Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2018; 6(1): 541-543

E-ISSN: 2320-7078
P-ISSN: 2349-6800
JEZS 2018; 6(1): 541-543
Laboratory Evaluation of Custard apple Seed
© 2018 JEZS
Received: 08-11-2017
Extract against Pigeon pea Pod Borer Helicoverpa
Accepted: 09-12-2017 armigera (Hubner)
CM Pareek
Research Scholar, AgFE
Department, IIT Kharagpur, CM Pareek, MV Jadhav, HN Rokade, AU Jatale and NR Pavitrakar
West Bengal, India
Abstract
MV Jadhav
Helicoverpa armigera is the most destructive pest of pigeonpea and high infestation level of this pest
Post graduate student, College of
Agricultural Engineering & causes severe yield losses. The excessive use of synthetic pesticides increase the total cost of operation
Technology, Dr. PDKV, Akola, and also affect the health of human beings adversely. In spite of these, the use of botanicals pesticides are
Maharashtra, India less expensive, safe and eco-friendly. In this study, the aqueous custard apple seed extract with five
concentrations (20 mg/ml, 30 mg/ml, 40mg/ml, 50mg/ml and 60mg/ml) were prepared and the efficacy
HN Rokade of test solutions were evaluated against Helicoverpa armigera larvae under laboratory condition. The
Research Scholar, College of lethal concentration LD50 and LC90 of the aqueous custard apple seed extract was found to be 53.24
Agricultural Engineering & mg/ml and 107.52 mg/ml, respectively. The results showed that the test solution provides effective
Technology, Dr. PDKV, Akola, control of Helicoverpa armigera larval and can be used as botanical insecticide.
Maharashtra, India
Keywords: Custard apple seed, Helicoverpa armigera larvae, Mortality, Pesticides, Pigeonpea
AU Jatale
Graduate student, College of
Agricultural Engineering & 1. Introduction
Technology, Dr. PDKV, Akola, Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millspaugh) is an important pulse crop which covered near about
Maharashtra, India 5 million ha area globally. In India, it is the second most cultivatable pulse crop after chickpea
which cultivated on about 3.62 million ha area having 3.07 million tonnes production [18].
NR Pavitrakar
Asst. Professor, College of
Though, the area under cultivation for pigeonpea crop is increasing every year but the crop
Agricultural Engineering & yield is still low and remain stagnant. One of the major factors that attribute the low yield of
Technology, Dr. PDKV, Akola, pigeonpea is the damage caused by insect pests. Among them, Helicoverpa armigera is the
Maharashtra, India most destructive pest which alone contribute 80-90% of the total damage by the pod borders
[11]
and the losses due to this pest in pigeonpea is costs more than US $ 300 million annually
[7]
. Although, the synthetic chemical pesticides significantly contribute in insect pest
management, but the excessive and injudicious use of such pesticides results in development
of heritable resistance in insects and adversely affect the health of agricultural workers and
food consumers [5]. In order to avoid the problems, the natural product-based pesticides can be
used as promising alternatives to the chemical pesticides [6, 9]. The bio pesticides are
progressively adopted by the farmers due to their eco-friendly nature, low price and safety
towards human being. These can greatly reduce the use of synthetic pesticides without affect
the yield.
The various plant derived products from different plant families have been traditionally
employed as pesticide. Custard apple (Annona squamosa) belongs to the Annonaceae plant
family. It is a native of the West Indies, it is widely grown in India. Various parts of custard
apple plant like leaves and seeds possess the insecticidal properties and these parts were
effectively used in various pest management studies [1, 10, 17]. With these views, the present
study was undertaken to evaluate the toxicity of custard apple aqueous seed extract against
Helicoverpa armigera on pigeon pea under laboratory condition.

