SYNOPSIS OF P.G.

RESEARCH PROBLEM
ON
“ BIOLOGY, POPULATION DYNAMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF
PULSE BEETLE, CALLOSOBRUCHUS CHINENSIS (L.), IN STORED GREEN
GRAM , VIGNA RADIATA (L.)”

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

Dr. V. R. Virani,
Asso. Res. Scientist
Department of Entomology,
Junagadh Agricultural University
Junagadh

SUBMITTED BY

Glory Snehila Anthony

Reg. No.: J4-01037-2012
Department of Entomology,
Junagadh Agricultural University
Junagadh

SUBMITTED TO
DIRECTOR OF RESEARCH AND DEAN
FACULTY OF P.G. STUDIES,
JUNAGADH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY,
JUNAGADH-362001

DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE,
JUNAGADH AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY
JUNAGADH-362001

Date of submission : 9 /12 / 2013

Current semester : Third Semester
.

1. Name of the student : Glory Snehila Anthony

2. Name of the degree submitted for : M.Sc. (Agri.)
3. Registration number : J4-01037-2012
4. Major subject : Entomology
5.a Minor subject : Plant Pathology
5.b Supporting subjects : 1. Bio-Chemistry
2. Agril. Statistics
6. Name of Major Guide : Dr.V.R.Virani
Asso. Res. Scientist
Dept. of Entomology
College of agriculture
JAU, Junagadh.
7. Title of research problem : “ BIOLOGY, POPULATION DYNAMICS AND
MANAGEMENT OF PULSE BEETLE
CALLOSOBRUCHUS CHINENSIS( L.) IN
STORED GREEN GRAM,
VIGNA RADIATA( L.)”

8. INTRODUCTION:

Pulses have been traditionally recognized as an indispensable constituent of Indian diet. The
great good that pulses have done to the people of this country is by their ideally supplementing the
cereal rich diet of predominantly vegetarian masses by virtue of their being rich in protein and
several essential amino-acids. Among the pulses green gram Vigna radiata (L.) is one of the
important kharif, rabi as well as summer pulse crop. It belongs to the family leguminoceae. The
native of green gram is believed to be India and central Asia. It is one of the important grain legume
crop grown in India from the Pre-historic times. In India ,the crop is mainly grown for its grain
which is consumed either whole or in split form (dal) its food value is essentially due to its high
protein content, varying from 23.4 to 33.0 per cent (Anon.,2011). It also contains 56.7 per cent
carbohydrates, 1.3 per cent fats, 4.1 per cent fibres, 3.5 per cent minerals and amino acids viz.,
lysine, thiomine, cystine, methionine etc. The germinated green gram seeds containing vitamin-c
and easily digestable protein which is ideally useful in the diet of infants and invalids (Anon.,
2012).Being a leguminous crop, it also possesses the capacity to fix the atmospheric nitrogen in the
soil and thus, it helps in maintaining soil fertility.
 Green gram is cultivated in almost all the states of India. In India it is cultivated in two
seasons kharif and summer. However, peak market arrivals are from September to October (kharif)
and June to July (summer). Green gram is mostly grown as a kharif crop (monsoon season) in the
states of Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh, but, in Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar it is grown as a summer
crop. During rabi, it is grown in rice fallows of southern and south eastern region (Anon.,2006). The
primary insect pests of stored green gram include species of bruchids belonging to the genus
Callosobruchus. The annual yield loss is estimated to be 20 per cent in pigeonpea, 15 per cent in
chickpea and 30 per cent in black gram and green gram. On an average 2.5 to 3.0 million tonnes of
pulses are lost annually due to pests (Ali, 1998).

Due to introduction of high yeilding varieties as well as new technology production and plant
protection, the farmers are able to produce bumper crop and that is why they have to store green
gram for longer duration to fetch good price as the price is low at the time of harvest.
Callosobruchus is one of the important genus having three species viz., C. maculatus, C. analis and
C. chinensis (Bruchidae: Coleoptera) attacking pulses in India (Raina,1970). Among these species C.
chinensis and C. maculatus causes damage world wide to mung been in storage. The pulse beetle
causing heavy losses to the tune of 10 to 60 per cent. It is reported that 42.53 to 57.77 percentage
quantitative loss in green gram. The pulse beetle is not only causing quantitative losses but also
qualitative losses like nutritive loss, germination loss and make the green gram unfit for marketing as
well as for human consumption. The pulse industry is greatly suffered due to infestation of this pest
which not only riddle the seeds with holes but also change them in to broken pulse pieces instead of
two split pulses.

