Environmental Impact Assessment

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
OF
DUDH KHOLA HYDROPOWER PROJECT (65 MW)
Submitted To:
Ministry of Forests and Environment (MOFE)
Through
Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation(MoEWRI)
And
Department of Electricity Development (DoED)
Submitted By:
Sita Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd.
Kalimati-13, Kathmandu,
Tel no.: 9801024065, 01-4372442
__________________
Environmental Impact Assessment of Dudh Khola Hydropower Project (65MW)
ACRONYMS
⁰ Degree
ACA Annapurna Conservation Area
AD Anno Dominie
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
Avg. Average
B.S Bikram Sambat
B/C Benefit Cost Ratio
BOD Biological Oxygen Demand
CAMC Conservation Area Management Committee
CAR Catchment Area Ratio
CAUG Conservation Area User Group
CBD Convention on Biological Diversity
CBS Central Bureau Statistics
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

CITES
Flora
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
CSR Corporate Social Responsibility
DCC District Coordination Committee
DFO Divisional Forest Office
DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology
DIA Direct Impact Area
DKHP Dudh Khola Hydroelectric Project
DMG Department of Mines and Geology
DoED Department of Electricity Development

E East
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EIRR Equity Internal Rate of Return
EMP Environmental Management Plan
EPA Environment Protection Act
EPR Environment Protection Rules
FDC Flow Duration Curve
FGD Focus Group Discussion
GIS Geographic Information System
GLOF Glacial Lake Outburst Flood
GoN Government of Nepal
HEP Hydroelectric Project
HP Hydropower Project
IIA Indirect Impact Area
IPP Independent Power Producer
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
KII Key Informant Interview
Ltd. Limited
MAPs Medicinal Aromatic Plants
MCT Main Central Thrust
MIP Medium Irrigation Project Method
MoEWRI Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation
MoFE Ministry of Forests and Environment
N North
NGOs Non- Governmental Organisations

No. Number
NPV Net Present Value
NTFPs Non- Timber Forest Products
NTNC National Trust for Nature Conservation
PAFs Project Affected Families
PRA Participatory Rural Appraisals
Pvt. Private
RM Rural Municipality
RoR Run-off-river
RRA Rapid Rural Appraisals
SDPM Sustainable Development Plan of Manang
SPAF Severely Project Affected Families
STDS South Tibetan Detachment System
ToR Terms of Reference

Metric Unit
% Percentage
‘ Minutes
“ Second
d/s Downstream
GWh Gigawatt hours
H:V Horizontal is to Vertical
Hz Hertz
km kilometer
km2 Square kilometer
kV Kilovolt
kVA Kilo volt ampere
kW Kilowatt
kWh Kilowatt hour
l Liter
m Meter
m3/s Cubic meter per second
masl Meters above sea level
MW Megawatt
Ton A unit of weight equal to 1000 kilograms
u/s Upstream
V: H Vertical is to Horizontal
1 CHAPTER I
1.1INTRODUCTION
Background
The perennial nature of Nepalese rivers and the steep gradient of the country's topography
pro-vide ideal conditions for the development of some of the world's largest hydroelectric
projects in Nepal. Nepal has about six thousand small and big rivers hurling from the
Himalayas and high mountains towards the plain of the Terai. The gross hydropower
potential of these rivers has been estimated to be about 83,000 MW out of which 43,000
MW is economically feasible.
Hydropower plants across the country are generating 894.359 MW at present (DoED,
2017). Plants promoted by private sector added 121.5 MW to the national grid in 2016. NEA
has not made any contribution to the national grid since 2008 when Mid-Marshyangdi
Hydropower Project (70 MW) started generation. NEA hopes to complete the Rasuwa-
based Upper Trishuli 3A plant this year.
The present power demand in the country is more than 900 MW. The demand is increasing
by more than 10 percent per annum. After the successful completion of the on-going rural
electrification scheme and with the adequate supply of power in industrial and commercial
sectors, the demand is expected to grow rapidly. Rapid growth of industrial establishments
and increasing rural electrification require more supply of power in future. Therefore, there
is enough demand for hydropower energy and hence, there is ample scope of developing
small hydropower projects in hilly districts of Nepal.
The country started seeing positive changes after efficient transformation in Minister for
Energy which led to strict implementation by Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA). NEA
brought unexpected changes in electricity supply and uninterrupted power supply in
October caught many by surprise. It prioritizes its focus on demand-side management and
strengthened existing supply systems, among others.
Government of Nepal (GoN) has adopted liberal policy to attract private investors for the
development of small hydropower projects. NEA, the GON undertaking, the purchasing
price for the power generated from such small projects with less than 25 MW has
announced its policy to purchase the power produced by the private developers of small
hydropower projects up to 25 MW capacity and bigger projects with more than 25 MW
capacity been fixed at NRs. 4.80 for the eight wet months and NRs. 8.40 for remaining four
dry months. Months Poush to Chaitra are considered as dry months. There will be an
annual increment of 3% in this price for first five years since first date of commercial
operation. The purchasing price after the first five years shall be decided considering the
price escalation factor. The rate for the project bigger than 25 MW capacities shall be
finalized with negotiation between NEA and the developer and the average rate provided by
NEA to the developers of this scale is around 6.5 cents/kWh and 3% of annual escalation for
6 to 8 years depending on the project financial indicators.
1
In order to assist the capital need for the construction of bigger hydropower projects with
capacity more than 25 MW, the government has recently established a Jalabidyut Lagani
Tatha Bikash Company Limited to support the private investors within the country.
Domestic commercial banks have also shown their interest to invest in hydropower projects
as priority sector investment. This policy has encouraged the private investors to develop
small to bigger hydropower projects and meet the growing demand of power in the country.
The NEA solely manages the hydropower industry in Nepal. At present NEA is catering
16,70,610 households, which is about 45% of the total population of Nepal. Nepal has been
able to harness only about 1% of its gross power generation potential. This shows that the
efforts made by the government and NEA are not adequate enough to harness the vast
hydropower potential of the country and meet the growing demand in the short run.
Legislation in Nepal provides opportunity for development and operation of hydropower
projects either by NEA or the private developers, under the terms of survey and production
licensing arrangements set forth by GoN. Electricity Act- 2049 has facilitated wide business
opportunities to indigenous as well as foreign investors for developing hydropower projects.
In this regard, the government has already granted permission to few independent power
producers (IPPs) to develop hydropower projects in different parts of the country. Khimti-I
(60 MW), Andhi Khola (9.4 MW), Jhimruk Khola (12.5 MW), Upper Bhotekoshi (36 MW),
Chilime (22 MW), Indrawati-III (7.5 MW), Piluwa Khola (3 MW), Sunkoshi Khola (2.6
MW), Chaku Khola (3 MW), Khudi Khola (4 MW), Thoppal Khola (1.65 MW), Dudh Khola
(4.8 MW), Ridi Khola (2.4 MW), Mai Khola (4.5 MW), Hewa Khola (4.455 MW), Sipiring
Khola (10 MW), Lower Modi-1 (10 MW), Siuri Khola (5 MW), Baramchi Khola (4.2 MW),
Bijayapur-1 (4.5 MW), Middle Chaku Khola (1.8 MW) and Tadi Khola (5 MW), Syange (183
kW), Arun Kabeli A (25 MW), Upper Chaku A (22.2 MW), Thapa Khola (11.2 MW), Khani
Khola 1 (40 MW), Upper Marshyangdi Hydropow¬er plant (50 MW), Lower Hewa (21.6
MW), Solu Hydropower project (23.5 MW), and Upper Madi Hydropower plant (2 MW)
identified and constructed by various IPPs, are already generating electricity. The Upper
Tamakoshi Hydropower Project (456 MW), which was projected to begin generation this
year by GoN will start generation by July 2018. "
The designed installed capacity of DKHP is 65 MW with design discharge of 18.05 m3/s
(Q40%) and net head of 424.40 m. The survey license for the DKHP with an installed
capacity of 65 MW was issued to Sita Hydropower Company P. Ltd. By Ministry of Energy,
Water Resources and Irrigation (MoEWRI) through Department of Electricity and
Development (DoED) on 2074/02/04. Techno Quarry Consults P.Ltd. has conducted the
feasibility of the project independently. The survey license is valid upto 2076/02/03. The
entire project components including access road to be constructed lie in the following
district, rural municipality and co-ordinates.
2
Table 1 Project Location
Province Gandaki
District Manang
Location Nashong Rural Municipality
Geographical
Between 84° 21' 20” E to 84° 23' 55” E and 28°31’27” N to 28°33'17” N
Location
Source: Updated Feasibility Study Report of DKHP, 2018

