PHILOSOPHY 3rd QTR

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY
1st SEMESTER/ 1st QUARTER/12 HUMSS 1

QUIZ 3
Speculation Latin word "specula" means Philosophy attempts to search for truth
“watch tower”. that is based on facts and scientific
evidences. Logic and Critical Thinking
-It allows one to see the bigger picture or
wider understanding of him/ herself and the -in logic it uses Deductive or Inductive
world. Reasoning.
Critical Thinking to judge or analyse - -its purpose is not to win in an
evaluates, critizes, judges, analyzes, and argumentation.
questions and all principles and premises
When speakers assert a thin, it becomes an
that are gained through speculation.
Argument- is consist of two or three
Reflective Inquiry – according to John statements
Dewey. "How We Think", as a thought
- one conclusion and two or more
where a belice is pursued and examined.
premises.
- uses " meaning-making" process where
-Logical analysis is not critical analysis
one deepened his/her thoughts and
(evaluate the plausible, reasonableness)
experiences.
-Logic is method that involves analysis and
Philosophical Thought- questions give
construction of arguments as well as
birth to more questions Not a Philosophical
distinguish facts and opinion.
thought-facts that have definite answer
2 TYPES OF REASONING CRITICAL
-questions are too personal.
THINKING
2 perspective of truth
1. Inductive
1. Partial Perspective
2.Deductive
2. Holistic Perspective
Fallacy- defect in argument coming up with
PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY OF
a false conclusion and distorted truth.
HUMAN NATURE
1. Detecting fallacies Appeal to pity
1.Partial Perspective of Philosophy -
(Argumentum ad misericordiam) -
specific by certain parts of the whole
appeal to emotion someone tried to win
2. Holistic Perspective of Philosophy - support for an argument by exploiting.
human person is seen as a whole or its
entire functioning system. 2. Appeal to ignorance (Argumentum
ad ignoration) -whatever has not been
Doing Philosophy
proven false must be true and vice
-Truth can be categorized as a versa.
geographical truth, moral truth mathematica -truth of a claim is established due to
truth and fictional truth. lack of evidence.
-Opinions are statements of judgement that
are in need of further justification and are 3. Equivocation -logical chain of
socially undecided. reasoning of a term or a word several
times, but giving the particular word a
different meaning each time.
-An argument where a word changes
meaning without having pointed
1|PageELLEN MAE CATEDRAL 12 HUMSS 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY
1st SEMESTER/ 1st QUARTER/12 HUMSS 1
QUIZ 3
4. False Cause (pat hoc) -since the 12. Begging the Question / Circular
event followed this one, that event must Argument (petitio principili) -proposition
have been caused by this one. to be proven is assumed implicitly or
explicitly in the premise.
-Post hoc ergo propter hoc ("after this,
therefore because of this")
5. Composition (opposite of Division) -
compositions infers that something is
true of the whole (the whole is
assumed to have the same properties
as its the reverse of this fallacy is
division parts.
6. Division (Opposite of composition)-

something true of a thing most also be
true of all or some of its parts. the parts
assumed to have the same properties
of the whole
7. Against the Person (Argumentum ad

hominem) -attempts to link the validity
of a premise to a characteristic or belief
of a person advocating the premise
- an insult used as if it were an argument or
evidence to support a conclusion.
8. Appeal to force ( argumentum ad

baculum)- where force, coercion, or
the threat of core is given as a
justification for a conclusion.
9. Appeal to the people/ popularity

(argumentum ad populum) -argument
that appeals or exploits people's
vanities, desire for esteem, and
anchoring or popularity.
-Truth is established on the basis of
popularity and familiarity.
10. Hasty generalization- commonly
based on a broad conclusion upon the
statistics of a survey of a small group that is
insufficient to represent to population.
2|PageELLEN MAE CATEDRAL 12 HUMSS 1

PHILOSOPHY 3rd QTR

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INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY

1st SEMESTER/ 1st QUARTER/12 HUMSS 1

1|PageELLEN MAE CATEDRAL 12 HUMSS 1

6. Division (Opposite of composition)-

7. Against the Person (Argumentum ad

8. Appeal to force ( argumentum ad

9. Appeal to the people/ popularity

2|PageELLEN MAE CATEDRAL 12 HUMSS 1

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