Ayesha Ramzan

PRESENTATION # 1
“INTRODUCTION TO
BIOMECHANICS AND BASIC
TERMINOLOGIES”
NAME: AYESHA RAMZAN

BATCH II
SUBMITTED TO: DR ABDUL RASHAD
DATE: 19.03.2021
UNITED COLLEGE OF PHYSICAL THERAPY
What Is Biomechanics?
Biomechanics;
Bio = Living
Mechanics = Forces & Effects
DEFINITION:
“ The application of mechanical principles in the study of living
organisms ”
Involves the principles of anatomy and physics in the descriptions
and analysis of movement.
The study of biological structures, processes and functions by
applying the methods and principles of mechanics
Why Study Biomechanics?
The purpose of studying Biomechanics is;
• To understand the forces acting on the human body

• To manipulate these forces in treatment procedures so that human performance may
be improved and further injury may be prevented.
• Better understanding of both joint function and dysfunction
• Design improvements in devices e.g. joint arthroplasty systems and orthotic
devices
• To understand how the musculoskeletal system functions
• Useful in patient evaluations and treatments
• Important for clinicians such as orthopedic surgeons and physical and occupational
therapists
KINEMATICS:
DEFINITION:
“Description of motion (e.g. how fast, how high, etc.) without
consideration given to its mass or the forces acting on it.”
This may include …
• The movement of a single point on the body (e.g. COG)
• Position of several segments (e.g. the Upper Extremity)
• Position of a single joint
• Motions that occur between adjacent joint surfaces
• Kinematics examines how, when, and where a body moves
TYPES OF KINEMATICS :
 Arthrokinematics:
“ The movements occurring between joint surfaces in relation
to the direction of movement of the distal extremity of the
bone.”
 Osteokinematics:
Concerned with the movements of the bones
 ARTHROKINEMATICS:
When a joint moves, three types of motion can occur between the two articulating
surfaces
 Rolling or Rocking
 Sliding or Gliding
 Turning or Spinning
 In a pure rolling motion ……
 Each subsequent point on one surface contacts a new point on the other surface
 In sliding and spinning ……
 the same point on one surface contacts new points
 on the mating surface
 Most normal joint movement has some combination of rolling, sliding and
spinning
 CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF ARTHROKINEMATICS:
Arthrokinematics (combination of Roll, Slide and

