This course provides an in-depth study of human anatomy with a focus on the nervous, musculoskeletal and circulatory systems. Students will dissect cadavers to identify anatomical structures of the lower limb and abdomen/pelvis. The course also examines the regional and systemic organization of the body and emphasizes the relationship between structure and function of human movement. Key topics include osteology, myology, neurology, angiology and arthrology of the lower limb, abdomen and pelvis.
This course provides an in-depth study of human anatomy with a focus on the nervous, musculoskeletal and circulatory systems. Students will dissect cadavers to identify anatomical structures of the lower limb and abdomen/pelvis. The course also examines the regional and systemic organization of the body and emphasizes the relationship between structure and function of human movement. Key topics include osteology, myology, neurology, angiology and arthrology of the lower limb, abdomen and pelvis.
This course provides an in-depth study of human anatomy with a focus on the nervous, musculoskeletal and circulatory systems. Students will dissect cadavers to identify anatomical structures of the lower limb and abdomen/pelvis. The course also examines the regional and systemic organization of the body and emphasizes the relationship between structure and function of human movement. Key topics include osteology, myology, neurology, angiology and arthrology of the lower limb, abdomen and pelvis.
This course provides an in-depth study of human anatomy with a focus on the nervous, musculoskeletal and circulatory systems. Students will dissect cadavers to identify anatomical structures of the lower limb and abdomen/pelvis. The course also examines the regional and systemic organization of the body and emphasizes the relationship between structure and function of human movement. Key topics include osteology, myology, neurology, angiology and arthrology of the lower limb, abdomen and pelvis.
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ANATOMY- II
CREDIT HOURS 4 (3-1)
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
The focus of this course is an in-depth study and analysis of the regional and systemic organization of the body. Emphasis is placed upon structure and function of human movement. A comprehensive study of human anatomy with emphasis on the nervous, musculoskeletal and circulatory systems is incorporated. Introduction to general anatomy lays the foundation of the course. Dissection and identification of structures in the cadaver supplemented with the study of charts, models, prosecuted materials and radiographs are utilized to identify anatomical landmarks and configurations of the lower limb and abdomen pelvis.
COURSE OUTLINE:
LOWER LIMB
OSTEOLOGY:
Detailed description of all bones of lower limb and pelvis along
their musculature and ligamentous attachments.
MYOLOGY:
Muscles of gluteal region
Muscles around hip joint Muscles of thigh (anteriorly, posteriorly, laterally and medially) Muscles of lower leg and foot. NEUROLOGY: Course, distribution, supply of all nerves of lower limb and gluteal region Lumbosacral plexus.
ANGIOLOGY:
Course and distribution of all arteries, veins and lymphatic
drainage of lower limb
ARTHROLOGY:
Pelvis Hip joint Knee joint Ankle joint Joints of the foot Surface Anatomy of lower limb Surface marking of lower limb
ABDOMEN
ABDOMINAL WALL:
Structures of anterior abdominal wall: superficial and deep
muscles Structure of rectus sheath Structures of Posterior abdominal wall Lumbar spine (vertebrae) Brief description of viscera
PELVIS: Brief description of anterior, posterior and lateral walls of the pelvis Inferior pelvic wall or pelvic floor muscles Sacrum Brief description of perineum Nerves of perineum
During study of Gross Anatomy, emphasis should be given on
applied aspect, radiological anatomy, surface anatomy and cross- sectional anatomy of the region covered in the respective semester /year
RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS:
1. Gray’s Anatomy by Prof. Susan Standring 39th Ed., Elsevier.
2. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students by Richard S. Snell.
3. Clinically Oriented Anatomy by Keith Moore.
4. Clinical Anatomy by R.J. Last, Latest Ed.
5. Cunningham’s Manual of Practical Anatomy by G.J. Romanes, 15th
Ed., Vol-I, II and III.
6. The Developing Human. Clinically Oriented Embryology by Keith L.
Moore, 6th Ed.
7. Wheater’s Functional Histology by Young and Heath, Latest Ed.
8. Medical Histology by Prof. Laiq Hussain.
9. Neuroanatomy by Richard S. Snell.
KINESIOLOGY-II
CREDIT HOURS 3 (2-1)
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
This course covers the definition of kinesiology and its importance to
physical therapy and identifies the scope of kinesiology studies and their application. It also covers the types of human motions and their planes of motions and its relative axes explain the inter-relationship among kinematic variables, and utilize the knowledge of this inter- relationship to describe and analyze motion. This course also covers the classification of the joints or muscles and their characteristics distinguishing arthrokinematic movements from osteokinematic movements and explain their relationship and the difference among agonists, antagonists, and synergists integrate the knowledge learned with human motion occurring during daily activities.
COURSE OUTLINE:
RANGE OF MOTION
Active Movements
Voluntary movements
Definition Classification
Free Exercises
Classification of free exercises
Techniques of free exercises Effects and uses Assisted Exercises
The principles of assistance
Techniques Effects and uses
Assisted Resisted Exercises
Resisted Exercises
The principles of resistance
Variation of the power of the muscles in different parts of their range Techniques of resisted exercises Resistances Progressive resistance exercise Progression Effects and uses of resisted exercises
Involuntary Movement
Reflex movement The reflex arc The stretch reflex The righting reflexes The postural reflexes Effects and uses of reflex movement
PASSIVE MOVEMENT:
Classification Specific definitions Relaxed passive movements Principles of giving relaxed passive movements & its Effects and uses Accessory movements Principles of giving accessory movements and its Effects and uses Passive manual mobilization and manipulations Principles and Effects and uses Controlled sustained stretching, Principles and Effects and uses
RELAXATION:
Definition Muscle tone Postural tone Voluntary movement Mental attitudes Degrees of relaxation Pathological tension in the muscles Technique General relaxation Local relaxation
DERIVED POSITIONS:
Purpose of derived positions
Positions derived from standing By: alteration of arms, alteration of the legs, alteration of trunk & alteration of legs and trunk Positions derived from kneeling Positions derived from sitting By: alteration of the legs& by alteration of trunk Positions derived from lying , By alteration of arms and by alteration of the legs Positions derived from hanging Other positions in which some of the weight is taken on the arms
SUSPENSION THERAPY:
Suspension application Suspension concept of inclined planes The fixed point suspension Supporting rope and its types Sling and its types Type of suspension: axial &vertical Methods, techniques of suspension: upper limb & lower limb Suspension effect on muscle work and joint mobility.
NEUROMUSCULAR CO-ORDINATION:
Coordinated movement Group action of muscles Nervous control Inco-ordination Re-Education Frenkel’s exercises.
WALKING AIDS:
Crutches Sticks Tripod or Quadra pod Frames PRACTICAL TRAINING/ LAB WORK:
Practical demonstrations of the techniques of active, passive
movements Manual muscle testing Practical demonstrations of relaxation procedures Practical demonstrations of various derived positions.
GONIOMETRY:
Introduction to Goniometry Basic concepts in Goniometry Joint motion Range of motion Factors affecting ROM End-feel Capsular and non capsular pattern of ROM limitation Procedures Positioning Stabilization Measurements Instruments Alignment Recording Procedures Validity and Reliability Reliability Studies Mathematical methods of evaluation measurement reliability Exercise to evaluate reliability Measurement of upper extremity Measurement of lower extremity Measurement of tempomendibular joint Measurement of the cervical spine Measurement of the thoracic spine Measurement of the lumber joint Average range of motion Joint measurement by body position.
