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    History of Atomic Theory

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    FARID MIFTAHUL ANWAR
    1. The history of atomic theory began with Democritus who proposed that all matter is composed of indivisible particles called atoms. 2. John Dalton further developed atomic theory with his atomic model and laws of atomic combination. However, it could not explain electricity or molecular bonding. 3. J.J. Thomson's experiments led to the "plum pudding" model of the atom as a positively charged sphere with electrons embedded in it. However, it did not explain the internal structure.

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    History of Atomic Theory

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    FARID MIFTAHUL ANWAR
    41 views5 pages
    1. The history of atomic theory began with Democritus who proposed that all matter is composed of indivisible particles called atoms. 2. John Dalton further developed atomic theory with his atomic model and laws of atomic combination. However, it could not explain electricity or molecular bonding. 3. J.J. Thomson's experiments led to the "plum pudding" model of the atom as a positively charged sphere with electrons embedded in it. However, it did not explain the internal structure.

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    1. The history of atomic theory began with Democritus who proposed that all matter is composed of indivisible particles called atoms. 2. John Dalton further developed atomic theory with his atomic model and laws of atomic combination. However, it could not explain electricity or molecular bonding. 3. J.J. Thomson's experiments led to the "plum pudding" model of the atom as a positively charged sphere with electrons embedded in it. However, it did not explain the internal structure.

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    41 views5 pages

    History of Atomic Theory

    Uploaded by

    FARID MIFTAHUL ANWAR
    1. The history of atomic theory began with Democritus who proposed that all matter is composed of indivisible particles called atoms. 2. John Dalton further developed atomic theory with his atomic model and laws of atomic combination. However, it could not explain electricity or molecular bonding. 3. J.J. Thomson's experiments led to the "plum pudding" model of the atom as a positively charged sphere with electrons embedded in it. However, it did not explain the internal structure.

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    of 5

    Name : Farid Miftahul Anwar

    NRP : 2716100045

    History of Atomic Theory Class : Kimdas Q

    A. Democritus (460-370 BC)

    1. He believed that :
    a. All matter was composed of indivisible particles he called Atoms
    b. Different atoms are different sizes and properties
    2. The weakness about Democritus atomic theory that his theory still explain in general
    description not stated mathematical calculation and scientific experiments

    B. John Dalton a.k.a Father of atomic theory (1766-1844)

    1. Dalton declare his 5 postulates about atomic theory (1803), that is


    a. All matters is composed of extremely small particle called atoms
    b. All atoms of given element are identical, having the same size, mass, chemical
    properties
    c. All atoms of different elements are different
    d. Atoms cannot be created, divided into small particles, or destroyed
    e. Atoms combine in whole number ratios to make compounds
    2. Dalton introduce his atomic model in form of solid tiny ball

    3. Dalton also declare his 3 atomic law, that is :


    a. Law of conservation of mass
    When a chemical reaction occurs, mass is neither created nor destroyed but only
    changed
    b. Law of constant composition
    When atoms combine to form a molecules the ratio of atoms is constant
    c. Law of multiple proportion
    If two elements can combine to form more than one compound, then the ratio
    mass of the first element combined with the second element is always a ratio of
    small whole number
    4. The weaknesses about Dalton atomic theory is :
    a. It can’t explain electricity properties in a matter
    b. It can’t explain the difference between atoms that compose different matter
    c. It can’t explain how between atoms can combine to compose a molecule

    C. Joseph John Thomson (1856-1940)

    1. Thomson do experiment using cathode ray tube

    a. Cathode ray tube is a tube that has a piece of metal at each end, called electrode.
    Each electrode is connected to power source (battery).
    b. When the power is turned on, the electrode become charged and produce stream
    of charged particles. They travel from cathode across the tube to the anode.
    c. Thomson put the tube in the magnetic field and evidently the stream of charged
    particle not travel in straight path but curved away from negatively charged plate
    toward a positively charged plate.
    2. From his experiment, Thomson conclude that :
    a. Cathode rays are made up of invisible negatively charged particles called
    electron
    b. The electron had to come from the matter (atoms) of the cathode
    c. The electrode could be made from variety metal, so that all atoms must contain
    electron
    3. Thomson introduce his atomic model that is plum pudding model
    a. Plum pudding model is positively charged sphere that has negatively charged
    called electron scattered inside, like raisins in plum pudding.
    b. Overall, atoms are neutral because it has same number of positively and
    negatively charged
    4. The weakness about Thomson atomic theory that it can’t explain arrangement of the
    positive charged and electron inside the atom

