HEAT & MASS: THEORY: REVIEWER bulb thermometer exposed to a

rapidly moving stream of the vapor –

Note: Whenever mass is transferred, heat must gas mixture.
also be transferred.  Adiabatic Saturation Temperature –
 Unit Operations where large amounts of temperature that the vapor – gas
mass and heat transfer occur mixture would reach if it were
simultaneously – Boiling, Evaporation, saturated through an adiabatic
Crystallization, Drying, Humidification, process.
and Dehumidification. Note: For Air- Water Systems, the wet bulb
 Humidification & Dehumidification – temperature is approximately equal to the
simplest operations where both heat adiabatic – saturation temperature.
and mass transfer occur simultaneously.
 Humidification – is a unit operation in  Dew Point Temperature - temperature at
which water is transferred from the liquid which vapor begins to condense when
phase to the gas phase of a mixture of the gas phase is cooled at constant
air and water vapor. pressure; Temp to which a vapor – gas
 Dehumidification – is the reverse mixture must be cooled at constant
process of humidification; transfer of humidity to become Saturated.
water vapor from the gas phase to the
liquid phase. Note: The dew point of a saturated gas phase
equals the gas temperature
 Spray Chamber – practical form of
humidification equipment used only for  Humidity Chart / Psychrometric Chart –
small scale operations ; the liquid is is a convenient diagram showing the
sprayed as mist properties of a gas – vapor mixture.
 Humidity – measure of water vapor
content in humid air Reviewer: Notes & Random Things Ma’am
 Absolute Humidity – might have said.
 Relative Humidity – is the ratio of the
Note: If mass transfer occurs, heat transfer also
partial pressure of water vapor in the air
exists
to saturation vapor pressure of pure
water at the same temperature. Note: When a component is transferred from
 Percent Humidity – is the ratio of the gas phase to a solution in a liquid phase, heat is
actual humidity of air to the humidity of evolved – Latent Heat of Condensation
the air at saturation at the same temp.
and pressure, expressed in percent. Note: When a component is transferred from a
solution in one solvent to solution in a second
Note: At 1 atm and low temp , the RH is solvent, the difference
approximately equal to Percent Humidity
 Heat evolved – difference e between
 Humid Volume – is the volume of heats of solution of the solute in two
dry air plus the volume of vapor it solvents is evolved
contains.
 Humid Heat – is the amount of heat Humidification / Dehumidification – involves to
required to raise the temperature of components and 2 phases:
1 kg or 1 lb dry air plus the water
a) Liquid phase – H2O ( a single
vapor it contains by 1 K or 1 R
component )
 Total Enthalpy – is the enthalpy of b) Gas Phase – non – condensable gas (
dry air plus the water vapor it usually air) in which some vapor from
contains. the liquid phase is present
 Dry Bulb Temperature – is the
temperature recorded by the dry
thermometer ; Actual or the given
temperature of the air  Humidification – s transferred from the
 Wet Bulb Temperature – steady liquid phase to the gas phase of a
state temperature attained by a wet mixture of air and h2o vapor.
Process of Humidification  Dew Point Temperature – the
temperature at which vapor begins to
1.) Warm liquid h2o is contacted by cooler condense when the gas phase is cooled
gas-vapor mixture at constant pressure ; the temperature
2.) Cooling the liq. H2O at which the partial pressure vapor is
3.) H2o is evaporated into the air thus equal to vapor pressure of liquid at the
increasing the humidity of the air same temperature.
 Adiabatic Saturation Temperature –
temperature at which the vapor-gas
 Dehumidification – the transfer of h2o mixture would reach if it is saturated
vapor from the gas to the liquid phase. through an adiabatic process
 Psychrometric Ratio – heart transfer
Process of Dehumidification: coefficient divided by the mass transfer
1. Warm gas-vapor mixture is contacted coefficient and humid heat
with cool liquid Note: If dew point is close to dry air temp rh
2. Vapor condenses from the gas phase, is high; if below dew point rh is low
gas phase cools, liquid phase is warmed
 Psychrometry – used to determine
Note: Both heat and mass are transferred the properties of gas-vapor mixture
toward the gas phase (humidification) systematized knowledge of
Note: Both heat and mass are transferred relationship of gas and water.
toward the liquid phase (dehumidification)  Humid Volume – relates the mass
flow rate of dry air with the
 Humidity – measure of water vapor volumetric flow rate of air
content in the air  If y2<y1 and t2<t1 – the process is
 Absolute Humidity – actual mass of h2o dehumidification.
vapor present in the air-h2o vapor  Humidification process – a
mixture. separation process which involves
 Relative Humidity – ratio of partial the transfer of condensable
pressure in air to the vapor pressure of component from the liquid to gas
h2o in the same temperature phase.
 Percent Humidity – ratio of absolute  Air conditioning – involves
humidity to percent saturation humidity dehumidification
or RH  Molal humidity – if not multiplied by
 Humid Volume – volume of dry air and 100% ang pp/vp
the volume of vapor it contains ; ratio of
volume of air to the mass of air Note: at same p and t ; % satn = % humidity =