Spin)
• Permits a Large ROM while using a Small Articular Surface
• If joints possessed only one of these motions …….. The ROM
would be limited
• The Larger joint surfaces would be needed to accomplish the
same ROM
KINETICS:
“The study of forces that lead to produce, stop or modify
motions of the body”
It examines ……
• The causes of motion
• The internal and external forces that cause motion or cause
• The interactions between these forces affecting m
• Gravity
• Muscle tension
• External resistance
• Friction
TYPES OF KINETICS:
• STATIC:
Refers to situations where the body or object remains at rest, or is moving at
a constant speed in a state of equilibrium.
Equilibrium is a balanced state in which there is no acceleration
• DYNAMICS:
Deals with the changes in motion (acceleration) brought on by unbalanced
forces
 KINEMATIC CHAIN:
A kinematic chain refers to a series of articulated segmented links, such as the connected pelvis,
thigh, leg, and foot of the lower extremity
(Lower Kinematic Chains )
• Open Kinematic Chain
The distal segment of the chain moves in
space while the proximal segment is
fixed or stable
• Closed Kinematic Chain
The distal segment is fixed, and proximal
parts move
 KINEMATIC CHAIN ACTIVITIES:
Reaching or bringing the hand to the mouth …….
 OPEN – CHAIN MOTION:
• Performing a chin-up …….. Closed - Chain Motion
• Standing to Sit …….. Closed - Chain Motion
• Sitting down in a Chair …… Closed - Chain Motion
• The leg moves forward on the fixed foot (dorsiflexion)
• The thigh approaches the leg (knee flexion)
• The thigh approaches the pelvis (hip flexion)
• Walking and Stair Climbing:
alternation of closed-chain motion and open-chain motion
• Standing from a Chair:
When a person uses the armrest of a chair to assist in coming to the
standing position, the hand is fixed and the forearm moves in relation to the
hand, the arm moves away from the forearm, and the arm moves toward the
trunk
• Crutch-walking:
the arms are fixed and the body moves in relation to the arms ( Close –
Chain activity )
 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES:
1.Inertia 14. Linear motion
2 .Mass 15. Angular velocity
3. Force 16. Displacement
4. Weight 17. Moment
5. Pressure 18. Moment arm
6. Volume 19. Joint surfaces
7. Density 20. center of pressure
8. Specific weight 21. Muscle force
9. Torque
10. Impulse
11. Centre of gravity
12. Speed
13. Velocity
 INERTIA:
Tendency for a body to resist a change in its state of motion
Tendency of a body to maintain its current state of motion whether motionless or moving with a
constant velocity
 UNIT: No unit
 MASS:
Quantity of matter curtained in an object
 SYMBOL: m
 UNIT: kilogram(kg), slug
 FORCE: Push or pull acting on a body
The product of mass and acceleration
F=ma
Each force is characterized by its magnitude and direction and point of application to a given body.
Common forces acting on human body are friction, air and water resistance
 UNIT: Newton
 WEIGHT: Amount of gravitational force exerted on a body.
The product of mass and acceleration of gravity
wt=mag
 UNIT: Newton (N), Pound (Ib)
 PRESSURE: Force per unit area over which the force acts
P=F/A
 UNIT: Metric System= Pascal (Pa) Pa=N/m2
English System=Psi=Ib/in2
 VOLUME: Space occupied by a body
 UNIT: English system = in3, ft3
Matric system= m3, cm3, l
 DENSITY: Mass per unit of volume
Density= mass/Volume
 UNIT: Matric system= kg/m3
English system= not commonly used
 SPECIFIC WEIGHT: Weight per unit of volume
Weight is proportional to mass
Specific weight is proportional to density
 UNIT: Matric system=N/m3
English system= Ib/ft3
 TORQUE: Rotatory effect of a force
T=Fd
 UNIT: Matric system= N-m
English system= ft-Ib
 IMPULSE: Product of force and the time over which the force acts
Impulse= Ft
 UNIT: Matric system= N-s
English system=Ib-s
 CENTRE OF GRAVITY: The point around which body’s weight and mass are equally balanced
in all direction, no matter how the body positioned.
 NET FORCE: Resultant force derived from the composition of two or more force
When all forces are balanced or cancel each other, net force is zero and the body remains in its
original state of motion, either motionless or moving with a constant velocity.
 FREE BODY DIAGRAM: A free body is an object or body part that is being focused upon for
analysis.
 LINEAR MOTION: Motion in which all parts of the body travel along parallel. Also called
translation
 ANGULAR MOTION: Motion in which all parts of the body travel in a circular manner.
 DISPLACEMENT: The change in the position of a body
 Translational
 Rotational
 Combined
 VELOCITY: The rate at which an object changes its position. Velocity is speed with a
direction.
 UNIT: its unit is m/s
 SPEED: How fast an object is moving.
 UNIT: Its unit is meters
 MOMENTS: The bending action of force. A moment tends to cause a rotation.
M=Rf
 MOMENT ARM: The distance that is perpendicular to the force vector
 MUSCLE FORCE: Three important parameters to consider the force of a muscle
 Orientation
 Magnitude
 Point of application
 JOINT FORCES: The forces that exist between the articular surfaces of the joint.
 CENTRE OF PRESSURE: The point on a body where the total sum of the pressure field acts.
 REFERANCES:
 6th edition by Susan J.Hall, Ph.d
 https://
www.researchgate.net/publication/304872501_Introduction_to_biomechanics_Basic_terminolog
y_and_concepts
.

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PRESENTATION # 1

NAME: AYESHA RAMZAN

• To understand the forces acting on the human body

Arthrokinematics (combination of Roll, Slide and

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