9. PRACTICAL UTILITY OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM :

Green gram is an important pulse crop which is widely cultivated in Gujarat state. The
storage is an important aspect in green gram because Green gram is seasonally produced (mainly
during kharif season) but consumed throughout the year. This crop is attacked by Pulse beetle mainly
in stored stage. The major factor of the heavy loss of the grain legumes in the storage is pulse beetle
C. chinensis (L.) (Southgate, 1978; Talekar, 1988). It causes very heavy losses in the stored grain
lots. To encourage the cultivation and reduce storage losses of green gram in India as well as
Gujarat, all our efforts are needed to tackle this pest. Due to poor storage facility and looking to the
cross infestation of storage pest, it may cause heavy losses in storage and the seed could be not use
for seed purpose due to poor germination percentage of the seed. During present investigation, an
attempt will be made to find out role of insecticides, different oils and inert materials during storage.
Major issue for storage of green gram seed is protecting them from infestation by Callosobruchus
chinensis (L.). The present study will generate some useful information of effective insecticides, and
botanical oils applied as a seed treatment. This information will be useful to the farmers as well as
seed producers to protect the green gram seed from the infestation of C. chinensis (L.)

10. Objectives:
a) Biology of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) on green gram under the laboratory conditions.
b) Population build up of C. chinensis (L.) under laboratory conditions on green gram.
c) Management of C. chinensis (L.) in stored green gram.
11. REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Pulse beetle infesting green gram is a serious stored pest of green gram. The review of
literature, regarding C. chinensis (L.) on green gram, its management by different insecticides ,
botanical oils and inert materials is given below. Therefore, an attempt have been made to review the
available literature and presented under following heading.
11.1. Biology of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) on green gram:

. Meghwal and Singh (2005) studied the biology of Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) on moth bean.
The maximum number of eggs laid was observed on the first day of oviposition. The ovipositional,
incubation, developmental (larval + pupal ) and total developmental period from egg to adult were
found an average of 5.20,4.69,20.79 and 25.49 days respectively. The longevity of male and female
adult was 7.40 and 6.40 days respectively.
Patel et al. (2005) observed the biology of pulse beetle C. chinensis reared on green gram,
Bengal gram Cicer arietinum, red gram (Lensesculenta Moench [L. Culinaris], lentil, grass pea
(Lathyrus sativus L.), pea or cowpea were the most preferred hosts. The lowest incubation period
(4.10 days) was recorded for lentil. The average total developmental period and longeivity were
higher (23.49 and 14.83 days respectively) on pea than on green gram (17.19 and 11.37 days,
respectively). The duration of the life cycle was longer on pea (43.85 days) and shortest on green
gram (33.51 days) and cowpea (34.02 days).

Mandal and Konar (2006) studied the biology of pulse beetle C. chinensis in stored seeds of
green gram (Vigna radiata L.). Preadult stages of bruchid took 23 days during September when the
temperature was moderate (29-310 C) and relative humidity was high (85-90%), while immature
stages of the beetle were shorter (19 days) during August. The adult longeivity of males and females
varied from 4.3 to 10.6 and 7.2 to 11.1 days, respectively. The number of adults emerged from a
single pair of bruchids ranged from 33.3 to 73.5, irrespective of generation studied. Sex ratio was
more in favour of male than female. The successful adult emergence was recorded more from the
eggs laid during first few days of oviposition.
Suchitra et al. (2006) studied on the biology of pulse beetle, C. chinensis (L.) through eight
generations on green gram cv. pusa bold seeds during April to October, 2001, indicated that the
bruchids completed its pre-adult stages in 19 days during August within the thermal rages of 29.oC
(mean min.) to 30.oC (mean max.) and relative humidity ranges 85-90% while comparatively longer
immature stages of this insect, was found during September (23 days) when 29.0 to 30.0C and 30.0oC
to 31.0C minimum and maximum temperature and 85 to 90% relative humidity prevailed.

Sharma et al. (2007) carried out an experiment to study the biology of Callosobruchus
maculatus (Fab.) On the seeds of soyabean variety JS 335 revealed oviposition period of 4 -7 days
,larval and pupal period of 33-37 days and total developmental period of 40-50 days. A single female
laid 65-72 eggs on soya bean seeds. The longivity of male and female (unmated) ranged between 10-
15 days and 8-14 days respectively.