Project Proponent
Sita Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd., a private limited company, registered under the
Company Act of Nepal is the proponent of DKHP.
Contact Address of the Proponent
Sita Hydro Power Company Pvt. Ltd.

Kalimati-3, Kathmandu,
Tel no.: 9801024065, 01-4372442
Institution (Study Consultant) Responsible for Preparing the Document
The proponent has appointed Raj Bandhu Services Pvt. Ltd. to carry out the EIA study of
the proposed project. The organization is located in Nagpokhari, Kathmandu, Nepal. RBS
was established and registered under GoN in 2017 with the objective of providing consulting
services particularly in the field of environmental engineering, management and
environmental studies. RBS also focuses in training activities in different fields of
Environmental and Quality Management including IEE, EIA, and Remote Sensing, GIS
field etc. This firm is now recognized as one of the competitive consulting organization and
is able to undertake multi-disciplinary environmental and other projects. It has undertaken
EIA and IEE study of several hydropower projects and Hotels all over Nepal.
Contact Address of the Consultant
Raj Bandhu Services Pvt. Ltd.

Nagpokhari, Kathmandu,
Tel no: 9841871199
For this work from RBS, a multidisciplinary team consisting experts of Physical, biological
and Socio-economic and Cultural specialist were involved for the study. The detail
information of study team for EIA is shown in
3
Table 2 Team Members
S.
Name of Expert Qualification Designation
No.
MSC.
1. Pratik Rijal Team Leader/EIA expert
Environment Management
M.Sc. Energy Energy & Environment

2. Greeshma Pradhan
officer
BSC. Environment
3. Chakshu Malla EMP Expert
Management
4. Raksha Chettri B.A. Sociology Socio-economic expert
5. Shyam Sharma BSC. Environment Science Aquatic Expert
6. Karuna Budhathoki BSC.Environment Science Terrestrial Ecologist
MSC.
7. Ashrika Sharma DRM Expert
Disaster Risk Management
8. Pooja Pandey BSC. Forestry Flora/Fauna Expert
Aashutosh ME. Structural Engineering

9. Physical Expert
Raj Timilsina
Apart from the above some short-term experts and research assistant have been involved at
the various periods of study including the local people during socio-economic, physical and
biological surveys.
4
Time Schedule
The tentative time schedule to conduct and approval of EIA study from the beginning is
presented in
Table 3 EIA Time Schedule
Time Frame in Months

S.N
Activity
o 5- 1 1 1 1 1
7 8 9 11 15
6 0 2 3 4 6
1. Approval of Scoping Document and

