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    Code of Practice For Foundation - BS 8004 Code of Practice For Concrete - BS 8110 Code of Practice For Latticed Tower - ASCE 10-97 / ANSI

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    Nitin Parul
    The document discusses the design of transmission towers, including their geometry, loading considerations, foundation design, and types of towers. It addresses topics such as tower components, height calculations, load applications, soil classification, and assumed normal working loads. Standards for concrete, foundations, and latticed towers are also cited.

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    Code of Practice For Foundation - BS 8004 Code of Practice For Concrete - BS 8110 Code of Practice For Latticed Tower - ASCE 10-97 / ANSI

    Uploaded by

    Nitin Parul
    82 views8 pages
    The document discusses the design of transmission towers, including their geometry, loading considerations, foundation design, and types of towers. It addresses topics such as tower components, height calculations, load applications, soil classification, and assumed normal working loads. Standards for concrete, foundations, and latticed towers are also cited.

    Original Description:

    Tower Drating Notes

    Original Title

    Tower Drating Notes

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    The document discusses the design of transmission towers, including their geometry, loading considerations, foundation design, and types of towers. It addresses topics such as tower components, height calculations, load applications, soil classification, and assumed normal working loads. Standards for concrete, foundations, and latticed towers are also cited.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    82 views8 pages

    Code of Practice For Foundation - BS 8004 Code of Practice For Concrete - BS 8110 Code of Practice For Latticed Tower - ASCE 10-97 / ANSI

    Uploaded by

    Nitin Parul
    The document discusses the design of transmission towers, including their geometry, loading considerations, foundation design, and types of towers. It addresses topics such as tower components, height calculations, load applications, soil classification, and assumed normal working loads. Standards for concrete, foundations, and latticed towers are also cited.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    TRANSMISSION TOWERS DESIGN

    Code of practice for foundation - BS 8004

    Code of practice for concrete - BS 8110

    Code of practice for latticed tower - ASCE 10-97 / ANSI

    GEOMETRY DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION TOWERS

     Peak of transmission tower


     Cross arm of transmission tower
     Boom of transmission tower
     Cage of transmission tower
     Transmission Tower Body
     Leg of transmission tower
     Stub/Anchor Bolt and Base plate assembly of transmission tower.

    Peak of Transmission Tower

    The portion above the top cross arm is called peak of transmission tower. Generally earth
    shield wire connected to the tip of this peak.

    Cross Arm of Transmission Tower

    Cross arms of transmission tower hold the transmission conductor. The dimension of cross
    arm depends on the level of transmission voltage, configuration and minimum forming angle
    for stress distribution.

    Cage of Transmission Tower

    The portion between tower body and peak is known as cage of transmission tower. This
    portion of the tower holds the cross arms.

    Transmission Tower Body

    The portion from bottom cross arms up to the ground level is called transmission tower body.
    This portion of the tower plays a vital role for maintaining required ground clearance of the
    bottom conductor of the transmission line.
    To determine the actual transmission tower height by considering the above points, we have
    divided the total height of tower in four parts,

     Minimum permissible ground clearance (H1)


     Maximum sag of the conductor (H2)
     Vertical spacing between top and bottom conductors (H3)
     Vertical clearance between ground wire and top conductor (H4).
    Length
    Specification for 132 kV
    (m)
    Minimum clearance from conductor to ground 6.7
    Metal Clad or Roofed Building, or other building or Structures upon
    4.1
    which a man may stand
    To earthed cradle Guard Wires 4
    To Electric power line wires (Line to Earth) 3.7
    To be added to the above Clearance to Allow for Survey and sagging
    0.3
    error
    Minimum horizontal spacing between outermost conductors of
    15.3
    adjacent power line in still air
    Spacing between P + T line and cradle guard 1.8

    Loading and Temperature

    Minimum temperature

    Everyday temperature

    Maximum temperature

    The stress increase while temperature increase, why?

    DESIGN SPANS

    1. Basic span

    The term basic span means the horizontal distance between the centres of adjacent supports
    on level ground. The height of conductor clearance to the ground is decided based on this
    length.

    2. Wind span

    The term wind span mean half the sum of adjacent horizontal spans lengths supported on any
    one tower. The wind force on cables is calculated based on this length. Further this length can
    vary depend on support type and loading type (Normal working / Brocken wire).