Bhargava et al. (2008) studied biology of C. chinensis (L.) on cowpea, mung bean, gram,
pigeon pea, and soya bean. Fecundity, adult emergence and adult longevity were maximum on
cowpea and minimum on soyabean. Larval, pupal and developmental periods were shortest in
cowpea and longest in soyabean.
11.2 Population build-up of C. chinensis (L.) in stored green gram in the laboratory:

Raghavani et al. (2001) found that with the increase in number of pairs of pulse beetle,
significantly higher number of adult emergence in various treatments was observed. Significantly
low (4.70%) damage was observed, when a pair of C. analis was released in mung bean.
Patro et al. (2001) studied the effect of different levels of C. chinensis infestation (0, 1, 2, 4
and 8 pairs) on seed deterioration of pigeon pea and green gram. They reported that the level of
bruchid infestation is directly proportional to the population count and percent seed infestation but
inversely proportional to germination.
Patil et al. (2003) showed that population count and per cent seed infestations were directly
proportional to the number of adult beetles released.
Bhaduria and Jakmola (2006) reported that the losses due to seed damage was maximum in
green gram (55.4%), followed by gram (chick pea) (11.1%) and pea (8.8%). Infested seeds of green
gram, black gram and pigeon pea with only one hole failed to germinate. Infested pea, gram and
cowpea seeds showed 20,40 and 52 per cent germination, while healthy pea, gram and cowpea seeds
recorded 68,86 and 82 per cent germination, respectively. Infestation reduced seed germination from
30% (cowpea) to 72 per cent (black gram).
Patro et al. (2007) studied the effect of different levels (zero beetle, one pair, two pairs, four
pairs and eight pairs) of C. chinensis (L.) infestation per 100g seeds of pigeon pea, green gram and
black gram under ambient conditions (mean temperature of 28.4 0C and 88.7 per cent relative
humidity). The results indicated that in all the pulse seeds the level of bruchid infestation was
directly proportional to adult population count and percent seed infestation on the basis of exit holes
but inversely proportional to germination percentage. Maximum rise in moisture content to the tune
of 15-22 per cent was recorded in the pulse seeds due to bruchid infestation.
Anandhi et al. (2008) studied the population build up, grain damage, losses and evaluation of
different storage containers against C. chinensis (L.) on chickpea during 30 to 180 days of storage
revealed that the release of five pairs of adults in 250 g of pulse increased to a mean population of
648.3 after 180 days of storage. The loss in weight increased up to 17.3 per cent during this period.
The population build up and percentage infestation were high during mid March, when the minimum
and maximum temperatures were 15.5 and 30.1 o C ,respectively and the relative humidity was 40.1
to 89.2 per cent. At high as 7.60 percent weight loss was recorded at 90 days after inoculation.
Among the containers, the plain plot and pot lined with polythene did not permit any bruchid
infestation.

11.3 Management of C. chinensis in stored green gram:

11.3.1 Management through chemical:

Patil et al. (1994) reported that pigeon pea seeds treated with deltamethrin (12.5ppm) was the
most effective treatment against C. maculatus by recording greater adult mortality and no loss in
seed weight up to 12 weeks.

Konar et al. (2005) reported that in stored red gram seeds application of malathion 50EC @
1ml/litre of water as surface treatment was found most effective in achieving 100 per cent mortality
of pulse beetle, C. chinensis (L.) followed by Ipomoea leaf powder @ 100g/litre of methanol and
azadirachtin 5000 ppm @ 6ml/litre of water respectively @ 1, 3 and 6 hours after treatment.

Srivastava and Jha (2007) studied the toxicity of commertial formulations of few synthetic
pyrethroids namely cypermethrin, bifenthrin, alpha-cypermethrin, beta-cyfluthrin, lambda-
cyhalothrin, fenvelrate and deltamethrin against C. maculatus, C. chinensis (L.) and C.analis. All the
tested species of Callosobruchus spp showed similar order of toxicity for synthetic pyrethroids,
deltamethrin being most toxic and Fenvalerate the least. Bifenthrin and deltamethrin had similar
toxicity against all the species of pulse beetle. C. chinensis (L.) was most suceptible against synthetic
pyrethroids except cyfluthrin and fenvelarate which showed maximum toxicity against C. analis and
C. maculatus, respectively.