ToR
2. Field Mobilization, Data Collection

(Physical,Biological,SocioEconomic
and Cultural) including details of
household socioeconomic survey of
affected people
3. Preparing of Draft EIA Report
4. Public Hearing Final EIA Report

Preparation
5. Final EIA Report Submission
6. Approval of EIA
EIA Budget
The Proponent has allocated a total of 10 lakh NRs. to carry out the complete EIA study.
5
1.2 Survey License

The survey license was issued to the Sita Hydropower Company Pvt. Ltd., Kathmandu on
2074/02/04 by DoED / MoEWRI. The license is valid up to 2076/2/03.The licence was
renewed on 2076/02/02 for a validity of 1 year.
1.3 Rationality for Conducting EIA

The statutory legal requirement for the development of the proposed DKHP is Environment
Protection Act, 1997 and Environment Protection Rules, 1997. Water Resource and Power
Sector of Schedule 2 of EPR 1997 as amended mandates EIA study for power project greater
than 50 MW. As the DKHP has the capacity of 65 MW power generations. Hence, this
project needs to undergo an EIA.
Moreover, Forest Sector of Schedule २-२-२ of EPR 1997 obliges the project to undertake
an EIA study if the project lies within National Parks, Sanctuaries, Conservation Areas,
Buffer Zones, Environmental Sensitive zones, and Environment Conservation Zones. As,
the DKHP project lies within the protected area i.e. Annapurna Conservation Area in this
case, the project requires an EIA Study and its approval from the Ministry of Forests and
Environment (MoFE). Also, schedule २-२-२२ of EPR 1997 states that clear felling or
rehabilitation of forest with an area of more than 5 ha requires EIA study. This project
needs an area of 14.8 ha. To sum up, the DKHP project will undergo EIA study as it lies on
the ACA and has the capacity of greater than 50 MW.
This Scoping Document is prepared in order to fulfill the requirements of EPA, EPR and
other sectoral legal provisions of GoN. This study document is valid for the hydropower
study, construction, maintenance and operation along with project supporting facilities.
However, this study will not cover Transmission Line. A separate study is mandatory for the
transmission line. The road constructed by the GoN is available to access the powerhouse
and the Headworks site and subsidiary access road is to be constructed by the contractor of
the DKHP. Therefore, issues of internal access road are blended in the study. The Scoping
and Terms of Reference and succeeding EIA study will be prepared in accordance with the
clauses ७-of electricity generation survey license which is listed in Annex III.
6
1.4 Objectives of EIA study

The objective of the EIA study is to ensure sustainable development by avoiding or
minimizing impacts of the proposal development and operation on the physical, biological
and socioeconomic and cultural environments. The EIA study has undertaken following
activities to prepare a comprehensive EIA report.
 Document physical and cultural, chemical, biological and social baseline environmental
conditions of the proposal development areas;
 Identify and adequately assess potential adverse, beneficial and cumulative
environmental impacts due to proposal development and operation
 Elucidate the ToR stipulated environmental issues and predict environmental impacts
and their significance in terms of nature, extent, duration, and magnitude
 Propose appropriate, practical and cost-effective mitigation measures for the identified
environmental impacts;
 Prepare a comprehensive environmental management plan comprising of mitigation,
monitoring and auditing plans associated with proposal development and operation
 Present the study findings to the concerned stakeholders of the proposal development
 Prepare a comprehensive and bankable EIA report as per the format stipulated in the
EPR
1.5 EIA Study Methodology

The EIA process for DKHP has followed EPA (1997), EPR (1997) and its amendments for
the year (1999, 2007, 2009, 2010 and 2017), National EIA guidelines (1993), DoED EIA
manuals (2001 and 2004) and Guide to Environmental Management Plan (MoPE, 2006).
In addition, the EIA is prepared in compliance with other sectoral legislations and
guidelines of GoN such as Water Resource Act (1992), Forest Act (1993), Soil and water
conservation Act (1982), National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act (1973), Local Self-
Governance Operation Act (1998), Land Acquisition Act (1977), Ancient Monument
Protection Act (1956), Guideline for the Physical Infrastructure Development and Operation
in the Protected Areas (2008), Guideline for the procurement of Forestland other than
Forest development (2006) etc. based on field studies, consultation with local area people
and officials of local level governments (RM and DCC).
Data requirement for each environmental component i.e. physical, biological and socio-
economic and cultural were categorically identified and presented. Similarly, the
methodology of field data collection, impact identification, quantification and prediction;
and public consultation/involvement were also identified. The conditions stated in the
approval of Scoping and ToR from the MoPE will be also checked while preparing EIA
report. In additional the DKHP has identified possible impacts on physical, biological and
socio-economic and cultural environment from the approved Scoping and Terms of
7
Reference. In order to keep the study as per the Scoping and ToR of the study, impact on
each issue has been discussed, evaluated and the mitigation measures have been proposed.
1.6 Desk Study

Physical Environment
Available useful data and information with the line agencies at the local, district and central
level was collected and reviewed. Possible source of information was DCC, other line
agencies, related NGOs and other project offices in the district. Topographical maps of
1:50,000 scales were reviewed to collect information about land use and other features
along the project alignment. Geological map of the project area was reviewed to understand
the underlying geology of the project area. All the information on climate and air quality
was taken from existing sources, technical reports, and literatures. Study of climate and air
quality of the study area was done by analyzing the data of the nearest meteorological
station and monitoring station. Meteorological and hydrological data was obtained from
DHM.
Biological Environment
Secondary data on forest and wildlife was obtained from publications of the Department of
Forests and Soil Conservation, District Forest Office, ACA Office and other institutions and
research papers. Also, the field ranger staff Mr. Bishnu Paudel was assigned from ACA,
Manang. He was involved while preparing the document and gave us the detailed
information about the biological environment of the project area.
Socio-economic Environment
RM level socio-economic and cultural information such as population of affected RM,
household size, male-female ratio, infrastructures, ethnicity, schools, teachers-student ratio,
development activities in the project area, festivals and cultural activities was also reviewed
from CBS publication, RM profiles, District profiles, rural municipalities profiles and other
available literatures.
8
1.7 Literature Review of the Project Baseline Environment