    3. Weight span

    The term weight span mean the equivalent length of the weight of conductor supported at any
    one tower at minimum temperature in still air. The maximum and minimum (can be negative)
    weight of conductor is calculated based on this span. Further this length can vary depend on
    support type and loading type (Normal working / Brocken wire).
    APPLICATION OF LOAD ON TOWER

    The loading on transmission towers can be divided in to threecategories.

    1. Load on Cross arm


    2. Dead Load ofTower
    3. Wind Load on Tower

    1. Load on Cross arm

    The loads come from cables in vertical, transverse and longitudinal directions are included in
    this category. The loading method is depending on tower type and normal working or broken
    wire condition. The broken wire condition means simulation of conductor broken or earth
    wire broken.

    Normal working condition


    Transverse load from Wind load Diameter x wind span x wind pressure
    𝛳
    earth wire Angle pull 2 x Maximum working tension x Sin[ 2 ]

    Weight of earth wire


    Unit weight x Weight span (Max)
    (Max)
    Vertical load from Weight of earth wire
    Unit weight x Weight span (Min)
    earth wire (Min)
    Weight of lineman 155 x 9.81
    and clamp 1000

    Longitudinal load from


    Earth wire tension 1 x maximum working tension x 0.15
    earth wire

    The similar loading can be used to broken wire condition with following modification

     The corresponding span must be broken wire spans


     Longitudinal force will be 1.0 time maximum working tension

    Normal working condition


    Wind load on
    Diameter x wind span x wind pressure
    conductor
    Transverse load from Wind load on
    conductor 0.5 x length x diameter x wind pressure
    insulator
    𝛳
    Angle pull 2 x Maximum working tension x Sin[ 2 ]

    Weight of earth wire


    Unit weight x Weight span (Max)
    (Max)
    vertical load from Weight of earth wire
    Unit weight x Weight span (Min)
    conductor (Min)
    Weight of lineman 155 x 9.81
    and clamp 1000
    Weight of insulator
    assembly

    Longitudinal load from


    Earth wire tension 1 x maximum working tension x 0.15
    conductor

    The similar loading can be used to broken wire condition with following modification

     The corresponding span must be broken wire spans


     Longitudinal force will be 0.7time maximum working tension

    Note - The designer must follow the specification to find the loading arrangement to
    different type of Transmission Tower.

    2. Dead Load of Tower

    The dead load of Transmission Tower can be automatically added from software.

    3. Wind Load on Tower

    The wind load on tower can be found using following equation

    Wind load = 1.5 x Projection area x Wind pressure

    TYPES OF TRANSMISSION TOWERS

     Suspension towers - TDL


     0o - 10o and section towers - TD1
     10o - 30oangle towers - TD3
     30o - 60oangle towers - TD6
     Terminal towers - TDT

    Apart from the above customized type of tower, the tower is designed to meet special usages
    listed below. These are called special type tower

     River crossing tower


     Railway/ Highway crossing tower
     Transposition tower

    Based on numbers of circuits carried by a transmission tower, it can be classified as following

     Single circuit tower


     Double circuit tower
     Multi circuit tower
    Arcing horn

    Jumper loop

    Jumper suspension insulator

    Foundation design

    Foundation types

    Rock Anchor

    Concrete pad and chimney

    Piling

    SOIL CLASSIFICATION FOR FOUNDATION DESIGN

    Name Soil type


    S1 Homogeneous Rock
    S2 Fractured rock / dense sand and Gravel
    Medium dense gravel / Medium dense gravel with sand / Compact sand
    S3
    / Very stiff to stiff clay / Hard clay
    S4 Loose sand and gravel / Medium dense sand / Stiff clay / Firm clay
    S4A-water logged Loose sand and gravel / Medium dense sand / Stiff clay / Firm clay
    S5 Soft clay, Silt / Loose sand
    S5A-water logged Soft clay, Silt / Loose sand
    S6 Very soft clays and silts / Peat and organic soils / Made ground or fill
    S7 Alternative

    ASSUMED NORMAL WORKING LOADING ON TOWERS

    1. Suspension Tower - TDL

    Vertical loading

     Weight of insulators
     Weight of all fittings
     Weight of earth conductors and conductors

    Transverse loading

     Wind pressure right angle to the lines on projected area - 970 N/m2
     Wind pressure on 1.5 times the projected area of the member of one face of the tower
    - 1640 N/m2

    2. Angle Towers - TD3 & TD6

    Broken wire condition

    Factor of safety of towers

    PLS CADD

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