    D. Eugen Goldstein (1850-1930)

    1. In the 1886, Goldstein modify the cathode-ray tube to observe other particles, that is
    anode-ray tube
    a. Goldstein perforate the cathode plate and fill the tube with low-pressure
    hydrogen gas
    b. When a high-electrical potential applied between the cathode and anode, faint-
    luminous rays are seen extending from the holes in the back of cathode
    2. From his experiment, Goldstein conclude that :
    a. Besides the cathode rays, evidently there are other rays that stream from anode
    to cathode
    b. This is show that the rays are positively charged and called canal rays
    c. When Goldstein change the hydrogen gas in the tube with other gas, this tube
    still show the same symptom, so that every atoms have positively particle called
    proton

    E. Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937)

    1. Rutherford used gold foil experiment to examine the Thomson atomic model

    a. Rutherford directed a narrow beam of alpha particles (positive charges) at a thin


    piece of gold foil
    b. Rutherford found that just around 1 % of the alpha particles are deflected
    bounced back and most of the alpha particles go through the gold foil
    2. From gold foil experiment, Rutherford conclude that :

    a. The atom contain a positively charged in the nucleus


    b. This nucleus contains almost all of the mass of the atom, but occupies a very
    small volume of the atom
    c. Electrons occupied most of the volume of the atom
    d. The atom is mostly empty space
    3. Rutherford introduce his atomic model that is nuclear model of the atom

    a. Small, dense, and positively charged particle present in nucleus called proton
    b. Electrons travel around the nucleus but their exact places cannot be described
    4. The weaknesses of Rutherford atomic theory are :
    a. Can’t explain where electrons are located and their movement around the
    nucleus
    b. Can’t explain why electrons don’t fall to the nucleus even though when electrons
    are moving, they are releasing energy

    F. Niels Bohr (1885-1962)

    1. Niels Bohr proposed the energy level model

    a. Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus


    b. Electrons can only be certain distances from the nucleus
    c. The electrons orbit the nucleus at fixed energy levels
    d. The electrons must emit or absorb a fixed amount of energy to travel between
    the these energy levels
    2. Bohr also introduce his atomic model that is planetary model
    a. Electrons are in constant motion traveling around the circle at the speed of light
    b. Electrons can’t go to the nucleus because they traveling too fast to be fully
    attracted to the nucleus
    3. The weaknesses of Bohr atomic theory are :
    a. Irregularities for atomic more complicated than hydrogen
    b. Can’t explain the fine structure of spectrum
    c. Can’t explain the complex atomic structure

    G. James Chadwick (1891-1974)

    1. Chadwick did experiment to prove Rutherford’s hypothesis that in the atom there are
    neutral particles that contains more mass of atom

    a. Chadwick shoot away alpha particles to a piece of beryllium


    b. Chadwick discover other particle that have different character with alpha particle
    from shooting of beryllium
    c. This particle have high-penetrating power and not influenced with electric and
    magnetic field
    d. He called this particle as neutron
    2. Chadwick’s conclusion about neutron are :
    a. Neutrons have no electrical charge
    b. Neutron have a mass nearly equal of the mass of proton
    c. Unit measurement for subatomic particle is the atomic mass unit (amu)

    H. Quantum Mechanical Models

    1. Electrons are in probability zones called orbitals


    2. Electrons are particles and waves at the same time
    3. Developed quantum numbers based on theories of Einstein and Planck
    4. According to the theory of wave mechanics, electron do not move in a definite path
    5. The probable location of an electron is based how much energy the electron has
    6. Atom has small positively charged nucleus surrounded by a large region in which there
    are enough electron to make an atom neutral

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