The topographic maps (1:50000 scale) and goggle images of the project development sites
were studied to generate the information on physical, biological and socio-economic
environment. Following information was extracted from the topographic survey maps.
Physical Environment:
Topographic information, such as steepness of the land units and general relief conditions,
geomorphic information such as landslides, wetland areas, rocky areas, agricultural areas,
land features related to action of water, and snow etc.,
Soil information such as potential areas of soil development and process potential for soil
development, drainage information such as drainage networks, drainage density, drainage
relief, drainage area etc.
Climatic information such as type of expected climate from altitude position, dry and moist
conditions from slope aspects etc.
Vegetation coverage in terms of dense forest, shrub/bushy area, grass lands, barren lands
etc.
Potential vegetation types based on altitude variation, and slope aspects. Distribution of
forested areas etc., wildlife habitat conditions based on forest area distribution in relation to
settlement and cultivation etc.
Socio-economic Environment
Distribution of settlements, density of settlements, distribution of agricultural lands,
fertility conditions etc., Location of temples/shrines, archeological sites, schools, post office
etc.
Apart from the above secondary literatures available from the project area such as District
Coordination Committee profiles, Rural municipality profiles, Central Bureau of Statistics
publications etc. were collected and reviewed to get insight of the project area social,
economic and cultural status.
Based on the information collected and reviewed, the areas of data gaps were identified and
checklists, survey formats etc. were made for reconnaissance visits to gather additional
information to streamline the Scoping exercise to the relevant and pertinent issues.
9
1.8 Preparation of Project Information for Stakeholder

Dissemination
Based on the desk review of the project layout, facilities, and activities the project area is
delimited in the topographic maps in relation to the project rural municipality where the
key project components and activities will be confined. Then the environmental resources
likely to be affected were identified based on the information of 1:50000 topographic maps
and other available secondary literature. This information was compiled and brief project
information sheet is prepared for dissemination to the public and the field study team were
trained on how to disseminate the information to the local level stakeholders in relation to
the project component locations to get feedback from the local level stakeholders.
1.9 Field Study