Sanon et al.(2010) carried out laboratory and field trails to determine the efficacy of Spinosad
against cowpea weewil, Callosobruchus maculates (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). Spinosad caused
maximum mortality of adult C. maculatus and decreased the number of eggs laid by females.
spinosad, however, was less toxic in the 24 hours treatment to C. maculatus than deltamethrin.
spinosad was effective in controlling C. maculatus after 6 months of storage, the number of insects
emerging from cowpea seeds were reduced by less than 80 percent by coating seeds with Spinosad
but only by 43 per cent by coating with deltamethrin. spinosad controlled C. maculatus through out
the 6 months of cowpea storage, whereas deltamethrin failed to control C. maculatus after 3 months
of storage. Spinosad has the potential to be more effective in controlling C. maculatus than
deltamethrin
.
Hertlein, M.B. and et al., (2011) spinosad possesses a unique mode of action in insects and
controls insect strains resistant to other grain protectants.

11.3.2 Management of Pulse beetle through Inert materials :

Kittur (1990) found that cow dung ash was good in controlling C. chinensis (L.) activities in
red gram seeds. The mortality of beetles at 24, 48 and 72 hours after treatment (HAR) was 10,10,20
per cent, 43.33, 46.66, 80.00 per cent and 100.00, 100.00, 100.00 per cent when used at 15, 20 and
30 per cent, respectively wherein no mortality was observed in untreated control. Further, mean
number of eggs laid, adult emergence and per cent weight loss when used at 15, 20 and 30 per cent
were 137.67, 0.0, 0.00; 37.33, 0.00, 0.00 and 2.11, 0.00, 0.00 per cent, respectively as against 214.33,
194.83 and 6.37 per cent in untreated control.

Wolfson et al. (1991) the minimum ratio of 3 parts to 4 parts of cowpea seeds prevented
population growth of C. maculatus and 3 cm layer of ash on top of stored seeds prevented infestation
by adults.

Jagjeet et al. (2005) reported that 4 cm covering with each of sand, dung cake ash, saw dust
and wheat husk, when mixed with half kg of seed recorded significant adult mortality of C.
maculatus in pigeon pea seeds. They further reported that sand (4cm top layer) was effective up to
105 days of storage against C. maculatus in pigeon pea seeds.
11.3.3 Management of Pulse beetle through oils :
Edible and non edible oils :

Jacob and Sheila (1990) reported that neem oil at 1 ml per 100 g showed more than 60 per cent
mortality of the C. chinensis (L.) in green gram after 3 days of release.

Choudhary (1992) reported that oil treatments viz., groundnut, sesame, linseed, soybean, neem,
castor, safflower and coconut @ 0.25, 0.5 and 1 ml per 100 g reduced the number egg laid, adult
emergence and seed damage by C. chinensis (L.) on chickpea. Results after 12 months of seed
treatment neem oil proved to be effective in protection of chickpea seeds followed by groundnut oil.

Sandhya Rani et al. (2000) observed that neem oil was significantly superior to all other oils by
recording maximum mortality of C. chinensis (L.) on chickpea (65.0%) at 1 ml per kg of seed and
followed by rice bran oil (60.0%). Neem oil recorded cent per cent adult mortality three days after
treatment followed by rice bran oil (97.5%). All the treatments were found superior over control.

Singh et al. (2001) reported that neem oil at 2 ml per kg and neem leaf powder at 10g per kg
found most effective to minimize the damage by the pest in grains being 2.06 and 2.66 per cent
respectively in pea, as against 69.63 per cent in untreated grains followed by the treatment of castor
oil (2.87%). The loss in weight was as high as 47.40 per cent in untreated grains which considerably
reduced to a level of 0.63, 1.00 and 1.10 per cent by application of neem oil, neem leaf powder and
castor oil, respectively against C. chinensis(L.) on pea.

Srimathi et al. (2003) reported seed treatment with neem oil at 10 ml per kg seed against C.
maculatus resulted in low vigour and viability in cowpea.

Singh (2003) reported that neem oil 8 ml per kg proved highly effective in protecting the
pigeon pea seed upto 9 months storage in terms of seed damage, weight loss and prevented egg
laying and population build up of beetle.

Singh and Yadav (2003) reported that neem and mehandi oils at 10 ml per kg found effective
upto 150 days after treatment against pulse beetle, C. chinensis (L.) in green gram Vigna radiata.(L.)

