: Networks, Signals and Systems

Network solution methods: nodal and mesh analysis; Network theorems: superposition,
Thevenin and Norton’s, a i u po e t a sfe ; W e‐Delta t a sfo atio ; Stead state
sinusoidal analysis using phasors; Time domain analysis of simple linear circuits; Solution of
network equations using Laplace transform; Frequency domain analysis of RLC circuits; Linear
2‐po t et o k pa a ete s: d i i g poi t a d t a sfe fu ctio s; State e uatio s fo networks.
Continuous-time signals: Fourier series and Fourier transform representations, sampling

theorem and applications; Discrete-time signals: discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT), DFT,
FFT, Z-transform, interpolation of discrete-time signals; LTI systems: definition and properties,
causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros, parallel and cascade
structure, frequency response, group delay, phase delay, digital filter design techniques.
Section 3: Electronic Devices

Energy bands in intrinsic and extrinsic silicon; Carrier transport: diffusion current, drift current,
mobility and resistivity; Generation and recombination of carriers; Poisson and continuity
equations; P-N junction, Zener diode, BJT, MOS capacitor, MOSFET, LED, photo diode and solar
cell; Integrated circuit fabrication process: oxidation, diffusion, ion implantation,
photolithography and twin-tub CMOS process.
Section 4: Analog Circuits

Small signal equivalent circuits of diodes, BJTs and MOSFETs; Simple diode circuits: clipping,
clamping and rectifiers; Single-stage BJT and MOSFET amplifiers: biasing, bias stability, mid-
frequency small signal analysis and frequency response; BJT and MOSFET amplifiers: multi-
stage, differential, feedback, power and operational; Simple op-amp circuits; Active filters;
Sinusoidal oscillators: criterion for oscillation, single-transistor and op-amp configurations;
Function generators, wave-shaping circuits and 555 timers; Voltage reference circuits; Power
supplies: ripple removal and regulation.
Section 5: Digital Circuits

Number systems; Combinatorial circuits: Boolean algebra, minimization of functions using
Boolean identities and Karnaugh map, logic gates and their static CMOS implementations,
arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers, decoders and PLAs; Sequential circuits:
latches a d flip‐flops, cou te s, shift‐ egiste s a d fi ite state achi es; Data co e te s:
sample and hold circuits, ADCs and DACs; Semiconductor memories: ROM, SRAM, DRAM; 8-bit
microprocessor (8085): architecture, programming, memory and I/O interfacing.
Section 6: Control Systems

Basic control system components; Feedback principle; Transfer function; Block diagram
representation; Signal flow graph; Transient and steady-state analysis of LTI systems; Frequency
response; Routh-Hurwitz and Nyquist stability criteria; Bode and root-locus plots; Lag, lead and
lag-lead compensation; State variable model and solution of state equation of LTI systems.
Section 7: Communications
Random processes: autocorrelation and power spectral density, properties of white noise,
filtering of random signals through LTI systems; Analog communications: amplitude modulation
and demodulation, angle modulation and demodulation, spectra of AM and FM,
superheterodyne receivers, circuits for analog communications; Information theory: entropy,
mutual information and channel capacity theorem; Digital communications: PCM, DPCM, digital
modulation schemes, amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying (ASK, PSK, FSK), QAM, MAP
and ML decoding, matched filter receiver, calculation of bandwidth, SNR and BER for digital
modulation; Fundamentals of error correction, Hamming codes; Timing and frequency
synchronization, inter-symbol interference and its mitigation; Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA.
Section 8: Electromagnetics
Electrostatics; Maxwell’s equations: differential and integral forms and their interpretation,
boundary conditions, wave equation, Poynting vector; Plane waves and properties: reflection
and refraction, polarization, phase and group velocity, propagation through various media, skin
depth; Transmission lines: equations, characteristic impedance, impedance matching,
impedance transformation, S-parameters, Smith chart; Waveguides: modes, boundary
conditions, cut-off frequencies, dispersion relations; Antennas: antenna types, radiation pattern,
gain and directivity, return loss, antenna arrays; Basics of radar; Light propagation in optical
fibers.

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APRCET

(64) ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Section 2: Networks, Signals and Systems

Continuous-time signals: Fourier series and Fourier transform representations, sampling

Section 3: Electronic Devices

Section 4: Analog Circuits

Section 5: Digital Circuits

Section 6: Control Systems

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