A multi-disciplinary EIA team comprising of environmentalist, biologist, geologist,
sociologist and civil engineer etc., visited the project site and carried out thorough field
investigation through survey, inspection, observation and measurement to collect baseline
information on physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural environments and
identify possible issues and impacts on these three environmental domains. Various
participatory tools like focus group discussion, key informant interview, questionnaire
survey, public consultations and interactions will be employed to aid collection of relevant
information.
Also, the Field Ranger from ACA was deployed along the experts to gather data regarding
biological and socio-economic environment.
 Walkthrough survey and field observation was carried out to collect site-specific
information about physical environment of the project area.
 The land use and land use patterns, topography, soil erosion, air quality, noise levels
and other information was studied by direct observations and field survey.
 Geological investigation was made to explore the general geology, geomorphology,
geological features (DKHP, Feasibility).
 Noise was measured using decibel meter.
 Air quality of PM 2.5 and PM 10 was analyzed through Air Quality Monitoring
Instrument
 Hydrological and Climatological data was sourced from the latest feasibility report of
the project.
Cultural and Religious Sites
The cultural environments of the project area, relating to cultural sites,
archeological/historical and religious sites were studied by the use of checklist (Annex XII).
The methods used for cultural environment’s studies were direct observation of the cultural
10
sites (Temples, cremation grounds, festival sites etc.) and historical /archaeological sites
within the direct project affected areas. Other information related to the culture and
religious sites were collected by focus group discussions (cultural practices, traditions,
significance etc.)
Chemical Environment
The record on the chemical environment was collected by using the simple checklists
(Annex XII). Methods employed for the data collection were indirect assessment of air
quality; water sample collection at two locations (headwork and powerhouse) at Dudh
Khola and laboratory analysis for water quality; and direct observation, and measurements
of sound pressure level at two locations (headworks and powerhouse) for noise quality.
Apart from the above information, discussions were carried out with local communities for
gathering information on air, water, noise and solid waste.
A walkthrough survey along with interview with the key informants were carried out in the
project area for collecting information on the effect of project activities on biological
environment, particularly on forest, and wildlife by using a sample checklist and
questionnaire (Annex XII). Different plant species and forest types were observed between
Intake site and Tailrace and in the region of key project activity’s sites such as powerhouse,
surge tank, spoil disposal sites, headworks, adits, construction camps, quarry sites, access
road, etc. Since the project area is located inside the boarder of Annapurna Conservation
Area, required information on flora and fauna in the core project area and its vicinity were
obtained from ACA post located at Chame as well as from the central office Kathmandu.
Divisional Forest Office of Manang was also frequently consulted and a member from the
district forest office was together with the EIA study team.
Parameter such as common, fair, sparse, and rare was used to know the status of flora and
fauna. In addition, discussions were also held with local people on likely impacts of the
project activities on biological environment with possible and locally appropriate site-
specific mitigation measures.
Considering the occurrence of the forest types and topography, each tree/shrub/herb
species of the project was recorded through sampling method. 5 representative quadrates of
25m x 25m were taken for tree species, 5m x 5m for shrub vegetation and 1m x 1m for
herbal vegetation. Two sites for shrub and herb were taken inside the main 25m x 25m
quadrate later to unravel the plant species characteristics of the area
The taxonomic identity of some plants could not be confirmed in the field. The collected
unidentified and suspicious samples were identified by comparing with voucher specimen
at Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kritipur.
Besides, in the forest areas affected by project structures, enumeration of the trees was
conducted. Height and girth of each tree species was measured to know species wise
number of trees and calculate the standing wood volume, which needs to be cleared for the
development of the project. The classification of trees, poles, and saplings used in the study
11
is: Trees over 30 cm dbh are considered as timber trees, trees having 10 to 29.9 cm dbh are
referred to as pole size trees and trees with less than 10 cm dbh are termed saplings. Based
on this information, loss of tree species, loss of standing wood volume, were calculated for
each tree species using following formulas:
dbh (d) = CBH/ n, where n = 3.14
Basal Area = n d2/4
Volume (m3) = Basal Area x Tree height x Form factor,
Where, form factor = 0.5
To understand the wildlife diversity, habitat and ecology, both direct and indirect methods
were used. Transect walks were performed to observe wildlife status in each forest areas
located close to the project sites (Powerhouse, water conveyance, forebay, access road,
headworks, and canal alignment) three times in a day viz the early morning, afternoon, and
late evening hours. Each walk period covered nearly 3 km distance and lasted for about 2.5
hours. Animals and birds observed along the corridor were recorded, along with
information on their habitat. This method of continuous recording (Martin and Batson,
1993; Chalise, 2003) was adopted for the collection of general information on species
diversity and population by direct observation. This method is also known as Visual
Encountered Sampling to reflect wildlife population and diversity. Besides above, a ten-
minute scan sampling was also undertaken in each transect corridor to observe wildlife
species diversity in forest areas. This was repeated several times during an observation
session, shifting the observation site in each hour interval. Continuous and libitum
sampling was also performed during the forest walk and all new observations were recorded
(Altmann, 1974).
The presence of animals and birds were also recorded by the identification of pug
marks/footprints, droppings/pallets, ground digging and uprooting, tree scratching and
marking, remains (skin, fur, feathers, bones, horns/antlers and carcasses), nests, holes and
burrows, etc. In addition, call counts, cries, smell/odor, leftover food, trampling of plants,
flowers and fruit bunches were also recorded. Additional information on animal movements
was obtained from discussions with a range of stakeholders that included local farmers,
community forest user groups etc.
Zooplankton, Phytoplankton and aquatic insects were collected from all sampling stations.
110 liters of River water was filtered through 50 mm plankton net with the help of a 100 ml
jug. Water with zooplankton collected in the plankton net was transferred in to the sample
bottle. Few drops of 5 % formaldehyde solution were added in to the plankton sample for
preservation. The preserved sample was taken to Nepal Environment and Scientific Services
at Kathmandu for further identification with the help of microscope and available literature.
One liter of water sample was collected in a glass jar. Then, the Lugal’s solution was added
into the glass jar till the weak tea colour appeared. Then, it was allowed to settle down for 15
hours. The preserved sample water was siphoned out with the help of plastic tube. The
sample solution was siphoned till it reaches 50 ml mark on the glass jar. Then, the left-out
12
solution of phytoplankton was transferred into the sample bottle. The preserved sample was
brought back to the laboratory for identification.
Aquatic insects were collected by D frame net (Drift net) and forceps which were preserved
under 90% ethanol for identification. Preservation is done following the method used by
Edmondson (1959) as the main reference. On site identification was conducted.
Unidentified samples were brought to lab for further identification.
Socio-economic and Cultural Environment
The present study utilized both primary and secondary information for socio-economic and
cultural data collection. For, the secondary data collection desk study and literature review
were carried out. Review of the approved ToR and Scoping of EIA Report: To tackle the
identified socio-economic and cultural environmental impacts during the EIA study, and
review of related policy, rules and regulations, guidelines etc. related to Environmental
Assessment process; Review of developed checklists and questionnaires from approved ToR
and Scoping.
1.10 Literature Reviewed:
Project Layout Map; Updated Project Feasibility Study Report of DKHP, 2014; Updated
Detailed Design Report of DKHP, 2015; District Profile of Manang, 2070; District Forest
Publication Report, Manang; District Agriculture Publication Report, Manang; Village
Profile and Situation Analysis of Nashong, 2070; Population of Nepal, Central Bureau of
Statistics, GoN, 2011, Document related to EIA study .
Mostly, the information’s related to Socio-economic Status of Project District (Manang) and
Socio-economic Status of Project Affected RM (Nahsong RM) were obtained from
secondary data (desk study and literature reviewed) as described above.
For, the primary data collection for EIA study of DKHP following methods was used:
Household Questionnaires
Household survey was conducted in project affected then Nashong Rural Municipality ward
no 5,6 and 7 by identifying affected families using the structured questionnaire to obtain
baseline information on demographic and educational status, ownership patterns and farm
practices, energy sources, income and expenditures, livestock, socio-economic and cultural
data and information. Likewise, observation was made on the basic health conditions,
housing and project-related issues etc. For the identified, PAFs here in case 33 PAFs (Annex
VI) were interviewed using structured questionnaire. Primary data regarding socio-
economic status (demography, education, health and sanitation etc.) were analysed by the
expert.
Community Meeting
In order to enumerate the collective perception of the people for the implementation of
DKHP, Community meeting was conducted at Tilche of Nashong Rural Municipality.
13
Key Informant Interviews