Raghavan and Kapadia (2003) evaluated the comparative efficacy of eight vegetable oils each
at 2.5, 5.0 and 10 ml per kg to protect the pigeion pea seed against C. maculatus . The results
indicated that neem and coconut oil at 10 ml per kg grain provided the complete control of grain
against this bruchid for six months. The germination of pigeon pea seed was not impaired due to
different oil treatments.

Singh (2004) studied the effect of neem oil as surface protectant at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 g
(W/W) per 100 g of lentil seeds against the pulse beetle C. chinensis (L.) and found significant
reduction in seed damage and insect population at all the concentrations. However, the highest
toxicity was recorded with 2.0 ml neem oil per 100 g seeds.

Yadav et al. (2004) found that green gram seeds treated with neem oil, karanj oil and
groundnut oil showed promising results against pulse beetle because the adult emergence, seed
damage and seed weight were less than 1% in seeds treated with these oils.
Khalequzzaman et al. (2007) carried out the efficacy of seven edible oils viz,. sunflower oil,
mustard oil, groundnut oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, olive oil, and oil palm at the rate of 5, 7.5 and 10
ml per kg of pigeon pea against the pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.). Adult emergence
was completely prevented and minimum grain loss was achieved by groundnut oil at 1 per cent up to
66 days after treatment.

12. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) is a serious pest of
stored green gram and can render unprotected green gram unsuitable for food or seed in few months.
Therefore, studies on biology, population build-up and management of Callosobruchus chinensis
(L.) in stored green gram will be conducted at Storage grain Laboratory, Department of Entomology,
College of Agriculture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh during the year 2013-2014. The
details about materials to be used and methods to be employed are presented below.

12.1 Rearing techniques of test insect:

During present investigation, C. chinensis (L.) ( Bruchidae: Coleoptera) will be selected as

test insect. The initial culture of test insect to be maintained on disinfected seeds at 30 ± 10C in BOD
incubator. A single pair of C. chinensis (L.) will be obtained from the stock culture. Clean seeds to
be sterilized at the temperature of 500 C for 4 hrs, in the oven to eliminate the hidden infestation and
were conditioned. Ten pairs of one or two days old beetles from the initial culture to be released in
cylindrical glass jar measuring 20×15 cm containing 200 g seeds. The jars were covered with muslin
cloth and will be tied with rubber band. Subsequently adults emerged from this culture will be used
for further study. In order to get continous fresh supply of C. chinensis (L.) adults, need based dated
culture will be obtained at a regular time interval by using this technique. Forceps and camel brush
will be used for handling the insects

12.2 Seperation of Sex:

The sexes will be separated on the basis of morphological characters (Southgate,1958), the male
has pectinate antennae while female has serrate (Raina,1970).The apical segment found elongate and
oblong in male and bluntly rounded ovate in female. Antennal segments are deeply serrated and onward
in male and from fifth segment in female. In male the antennae move in right and left direction and they
are curved towards each other. In female it moves forward and backward and they are straight. Male
shows no response to touch (feighing death), whereas female shows the response. The adult male
measured about 3.2 to 3.6 mm in length, while female 3.43 to 3.56 mm in length (Khare, 1993).

12.3. Biology :

Experiment details:
Location : Storage grain Laboratory,
Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture.
Junagadh Agricultural University. Junagadh.
Year : 2013-2014

Methodology:

Ten pairs of one to two days old adults of C. chinensis (L.) will be released for egg laying in
glass jars (21 cm × 15 cm) containing 200 gm green gram seeds. The seeds containing the eggs will be
collected on next day morning. In order to facilitate the observations, one egg will be kept on each seed,
while others to be removed with the help of needle. Such one hundreds seeds will be kept individually in
plastic vials (6.5 cm × 2.5 cm) under laboratory conditions. The eggs laid on green gram seeds will be
observed under microscope for studying their colour, shape and size.

To determine number and duration of different larval instars, 900 seeds bearing eggs will be
kept in group of 30 seeds in plastic vials (6.5 cm × 2.5 cm) and will be closed with perforated plastic
lids. All the vials will be kept at constant temperature 30±10 C in BOD incubator. 30 green gram seeds
will be softened and dissected daily with the help of fine needles and will be observed with binocular
microscope. The measurements length and breadth of larvae will be recorded daily. The colour, size,
duration of instars and total larval period will be recorded daily. Pupa will be studied for colour, size and
pupal period. Shape, size and colour of adults will be studied.