 Humid Heat – amount of heat required molal humidity / satn humidity
to raise the temp of 1 g or 1 lb plus  Dew Point Temperature – the temp at
whatever vapor it may contain by 1C or which air with the given h2o content
1F. would be satd at the same PT ; point at
 Dry Bulb Temperature – temperature of which the 1st drop of a gas mixture
air measured by ordinary thermometer. begins to condense
However, the thermometer should not  Bubble Point Temperature – point at
be affected by radiation and moisture; which the 1st drop of a liquid mixture
atmospheric temperature; indicates heat begins to vaporize
content.
 Bubble Point – the temperature at which
 Wet Bulb Temperature – measured by a liquid mixture of given concentration
an ordinary thermometer but the bulb of begins to vaporize as the temperature is
the thermometer is covered by wet increased
cloth. This web bulb produces heat
 Dew Point – the temperature at which a
which lowers the temperature of the air ;
vapor mixture first begins to condense
indirectly indicates the moisture content
on cooling.
present in the air ; affected by RH of the
air
Note: for a pure liquid bubble pt = dew point = Assumption: (All Constant)
boiling point
 Temperature
Note: A pure component vaporizes or  Humidity
condenses at one temperature  Velocity
 Direction of flow of the air across the
 Subcooled liquid – a liquid below its
Drying Surface
bubble point
 Saturated Liquid – a liquid at its bubble Constant Rate Period:
point
 Saturated Vapor – a vapor at its dew Note: If heat is transferred solely by convection
point and in the absence of other heat effects, the
surface temp approaches the WET BULB TEMP
Difference between %satn, and %relative satn
or %RH Note: If heat is transferred by radiation,
conduction, or a combination of these and
1. A higher %rs in air h2o system, air is convection the temp of the saturated surface
more humid. 100% rs means air is between the wet bulb temp and the boiling
saturated and at its dew point when point of water. (rate of heat transfer is
there is no h2o vapor, % satn is zero increased and a higher drying rate results)
2. Saturation is the measure of the amount
of the vapor in the gas and rs is the Note: When heat is transferred to a wet solid by
measure of the vapor in the gas to the conduction through hot surfaces and heat
max amount of vapor that the gas can transfer
hold
Note: When the heat for evaporation in the
Note: when vapor concentration approaches constant rate period is supplied by a hot gas, a
0 , % satn = %rs dynamic equilibrium is established between the
rate of vapor removal from the surface
Note: %satn always lesser than %rs
Magnitude of Constant Rate depends upon
Note: If condensation occurs, air is sat’d three factors:
DRYING 1. The heat or mass transfer coefficient
2. Area exposed to the drying medium
 Refers to the removal of liquid from a 3. The difference in temperature or
solid by evaporation humidity between the gas stream and
 Reduction in moisture content from an the wet surface of the solids
initial value to some acceptable value
 Removal of water at temperatures below Note: All of these factors are external variables.
the boiling point by circulating air or The internal mechanism of liquid does not affect
some other gas over the material the constant rate.
 Final removal of water
Falling Rate Period:
 Operation which often follows
Crystallization or Filtration -The initial moisture content is below the critical
moisture content, the entire drying process will
Note: A heater and A dehumidifier is integral
occur in the falling rate period.
with a drier
2 Zones of the Falling Rate Period
 Dry Weight Basis (Moisture Content) –
expresses the moisture content of wet 1. The zone of unsaturated surface drying
solid as mass per mass of bone-dry – first frp – portion ce
solid 2. The zone where the internal moisture
 Wet-weight Basis – expresses the movement controls – second frp –
moisture in a material as percentage of portion de
weight of the wet solid.
Critical Moisture Content:
Constant Drying Conditions:
-Average moisture content when the constant
rate period ends.
Its value depends on:
1. Rate of Drying
2. Thickness of the Material
3. Factors influencing moisture movement
and results gradients within the solid
Note: The critical moisture content increases as
the drying rate increases and as the thickness of
the mass of the material being dried increases

Equilibrium Moisture content:

-The limiting moisture to which a given material
can be dried under specific conditions of
temperature and humidity
-If a hygroscopic material is maintained in
contact with air at constant temp and humidity
until equilibrium is reached, the material will
attain a definite moisture content called the
equilibrium moisture content.

 Hygroscopic Material – one that may

contain bound moisture
 Bound Moisture- the liquid which exerts
a vapor pressure less than that of the
pure liquid at the given temperature.
 Nonhygroscopic Materials – non porous
materials ; moisture content is zero at all
temperatures and humidities
Organic Materials:
1. Wood
2. Paper
3. Soap
Free Moisture Content
-Moisture held in excess of the equilibrium
moisture content
-Liquid removable at a given temperature and
humidity
-Can be obtained from the total average
moisture content minus the equilibrium moisture
content for the specified drying conditions.