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Preparation of seed extract
The mature custard apple fruits were collected from local market and the seeds were separated
Correspondence from the fruits manually. The separated seeds were washed with water and shade dried. The
CM Pareek
dried seeds were crushed using hammer mill and the grinded material was screened through
Research Scholar, AgFE
Department, IIT Kharagpur, fine mesh sieve. For preparation of 2 percent aqueous seed extract, the 20 g of seed powder
West Bengal, India was mixed with 1 liter distilled water and this mixture was soaked overnight.
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It was then screen through muslin cloth and the volume of the 3. Results
passing liquid (extract) was maintained to 1 liter by adding The aqueous custard apple seed extracts with five different
distilled water. Similarly, 3, 4, 5 & 6 per cent aqueous seed concentrations were prepared and the toxicity test was
extracts were also prepared and the freshly prepared extracts conducted to evaluate the efficacy of test solution against
were used for laboratory evaluation. Distilled water was used pigeon pea pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) larvae
as control. under laboratory condition. The mortality of larvae was
recorded after 48 hrs of exposure and obtained data were
2.2 Bioassay Study statistically analyzed using EPA Probit Analysis Program
Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) larvae were collected from (Version 1.5). The mortality rate of Helicoverpa armigera
the infested pigeon pea field. The healthy third-instar larvae (Hubner) larvae with different concentrations of aqueous
were separated and used in bioassay due to their more custard apple seed extract and control after 48 hrs exposure is
tolerance against insecticides. The selected larvae were presented in Table 1. The data from Table 1 showed that the
exposed to control and five different concentrations of larval mortality rate was increased with increase of
aqueous custard apple seed extract using leaf dip bioassay concentration of custard apple seed extract. The larval
method. In this method the unsprayed leaves of pigeon pea mortality with control solution was 10% which may be
considered as natural larval mortality. The aqueous custard
were collected from the field, washed and dipped for 10
apple seed extract showed highest mortality (66.67%) against
seconds in aqueous extracts of different concentrations and
Helicoverpa armigera with 6% concentration. The Acute 48 h
control. These leaves were shade dried and placed in plastic
toxicity of aqueous custard apple seed extract to Helicoverpa
vials. After that the third-instar larvae were released in each
armigera (Hubner) larvae obtained from the probit analysis is
vial and the fed with treated pigeon pea leaves. 30 larvae (3rd
given in Table 2. The value of median lethal toxicity (LD50)
instar) per treatment were used and each treatment was
and LC90 of the aqueous custard apple seed extract was found
replicated thrice. The mortality was recorded after 48 hrs of
to be 53.24 mg/ml and 107.52 mg/ml, respectively. The 95%
exposure. The lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) and
lower and upper confidence limits for LC50 were 42.84
95% confidence limits of aqueous custard apple seed extracts mg/ml and 72.15 mg/ml, respectively. The approximate 50%
against Helicoverpa armigera were calculated by using the population of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) larvae could be
EPA Probit Analysis Program (Version 1.5). The data were destroyed in the 95% confidence limits. The Plot of adjusted
accepted if calculated chi square for heterogeneity was lower probits and predicted regression line is shown in Fig. 1.
than the tabular value at the 0.05 level.

Table 1: The relation between the aqueous custard apple seed extract concentration and the mortality rate of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)
larvae.
Concentration Number Number Observed proportion Proportion responding Predicted proportion
(% w/v) exposed responding responding adjusted for controls responding
Control 30 3 0.1000 0.0000 0.1138
2.000 30 5 0.1667 0.0596 0.0371
3.000 30 8 0.2667 0.1725 0.1478
4.000 30 10 0.3333 0.2477 0.3011
5.000 30 15 0.5000 0.4358 0.4544
6.000 30 20 0.6667 0.6238 0.5863

Table 2: Acute 48 h toxicity of aqueous custard apple seed extract to Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) larvae.
Point Exposure concentration (% w/v) 95% confidence limits Intercept ± SE Slope ± SE
LC 1.00 1.486 0.115-2.486 1.950963±0.972162 4.198380±1.445853
LC 5.00 2.160 0.358-3.135
LC 10.00 2.636 0.656-3.562
LC 15.00 3.016 0.983-3.896
LC 50.00 5.324 4.284-7.215
LC 85.00 9.399 7.031-35.482
LC 90.00 10.752 7.672-53.297
LC 95.00 13.123 8.700-97.721
LC 99.00 19.069 10.955-306.300
Chi-Square for Heterogeneity (calculated) = 0.633; Chi-quare for Heterogeneity (tabular value at 0.05 level) = 7.815

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