Observations on hatching of eggs, larval + pupal period and total developmental periods will be
recorded. Observations will be taken daily morning. The adults emerged on the day will be paired and
released in plastic vials (6.5 cm × 2.5 cm) containing fifty seeds of green gram. The seeds with eggs will
be replaced daily by healthy seeds and the number of eggs laid by an individual female will be recorded
till all the female died. Thus, hatching period, larval + pupal period, total developmental period,
longevity of males and females, sex-ratio, pre-oviposition period and fecundity of females will be
worked out.

12.4. Population build-up:

Experiment details:
Location : Storage grain Laboratory,
Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture.
Junagadh Agricultural University. Junagadh.
Year : 2013-2014

Methodology:

To study the population build-up of C. chinensis (L.) on green gram, hundred grams of green gram
seeds of GM4 variety will be placed in a cylindrical glass jar measuring 20 × 15 cm to which 2 pairs of
one to two days old adult of C. chinensis (L.) will be released (Raghavani, 1998) and will be covered
with muslin cloth and tied with rubber band. After 40, 80 and 120 days of storage period, adults will be
anesthetized with chloroform and will be separated from the seeds. More over adults present if any
inside the seed will be taken out with the help of a pointer.

For grain damage studies the damaged and healthy grains will be sorted out and counted. One or
more hole per seed will be considered as damaged grains. The data will be analysed statistically. The
following formula will be used to work out per cent grain damage.

No. of holed grains

Precent grain damage = × 100

Total no. of grains

Observations on adult population of C. chinensis (L.) and per cent grain damage at 40, 80 and 120 days
were recorded.
12.5. Management of Pulse beetle, C. chinensis (L.) on stored green gram :

Experiments will be carried out for the study of effectiveness of insecticides, oils and inert
materials as seed protectant against C. Chinensis (L.) The experiment will be conducted at Storage
grain Laboratory, Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, J.A.U, Junagadh under the
laboratory conditions during 2013-2014.

12.5.1. Efficacy of insecticides on seeds against stored grain pest C. chinensis (L.)
Experiment details:
Location : Storage grain Laboratory,
Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture.
Junagadh Agricultural University. Junagadh.
Year : 2013-2014

Methodology:
The six insecticedes spinosad, deltamethrin, malathion, cypermethrin, fenvelerate and
decamethrin will be tested as seed protectants against pulse beetle. All insecticides will be tested at
0.5ml and 1 ml per kg seed. The known quantity of seeds 1 kg will be kept in plastic container with
capacity of 1.5 kg. A mixture of twenty five ml acetone and measured amount of insecticide will be
added to green gram seeds. The seeds will be mixed well with by rotation of plastic container and air
dried under shade in the laboratory. After air drying the treated seeds will be kept in glass jars and
covered with muslin cloth. Control was run simultaneously and each treatment replicated 3 times. A
sample of 25 gm seeds will be drawn from each glass jar at 40 days, 80 days and 120 days interval
and kept in plastic containers. In each jar 10 pairs of laboratory reared 1 to 2 days old adults will be
released and the mortality counts will be recorded 3,5 and 7 days after exposure.

Table 1: The treatment details of insecticides, for management of C. chinensis (L.) as follows :

Treatment No Insecticide Dose

T1 Spinosad 45% SC 2.5 ml/kg seed

T2 Spinosad 45% SC 5.0 ml /kg seed
T3 Deltamethrin 2.8 % EC 2.5 ml/kg seed
T4 Deltamethrin 2.8 % EC 5.0 ml /kg seed
T5 Malathion 50% EC 2.5 ml/kg seed
T6 Malathion 50% EC 5.0 ml /kg seed
T7 Cypermethrin 25% EC 2.5 ml/kg seed
T8 Cypermethrin 25% EC 5.0 ml /kg seed
T9 Fenvelerate 20% EC 2.5 ml/kg seed
T 10 Fenvelerate 20% EC 5.0 ml /kg seed
T 11 Decamethrin 2.8% EC 2.5 ml/kg seed
T 12 Decamethrin 2.8% EC 5.0 ml /kg seed
T 13 Control -
Observations:
The observations on per cent mortality will be recorded at 40, 80 and 120 days after storage
for pulse beetle. The data will be subjected to statistical analysis.

