Chapter 2: - To Be Straightforward and Honest
Chapter 2: - To Be Straightforward and Honest
Chapter 2: - To Be Straightforward and Honest
Chapter 2
Ethics, Legal Liability and
Client Acceptance
Fundamental principles of
professional ethics
• All members of the professional accounting
bodies are to comply with the fundamental
ethical principles (APES 110, s. 100.4):
• Integrity
• Objectivity
• Professional competence and due care
• Confidentiality
• Professional behaviour
Fundamental principles of
professional ethics cont’d
• Integrity
– To be straightforward and honest
• Objectivity
– Not allow personal feelings or prejudices to
N t ll l f li j di t
influence professional judgement
– Be unbiased
– Not allow conflict of interest or influence of
others to impair decision process
1
31/01/2012
Fundamental principles of
professional ethics cont’d
• Professional competence and due care
– Maintain knowledge and skill at a level required
by professional bodies,
– Keep up
Keep up‐to‐date
to date with changes in regulations and
with changes in regulations and
standards,
– Continue education and work experience,
– Act diligently, taking care to complete each task
thoroughly, document all work, finish on a timely
basis
Fundamental principles of
professional ethics cont’d
• Confidentiality
– Refrain from disclosing information to people
outside the workplace that is learned as a result
of employment
p y
– Exception if legal requirement to disclose
– Not allowed to use confidential information to
their advantage or advantage of another person
Fundamental principles of
professional ethics cont’d
• Professional behaviour
– Comply with rules and regulations and do not
harm reputation of the profession
– Be honest in representations to current and
Be honest in representations to current and
prospective clients
– Do not claim to provide services they cannot
provide, or qualifications they do not possess, or
experience they do not have
– Do not undermine reputation of, or quality of
work produced by, others
2
31/01/2012
Auditor independence
• Independence is the ability to act with
integrity, objectivity and with professional
scepticism (questioning mind)
• Lack of auditor independence impacts on
Lack of auditor independence impacts on
credibility and reliability of the financial
report
• The auditor must be, and be seen to be,
independent
Improved audit independence
Auditor independence cont’d
• Independence of mind – ability to act
independently; ability to make a decision
free from bias, personal belief and client
pressures
– Also known as actual independence
• Independence in appearance – belief that
independence of mind has been achieved
– Also known as perceived independence
3
31/01/2012
Auditor independence cont’d
• Threats to independence
– Self‐interest
– Self‐review
– Advocacy
– Familiarity
– Intimidation
Auditor independence cont’d
• Self‐interest threat
– Can occur if the audit firm or its staff have
financial interest in audit client
– Examples:
• Bank account held with the client
• Shares owned in the client
• A loan to or from the client
• Fee dependence, where the fees from a client form a
significant proportion of all fees of the firm
• Close business relationship with the client
Auditor independence cont’d
• Self‐review threat
– Can occur when the assurance team need to
form an opinion on their own work or work done
by others in their firm
– Examples:
l
• Assurance team member has recently been an
employee or director of the client
• Preparing information for the client that is then
assured
• Performing services for the client that are then
assured
4
31/01/2012
Auditor independence cont’d
• Advocacy threat
– Can occur when an audit firm or assurance staff
act, or is believed to act, on behalf of assurance
client
– Can lead to questioning of auditor’s objectivity
– Examples:
• Encouraging others to buy client’s shares or bonds
• Representing client in negotiations with third party
• Representing the client in a legal dispute
Auditor independence cont’d
• Familiarity threat
– Can occur when close relationship exists or
develops between assurance firm and client, or
firm and client personnel
p
– Assurance staff can become too sensitive to
needs of client and lose objectivity
– Examples:
• Long association between assurance firm and client
• Long association between assurance firm and client
personnel
Auditor independence cont’d
• Familiarity threat cont’d
• Close personal relationships between assurance firm
staff and senior client personnel
• Former partner of assurance firm holding senior
position at the client
h l
• Acceptance of gifts by members of assurance team
from their client (other than minor tokens)
• Acceptance of hospitality by members of assurance
team from client (other than minor gestures)
5
31/01/2012
Auditor independence cont’d
• Intimidation threat
– Can occur when member of assurance team
feels threatened by the client’s staff or directors
– Assurance team member unable to act
Assurance team member unable to act
objectively, fearing negative consequences
– Examples:
• Threat that client will use different assurance firm
next year
• Undue pressure to reduce audit hours to reduce fees
paid
Auditor independence cont’d
• Safeguards to independence
– Created by profession, legislation or regulation
• Quality control standards
• Code of ethics
• Legislative requirement to be independent
– Created by clients
• Corporate governance
• Policies and procedures
– Created by accounting firms
• Quality control procedures
• Client acceptance and continuance
Auditor’s relationships with
others
• Shareholders
– Audit report addressed to them
– Attendance at AGM
– Formal responsibility for auditor appointment
Formal responsibility for auditor appointment
• Board of directors
– Represents shareholders
– Executive and non‐executive directors
– Large companies have committees made up of
several directors to deal with specific issues
6
31/01/2012
Auditor’s relationships with
others cont’d
• Audit committee
– A special committee of the board of directors
– Acts on behalf of board in financial reporting and
audit matters
audit matters
– Top 500 listed companies must have audit
committee, top 300 must follow ASX guidelines
– Aid to auditor independence
• Non‐executive directors, majority independent
• Financial accounting knowledge desirable
• Meets with external and internal auditors
Auditor’s relationships with
others cont’d