Key informant interviews were conducted in the project area to obtain the information on
the status of the resources, economic status, infrastructure development, users' perceptions,
community development and peoples' participation. Such a survey was necessary to
determine the issues, which were not addressed by other survey methods.
Reporting
All relevant primary and secondary data collected from the field survey were analyzed and
tabulated. Existing environmental condition was evaluated using standard methods such as
checklists, questionnaires/matrices, and expert judgment. The information was processed
and tables and maps with illustrations were included at appropriate places in the text.
1.11EIA Methodology
Figure 1 EIA Methodology
Impact Analysis
After the full documentation of baseline environmental data of the project area, each of the
environmental parameters were examined against the project activities in the different
stages of project development using various methods and tools as required by the
environmental parameter in question. By using the format of National EIA Guideline, the
14
impacts are categorized as direct, indirect. Each of the direct and indirect impacts was
further evaluated in terms of their extent as site specific, local or regional. Each of these
were further analyzed in terms of duration as short-term, medium-term and long-term. The
magnitude of each of the impact is then evaluated as high, moderate and low based on the
conditions of the environmental parameter at present and estimated or projected damage
with the project. While doing so, reversibility of the impacts was also examined to rate their
magnitude. The evaluation of magnitude of impacts on value-based system as presented in
National EIA Guideline is not used because this system does not appropriately outline the
existing status and reversibility of the impact.
Public Hearing and Consultation
Regular public consultation is a part of the EIA study throughout the EIA study period.
Local people were consulted on to enrich the knowledge on the local physical, biological and
socio-economic and cultural environment of the area. Information pertaining to optimum
environmental mitigation option and environmental enhancement measures was also
obtained from the discussions and consultation with the local area people.
Focus Group Discussion, Rapid Rural Appraisal
Key Informant discussions to seek information on the project areas baseline environments
on biological and socio-economic and cultural aspects.
Direct observations were made to unravel the physical environmental conditions,
particularly, landscape, slopes, landslides, and other land degradation issues.
15
Collection of Local Written Concerns

Written concerns and suggestions were received from the local people of Nashong RM, and
Study Agreement from Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation only (Annex
3). It is therefore the concerns and issues raised in the local level stakeholder’s meetings are
considered as the local concerns of the stakeholders.
Table 4 Findings of Focus Group Discussion and Public Hearing
S.No. Meeting Date Issues Raised
Aquatic fauna will be affected while diverting the water for power
generation
Landslide, soil erosion will increase
Impact on forest products will be envisaged
Loss of life and properties if the dam will be a failure
Cultural Setting of the area is inhabitants of Gurung, Tamang

ethinic groups
Employment opportunity to local people will be guaranteed
Consensus local people on project implementation
Control of possible adverse impacts on natural resources and

control soil erosion during construction
Issues related to compensation of land, house and shed
Land acquisition and compensation on census basis
Investment opportunity for the local people
Release of 15% water for environmental flow
Conservation of historical religious, tourist and naturally

important sites
Local human resource should be given a priority based on

availability
2074/09/05
The confluence of Dudh Khola and Marsyangdi River has

historical and cultural significance should be kept intact as before
after diverting the water of Dudh Khola for electricity production
16
Due to the construction of the dam on the northern side of the

Tilche village and the construction of the tunnel on the western
side of the village, there might be a possibility of breakage of dam.
Also, with the use of the explosives for the tunnel construction, if
there is any destruction in the village due to falling of stones, then
the project should arrange for the compensation.
After operation of the project, human activities will remain high

and the existing infrastructures will not be enough for increased
population. Thus, as social responsibility the project must start
the basket fund so as to support and strengthen the social
infrastructure. Moreover, with the profit generated, the project
must create a community fund for the most affected ward 5, 6 and
7 of Nashong RM.
Establishment of health post in the Tilche village
Locals of ward 5, 6, and 7 of Nashong should get priority in share

distribution
The project must ensure public participation model and involve

local people, government, developer, investor
24 hours electricity provision for local people in affordable prices
Implementation of mitigation measures suggested in EIA report

and its monitoring
Study Limitation
Secondary data from ACA was also used for exploring information on plants, animals, birds,
herpeto fauna, fish species. (Primary data was additional)
For getting information for physical information mostly updated feasibility report of Dudh
Khola was used for the completion of the study.
17
Data Processing and Analysis

Primary and secondary data were processed through commonly used methods. Socio-
economic, Cultural, Physical, Biological information are tabulated to the extent possible.
The information was cross checked and analyzed. Standard conversion table were used to
convert local units into metric systems. Socio-economic information was processed using
computer-spreadsheet, tabulated and presented in tabular and graphical format as
appropriate.
The identification and prediction of impacts are carried out by considering the proposed
project actions/activities in terms of extension and operation stages of the project in
relation to the baseline data of the area. The impacts of the activities on biophysical, social,
economic, and cultural resources in a defined proposal influence area are analyzed. The
impacts are classified in terms of extent (site specific, local, and regional), magnitude (low,
medium, and high) and duration (short term, medium term and long term) as well as
nature (reversible, irreversible) and level (low, moderate, and significant). The likely
impacts are assessed covering both adverse and beneficial ones. The methodology adopted
for impact identification and prediction are standard checklists and matrix methods and
expert judgment.
The environmental impacts are evaluated on the magnitude, extent and duration of the
impact. For the impact evaluation, the matrix method was used.
 Magnitude of Impacts
Low Impact (L): If the value of the resources could be used with no or minimum
inconvenience to the public.
Medium/Moderate Impact (M): If the value of the resources could be used with
inconvenience to the public.
High Impact (H): If the value of the resources reduced far below publicly acceptable
level.
 Extent of Impacts
Site Specific (S): If the impact is limited to the project area then it is a site specific one.
Local (L): If the impact of the work extends to the watershed then it is termed as local.
Regional (R): If the impact of the work extends beyond the watershed then it is termed
as regional.
National (N): If the resources are affected at national scale, it is known as a national
impact.
 Duration of Impacts
Short Term (ST): If the impacts last for 3 years after project initiation it is classified as short
term. The construction phase impacts are mostly categorized under this category.
18
Medium Term (MT): An impact that continues for more than 3 years but less than 10 years
is considered as medium-term. The construction phase impacts which carry over 1-2 years
of operation phase falls under this category.
Long Term (LT): An impact that lasts beyond 10 years is considered to be long term.
The operation phase impacts are mostly categorized under this category.
The numerical scale based on National EIA Guideline (1993) EIA guideline is tabulated as
Table 5 Numerical scale proposed by the National EIA Guidelines
Magnitude Score Extent Score Duration Score
High/Major(H) 60 Regional 60 Long Term (Lt) 20
Moderate/Medium(M) 20 Local 20 Medium Term (Mt) 10
Minor/Low(L) 10 Site-specific 10 Short Term (St) 5
Source: National EIA Guidelines, 1993