(a)Per cent mortality:

Adult mortality of pulse beetle will be calculated on the basis of number of dead inset. The
data will be converted in to corrected per cent mortality by using the following formula given by
Abott (1925) and modified by Henderson and Tilton (1955).

Ta x Cb

Corrected percent mortality = 100 X 1 -

Tb X Ca

Where,
Ta = No. Of insects observed after treatment.
Tb = No. Of insects observed before treatment.
Ca = No. Of insects observed after treatment in control.
Cb = No. Of insects observed before treatment in control.
(b) Germination %:
The germination test of green gram seeds will be carried out at 120 days of treatment, under
laboratory conditions. To assess the effect of insecticidal treatments of oils on viability of seeds,
germination tests will be conducted in the laboratory.100 bold treated green gram seeds along with
untreated seeds will be selected and will be treated with thiram. The seeds will be soaked with
distilled water and kept in sterilized petri dish (9 cm diameter) consisting of wetted blotting paper at
the bottom. One piece of wetted blotting paper will be placed in to upper dish. Four replications each
having 25 seeds will be examined. Blotting papers will be kept moist by applying distilled water.
Germination count will be made after 10 days. Germination test will be conducted at 120 days after
storage of green gram seeds. The data thus obtained will be statistically analysed.

(c) Precent grain damage:

For grain damage studies the damaged and healthy grains will be sorted out and counted.
One or more holes per seed will be considered as damaged grains. The data will be statistically
analysed. The following formula will be used to work out per cent grain damage.

No. of holed grains

Precent grain damage = × 100

Total no. of grains
12.5.2. Efficacy of different edible and non-edible oils on green gram seeds against
C. chinensis (L.)
Experiment details:
Location : Storage grain Laboratory,
Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture.
Junagadh Agricultural University. Junagadh.
Year : 2013-2014

Methodology:

The effect of edible and non edible oils, against pulse beetle will be tested under laboratory
conditions. The oils will be procured from the local market and filtered through Whatman filter paper.
750 g of green gram seeds will be kept in plastic containers and which will be treated with different oils
at the rate of 3 ml and 5 ml per kg seeds seperately, in which measured quantity of oil will be added.
Plastic containers will be rotated in order to obtain uniform smearing of oil on the seeds. The plastic
containers will be covered with lid and stored in the laboratory for 3 months for experimental purpose. A
control will also be maintained simultaneously. Three samples each of 50 gm seeds will be drawn from
each dose of different protectants as well as control and will be kept in wide mouthed cylindrical glass
jar (7.0 × 5.5 cm). Five pairs of 1 to 2 day old adults will be released in each glass jar. These will be kept
in BOD incubator at 30 ± 1 0 C and 75 ± relative humidity for 40 days. In the same manner, the tested
seeds will be infested 40 and 80 days after the treatment.

Table 2: The treatment details of edible oils and non edible oils for management of C. chinensis (L.)
are as follows :

Type of Protectant Treatment No. Common name Scientific name Dosage ml/kg
seeds
A.Edible oils T1 Coconut oil Cococ nucifera L. 3
T2 Coconut oil Cococ nucifera L. 5
T3 Groundnut oil Arachis hypogea L. 3
T4 Groundnut oil Arachis hypogea L 5
T5 Mustard oil Brassica campastries L. 3
T6 Mustard oil Brassica campastries L. 5
B. Non edible oils T7 Neem oil Azadirachta indica A.Juss. 3
T8 Neem oil Azadirachta indica A.Juss 5
T9 Karanj oil Pongamia pinnata 3
T10 Karanj oil Pongamia pinnata 5
T11 Castor oil Ricinus communis L. 3
T12 Castor oil Ricinus communis L. 5
T13 Control -

Observations to be recorded:
(a) Adult emergence:
Observations will be recorded for the emergence of first generation beetles 40 days after release
of the pair. The efficacy of each treatment will be determined by comparing the F1 progeny with
those observed in untreated control during same period.
(b) Germination (%):
The germination test of green gram seeds will be carried out at 120 days of treatment, under
laboratory conditions. To assess the effect of insecticidal treatments of oils on viability of seeds,
germination tests will be conducted in the laboratory.100 bold treated green gram seeds along with
untreated seeds will be selected and will be treated with thiram. The seeds will be soaked with
distilled water and kept in sterilized petri dish (9 cm diameter) consisting of wetted blotting paper at
the bottom. One piece of wetted blotting paper will be placed in to upper dish. Four replications each
having 25 seeds will be examined. Blotting papers will be kept moist by applying distilled water.
Germination count will be made after 10 days. Germination test will be conducted at 120 days after
storage of green gram seeds. The data thus obtained will be statistically analysed.