• Internal auditors
– Viewed by external auditor as part of client
– External auditor can reduce scope of testing if
effective internal audit function (ASA 610: ISA
effective internal audit function (ASA 610: ISA
610). Depends on internal auditor’s:
• Objectivity
• Technical competence
• Due professional care
• Communication with external auditors
Internal vs External Auditor
7
31/01/2012
Legal liability
• External auditor must exercise due care, be
diligent in applying standards and
documenting work
• Auditor can be found negligent and liable for
Auditor can be found negligent and liable for
damages under tort law if it is established
that:
– A duty of care was owed by the auditor
– There was a breach of the duty of care
– A loss was suffered as a consequence of that
breach
Legal liability
Legal liability cont’d
• Legal liability to clients:
– Liability under either contract or tort law
– Negligence: failed in performance of audit by
being careless and breaching duty of care
being careless and breaching duty of care
– Contract: failed duty of care implicit in acting as
auditor and explicit in engagement letter
– Case law shows change in definition of
‘reasonable’ care and skill over time as standards
change
8
31/01/2012
Legal liability cont’d
• Key cases:
– London and General Bank Ltd (1895)
– Kingston Cotton Mill (1896)
– Pacific Acceptance (1970)
Pacific Acceptance (1970)
– HIH Royal Commission Report (2003)
• Contributory negligence applied in AWA
(1992) case
– If directors are also negligent, each party is held
accountable in proportion to their guilt
Legal liability cont’d
• HIH Royal Commission Report (2003)
• Recommendations likely to influence legal cases in
the future
– Auditor independence is a critical element in establishing
the credibility and reliability of an auditor’s reports
– It is widely accepted that the auditor must be, and be
seen to be, free from any interest that is incompatible
with objectivity
– An independent and objective audit, conducted with an
appropriate degree of professional scepticism, is
required
– The maintenance of high standards of honesty and
propriety is required by those who are under a duty to
act in the interests of others
Legal liability cont’d
• Legal liability to third parties
– No contract between auditor and third parties,
they must rely on tort law and show duty of care
– Duty of care less likely with third parties
Duty of care less likely with third parties
– Candler (1951): auditors liable to third parties
that the auditors know their clients will show the
accounts to
– Scott Group (1978): auditors liable to third
parties that they can reasonably foresee may rely
on the financial report of their client
9
31/01/2012
Legal liability cont’d
– Caparo (1990): reasonable proximity between
auditor and third parties, auditor must be aware
of third party group and the decisions they
intend to make
– Columbia Coffee and Tea (1992): audit firm had
manual stating they acknowledge that third
parties would rely on audited accounts
Legal liability cont’d
• Esanda (1997):
– Judge argued against Columbia finding
– Australian High Court ruled that for a third party
to establish duty of care, they must show:
to establish duty of care, they must show:
• The report was prepared on the basis that it would be
communicated to a third party
• The report was likely to be relied upon by that third
party
• The third party ran the risk of suffering a loss if the
report was negligently prepared
– Third parties can request privity letter
Legal liability cont’d
• Auditor can take steps to avoid litigation
– Hire competent staff, regular training
– Comply with ethical and auditor regulations
– Implement policies and procedures:
Implement policies and procedures:
• Client acceptance
• Staff allocation
• Ethical and independence issue identification and
rectification
• Adequate work documentation
• Gather adequate and appropriate evidence to
support opinion
10
31/01/2012
Legal liability cont’d
• Auditor can take steps to avoid litigation
cont’d
– Meet with client’s audit committee to discuss
significant issues arising in audit
significant issues arising in audit
– Follow up any significant weaknesses in client’s
internal control procedures from previous year
audit
– Deal with privity letter requests in accordance
with guidance in AGS 1014
Client acceptance and
continuance
• The first stage in any audit is client
acceptance or continuance decision
• Guidance provided in ASQC1: ISQC1
• Step 1: Assess client integrity
St 1 A li t i t it
• Step 2: Assess audit firm’s ability to meet
ethical requirements, service client
• Step 3: Prepare client engagement letter
Client acceptance and
continuance cont’d
• Client integrity ‐ Auditor should consider:
– Reputation of client, management, directors, key
stakeholders
– Client
Client’ss reason for switching auditor
reason for switching auditor
– Client’s attitude to risk exposure and
management
– Client’s attitude to using internal controls to
mitigate risk
– Appropriateness of the client’s interpretation of
accounting rules
11
31/01/2012
Client acceptance and
continuance cont’d
• Client integrity cont’d
– Client’s willingness to allow auditor full access to
information required to form an opinion
– Client
Client’ss attitude and willingness to pay fair
attitude and willingness to pay fair
amount for audit work
• Auditor can obtain information from:
– Communication with prior auditor (with client’s
permission, APES 110), client personnel, third
parties, key competitors
– Review of press articles
Client acceptance and
continuance cont’d
• Ethical requirements
– Consider if any threats to fundamental principles
arise from appointment (APES 110 s.210)
– Auditor must ensure it has sufficient staff
Auditor must ensure it has sufficient staff
available with required knowledge to complete
audit (professional competence and due care)
– Consider potential safeguards and remedies
– Decline appointment if threat insurmountable
Client acceptance and
continuance cont’d
• Engagement letter (ASA 210; ISA 210)
– Prepared by auditor, acknowledged by client
– Form of contract, can expand on obligations in
Corporations Act
Corporations Act
– Explains scope of audit, timing of various aspects
of audit, overview of client responsibilities
– Confirms auditor’s right of access to information,
independence considerations
– Sets fees
– See figure 2.1 for example
12
31/01/2012
13