 Significance of Impact
The impact which will occur inside the project is termed as Site Specific and which goes up
to ward and Municipality level is termed as Local and which goes up beyond the municipal
level is termed as Regional. The combined score up to 45 is termed as insignificant impact;
45-75 is termed as Significant and beyond 75 is termed as very significant impact.
 Recommendation Letter
Recommendation Letter from Project affected Nashong Rural Municipality, affected wards
were collected. Similarly, recommendation letters from local Community Forest users
Groups, ACA, Conservation Area Management Committee, comments and suggestion from
District Coordination Committee etc. were collected. All the recommendation and
suggestion thus collected is attached in Annex IX in the EIA report.
19
2 CHAPTER II
2.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION OF THE PROJECT
Proponent has obtained the permission to study the project from the Department of
Electricity Development (DoED) and intended to develop the project through the same. The
feasibility study of the project has been completed by the consultant and plant capacity
proposed by the study was 65MW. The study has revealed that the project is technically
feasible and financially viable to develop from the finance of Nepalese financial institutions.
Project Details
Location
The proposed project lies at 84° 21' 20” E to 84° 23' 55” E and 28°31’27” N to 28°33'17” N
and the project has very easy access. The project component is located in ward no. 5, 6 & 7
of Nashong Rural Municipality of Manang District. Manang District is bordered by Gorkha
and Lamjung in the east. Mustang and Lamjung in the west, Mustang, Gorkha and Tibet in
the North and Kaski, Lamjung and Mustang in the South. The project lies about 157 km
north-west of the Kathmandu and about 43 km north of Besisahar, the district headquarters
of Lamjung and about 83 km north of the Dumre bazaar, the nearest market point of
Prithivi Highway from the project area.
The project area location map is shown in Figure 2.1, Figure 2.2 and Figure 2.3.
20
Figure 2 Project Location in Map of Nepal(GIS Map)
21
Figure 3 Project Location Map in Manang District (Source: MoFALD)
22
Figure 4 Project Location Map in Wards of Nashong Rural Municipality(Source: MoFALD)

The project area and its components and facilities lie within Annapurna Conservation Area.
23
Accessibility
There is a blacktopped road of length 117 km from Kathmandu to Besisahar and from
Besisahar, there is a gravel road about 40 km up to Dharapani. From Dharapani, there is a
road head up to the project area. The powerhouse site is easily motorable which is on the
opposite bank of Dharapani while a road about 3 km heads up to the headworks area. The
project area lies on the right bank of the Dudh Khola. The headwork is located at Tilche
Village. The powerhouse is located at the confluence of Dudh Khola and Marsyangdi River.
The waterway consists of about 4336 m of tunnel and 552 m surface and 365.6 m
underground of penstock pipe. A surface powerhouse will be located on the left bank of the
river i.e. left bank of Marsyangdi River. An internal access road of 500 m will be constructed
and will require a crossing as the other project components are located on the right bank of
Dudh Khola. The GoN has a master plan to construct the road that will link Thoche to
China. Within this plan, a bridge will be constructed at Dudh Khola near Tilche village. The
DKHP will utilize this bridge to cross the river.
Table 6 Project Accessibility
Length
Route Type of Road
(Km)
Available Road
Kathmand Prithivi Highway

Besisahar 117 Blacktopped
u
Besisahar-Chame
Besisahar Dharapani 40 Gravel
Road
Powerhou Opposite Rural road

Dharapani Earthen Road
se bank
New Construction
Powerhou Internal Access Road

Headwork 3 Earthen Road
se
24
Figure 5 Kathmandu to Besisahar Black Topped Road
Figure 6 Besisahar to Dharapani
25
Figure 7 Dharapani to Powerhouse
26
Salient Features of the Proposed projects

The present study purposes 29.9-meter diversion weir in the Dudh Khola with a surface
settling basin. The proposed head race tunnel is D-shaped with a length of 4336.31 m. Three
Pelton turbines with 21.67 MW of the power output from each turbine will be used for
power generation. The details of the project facilities are presented in Table 3 and Figure 7.
Figure 8 General Layout of DKHP

Source: Feasibility Report DKHP
27
Table 7 Salient Features of the Project
Particular Features
Province Gandaki
Location Nashong Rural Municipality of Manang District
Project Affected Wards Wards 5, 6 & 7 of Nashong Rural Municipality
Between 84° 21' 20” E to 84° 23' 55” E and