(c) Precent grain damage:

For grain damage studies the damaged and healthy grains will be sorted out and counted. One or
more holes per seed will be considered as damaged grains. The data, obtained will be statistically
analysed. The following formula will be used to work out per cent grain damage.

No. of holed grains

Precent grain damage = × 100

Total no. of grains

12.6 Efficacy of different inert materials against C. chinensis (L.)

Experiment details:
Location : Storage grain Laboratory,
Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture.
Junagadh Agricultural University. Junagadh.
Year : 2013-2014

Methodology:
To study the effect of inert materials, against pulse beetle,1 kg of green gram seeds will be kept in
plastic containers and which will be treated with different inert materials at the rate of 10 gm and 20 g
per kg seeds seperately, in which measured quantity of inert materialss will be added. The plastic
containers will be covered with lid and stored in the laboratory for 3 months for experimental purpose. A
control will also be maintained simultaneously. Three samples each of 50 gm seeds will be drawn from
each dose of different protectants as well as control and will be kept in wide mouthed cylindrical glass
jar (7.0 × 5.5 cm). Five pairs of 1 to 2 day old adults will be released in each glass jar. These will be kept
in BOD incubator at 30 ± 1 0 C and 75 ± relative humidity for 40 days. In the same manner, the tested
seeds will be infested 80 days after the treatment.
Table 2: The treatment details of Inert materials for management of C. chinensis (L.) are as follows

SNo Inert materials Dosage gm/kg seeds

T1 Sand 10
T2 Sand 20
T3 Talc 10
T4 Talc 20
T5 Cowdung ash 10
T6 Cowdung ash 20
T7 Clay 10
T8 Clay 20
T9 Neem wood ash 10
T10 Neem wood ash 20
T11 Control -

Observations to be recorded:

(a) Adult emergence.

Observations will be recorded for the emergence of first generation beetles 40 days after
release of the pair. The efficacy of each treatment will be determined by comparing the F1
progeny with those observed in untreated control during same period.

(b)Germination (%):
The germination test of green gram seeds will be carried out at 120 days of treatment, under
laboratory conditions. To assess the effect of insecticidal treatments of inert materials on viability
of seeds, germination tests will be conducted in the laboratory.100 bold treated green gram seeds
along with untreated seeds will be selected and will be treated with thiram. The seeds will be
soaked with distilled water and kept in sterilized petri dish (9 cm diameter) consisting of wetted
blotting paper at the bottom. One piece of wetted blotting paper will be placed in to upper dish.
Four replications each having 25 seeds will be examined. Blotting papers will be kept moist by
applying distilled water. Germination count will be made after 10 days. Germination test will be
conducted at 120 days after storage of green gram seeds. The data thus obtained will be
statistically analysed.

(c ) Present grain damage:

For grain damage studies the damaged and healthy grains will be sorted out and counted.
One or more holes per seed will be considered as damaged grains. The data thus obtained will
be analysed statistically. The following formula will be used to work out per cent grain damage.

No. of holed grains

Percent grain damage = × 100

Total no. of grains

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 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Shri. GLORY SNEHILA ANTHONY has made an oral presentation
of the synopsis in Department of Entomology dated on 26/12/2013 in the presence of advisory
committee members and other faculty members and P.G. students. The student has incorporated all
the suggestions.

APPROVAL OF THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE

Sr.No. Name Designation Signature

1. Associate Research Scientist,
Dr. V.R. Virani Department of Entomology,
(Major Guide) College of Agriculture,
J.A.U., Junagadh.
2. Associate Professor,
Dr. L. F. Akbari Dept. of Plant Pathology,
(Minor Guide) College of Agriculture,
J.A.U., Junagadh.
3. Assistant Professor,
Dr. M. F. Acharya Department of Entomology,
(Member) College of Agriculture,
J.A.U., Junagadh.
4. Associate Professor,
Dr. S.L. Varmora Dept. of Agricultural Statistics,
(Member) College of Agriculture,
J.A.U., Junagadh.

Recommended by

Professor- Incharge of Principal

P.G. Centre College of Agriculture,
Junagadh

Approved by

Director of Research and

 Dean, P.G. Studies,
Junagadh Agricultural University,
Junagadh.