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    Lesson 6-General Notion of Inference

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    1. The document defines key terms related to inference such as antecedent, consequent, sequence, formal and material sequence, and validity. 2. It distinguishes between immediate inference, which passes directly from one proposition to another, and mediate inference, which draws a conclusion through an intermediary proposition or middle term. 3. The document also contrasts deduction, which proceeds from a universal truth to a less universal truth, with induction, which infers a universal truth based on enumerated instances.

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    Lesson 6-General Notion of Inference

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    1. The document defines key terms related to inference such as antecedent, consequent, sequence, formal and material sequence, and validity. 2. It distinguishes between immediate inference, which passes directly from one proposition to another, and mediate inference, which draws a conclusion through an intermediary proposition or middle term. 3. The document also contrasts deduction, which proceeds from a universal truth to a less universal truth, with induction, which infers a universal truth based on enumerated instances.

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    to learn the notion

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    1. The document defines key terms related to inference such as antecedent, consequent, sequence, formal and material sequence, and validity. 2. It distinguishes between immediate inference, which passes directly from one proposition to another, and mediate inference, which draws a conclusion through an intermediary proposition or middle term. 3. The document also contrasts deduction, which proceeds from a universal truth to a less universal truth, with induction, which infers a universal truth based on enumerated instances.

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    29 views2 pages

    Lesson 6-General Notion of Inference

    Uploaded by

    jeanivev magoncia
    1. The document defines key terms related to inference such as antecedent, consequent, sequence, formal and material sequence, and validity. 2. It distinguishes between immediate inference, which passes directly from one proposition to another, and mediate inference, which draws a conclusion through an intermediary proposition or middle term. 3. The document also contrasts deduction, which proceeds from a universal truth to a less universal truth, with induction, which infers a universal truth based on enumerated instances.

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    Lesson 6 - General Notion of Inference

    I. Some Definitions
    1. Inference
    a. Broad sense- any process by which the mind proceeds from one or more
    propositions to other propositions seen to be implied in the former.
    b. Strict sense- the operation by which the mind gets new knowledge by
    drawing out the implications of what is already known.
    2. Antecedent
    a. Derived from the Latin word antecedo which means that which goes before
    or that from which something is inferred.
    3. Consequent
    a. Derived from the Latin word consequor which means that which follows
    after or that which is inferred from the antecedent.

    Note: Relationship of Antecedent and Consequent

    Truth of Antecedent involves the truth of Consequent (but not vice versa)
    Falsity of Consequent involves the falsity of Antecedent (but not vice versa)
    Truth of Antecedent=Truth of Consequent
    Falsity of Consequent=Falsity of Antecedent
    Falsity of Antecedent= UNCERTAIN Consequent
    Truth of Consequent= UNCERTAIN Antecedent
    4. Sequence – the connection by virtue of which consequent flows with logical necessity
    from antecedent.
    - The very heart of inference; when we make inference, our assents bears on it directly.
    a. Genuine sequence – a valid sequence
    b. Pseudo sequence – invalid sequence; not really sequence at all but called
    sequence because it mimics one.
    II. Formal and Material Sequence

    1. Valid Sequence – springs either from the form of inference or from the special character of
    matter or thought content.
    a. Formal Sequence – if the sequence springs from the form of inference
    - Formally valid or correct
    b. Material Sequence – if the sequence springs from special character of the thought
    content.
    - Materially valid
    Note: all formal inference and many instances of material inference are deductive, however all Induction
    are material inference.
    2. Logical Form of Inference – is the order that the parts of an inference have towards another.
    - Order of concepts and propositions in the mind.

    III. Truth and Formal Validity


    - Conserving truth of our data as we draw inferences from them. We shall aim at
    making such a transition from data (antecedent, premises) to conclusion (consequent)
    that if the data are true, are conclusion will necessarily be true.
    - Validity, correctness, rectitude or consistency = immediate aim
    IV. Immediate and Mediate Inference
    a. Immediate Inference – passing directly without intermediacy proposition
    - Has only two terms, a subject term and a predicate
    - Involves no advance knowledge
    b. Mediate Inference – draws a conclusion from two propositions and does involve an advance
    knowledge.
    - In categorical syllogism it unites, separates, the subject and predicate of the
    conclusion through intermediacy of a middle term.
    - In hypothetical syllogism the major premise “causes” the conclusion through
    intermediacy of a second proposition.
    - The goal is not only a new proposition but also a new truth
    - Advance knowledge in the order of discovery when we proceed from a known truth to
    a new truth that we did not hitherto know to be true.
    - Advance knowledge in the order of demonstration or explanation when we already
    knew the truth of what is stated in the conclusion but now either accept it for a new
    reason or have come to understand why it is true.

    SYNOPSIS
    IMMEDIATE INFERENCE MEDIATE INFERENCE
    a. Passes from one proposition a. Passes from two propositions
    b. Without a medium b. Through a medium
    c. To a new proposition but not to c. Not only to a new proposition
    a new truth but also to anew truth

    V. Deduction and Induction


    a. Deduction – process by which our minds proceed from more universal truth to a less
    universal truth.
    b. Induction – the process by which our minds proceed from sufficiently enumerated
    instances to a universal truth.
    - Induction precedes deduction
    - Through induction we get universal truth that constitutes the premise of deductive
    arguments

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