Geographical Location
28°31’27” N to 28°33'17” N
Type Run-Off-River (RoR)
Installed Capacity 65MW
Annual Energy Generation 417.40 GWh
Hydrology
Catchments area at intake site 390 km2
Long term annual average flow 27 m3/s
Average minimum flow 5.19 m3/s
Design flood at intake (1 in 100 Years) 884 m3/s
90% reliability flow of intake 4.38 m3/s
General hydraulics
Gross head 446.74 m
Net head 424.40 m
Design flow (Q40%) 18.05 m3/s
Capacity 65 MW
Diversion Weir / Undersluice
Type Concrete ogee type weir with dress stone lining
Crest Length 29.9m
Height 4.5 m above natural bed
28
Width and Height of Undersluice 2.5m x 6.3m
Thickness of guide wall 1.0m
Crest elevation 2382.00masl
Intake chamber
Type Side intake (Orifice type)
Size of opening 3.0 m wide and 2.0 m high (3 Nos. 6 m wide)
Coarse trash rack 3 nos. 6.0m wide and 6.4m high
Gravel trap and intake tunnel
Fine trash rack 12.0 m x 6.4 m
Regulating stop log 6.0 m x 6.4 m
Gravel trap average width 16.0 m
Gravel trap length 12.0 m
Intake canal size 3.8 m x 3.8 m
Intake canal length 150 m
Headrace-tunnel
Shape D-Shaped
Length 4336.31m
X-section 3.8m wide x 3.8m high
Cross-Sectional Area 14.44m2
Surge shaft
Type Vertical shaft Underground, circular concrete
Internal diameter 8m
Height 30 m
Penstock
29
Type Surface steel Penstock
Diameter 2.4 m
Length of Surface Penstock 552m(surface) & 365.61m (underground)
Length of Vertical Shaft Penstock

215 m
including horizontal part
Thickness 10, 14, 18, 22, 25, 28, 32 and 36 mm
Powerhouse
Type Surface
Size 39.0 m long, 17.50 m wide and 23 m high
Tailrace Canal
Shape Rectangular
Size (WX D) 3.8 m x 3.8 m
Length 150 m
Slope 1 in 750
Turbine
Type Pelton turbine
Turbine axis elevation 1935.26 m
Turbine rated output (power on shaft) 21.67MW x 3
Turbine efficiency 91.00 %
No of units 3 Nos.
Running Speed 1080rpm
Tail water level 1921 masl
Max. discharge 3 X 7.6 m3/s
Generators
Type Vertical, 3-Ø AC
30
Capacity 25.5 MVA
Voltage 11 kV
Power factor 0.85 lag
Operating range 0.8 (lag)‐ unity – 1(lead)
Transmission line
Length 2 Km
Voltage 132 kV
Transformer
Type Three phases
Rating 25.5 MVA
vector group Dyn11 (grounded neutral)
Power factor 0.86
Voltage ratio 11/132 ±5% in step of 1.875%
Frequency 50 Hz
Energy generation
Mean annual energy per year 417.40 GW
Dry Energy 141.65 GWh
Wet Energy 281.43 GWh
Financial parameters
Project cost (including tax and duties) NRS, 10,436,020,766.12
Discount Rate 12%
Interest Rate 12%
Financial Internal Rate of Return

17.60 %
(IRR)
Benefit cost (b/C) ratio 1.45
31
Net Present Value (NPV) Nrs. 8,839,304,000.00
Switch Yard
Type Outdoor
Access Road
Road Class District rural road class ‘A’
Total Length 1 km
Proposed Construction Period 3 years
Land Acquisition 14.8 ha
Source: Feasibility Report of DKHP, 2017
32
Main Project Component
2.1.3.1.1 Headwork Area
The proposed headwork area is situated at 1.5 km upstream of Tilche village which is about
5 Km upstream of Dudh Khola from Thonche village of Nashong Rural Municipality. It is a
small valley bounded by high cliffs on both sides of the river. The foot trail to Tilche village
is used as a route to Manaslu base camp. The weir site is about 1500 m upstream from
Tilche village. On both sides of the Dudh Khola from intake site to the Tilche village, river
terraces have been formed in negligible amount which the local people have carried out
cultivation. On the left bank, there is a forest land up to the intake site and further
downstream, cultivated land is observed till the Tilche village. On the right side of the intake
site up to the village, there is little cultivated land. However, at the Tilche village the
cultivated land on the left side is more than on the right side of the river. Whereas, in the
steep cliff area, the approach to the river is shorter in distance on the right side compared to
the left side. The villagers have often suffered from rock falls (big boulders) from nearby
cliff. The steep cliffs consist of widely spaced highly jointed and slightly weathered banded
gneiss of Himalayan crystalline rocks.
The width of the proposed intake area of the Dudh Khola hydropower project is about 25 m
and along the downstream the width of the Dudh Khola increases for about 100 m and then
decreases. The natural hill slopes of the intake area on the both banks are steep. The
thickness of the recent and old alluvium deposits is more than 6 m. the rock of the intake
area shows the fresh to slightly weathered condition fractured rocks are observed at some
places.
Figure 9 Proposed Headworks Area
33
2.1.3.1.2 Diversion Weir
The diversion weir will be a concrete gravity structure with an overflow spillway section on
its major portion and an undersluice on the left bank. The sizing of the free overflow
spillway and the undersluice is very much influenced by physical constraints related to the
ability to pass flood flows, river gradient at the weir site and stability of the section.
Following design criteria are used in the design of the spillway:
Due to the lack of storage volume at the weir site, a free flow ogee spillway is proposed
throughout the length of the diversion weir.
Based on the invert level of the intake and the minimum operating level of 2382.0 masl, the
crest elevation of the free overflow spillway is fixed at 2382.0 masl.
The free flow spillway is designed to pass the 1:100 years return period flood equal to 884
m3/s.
Abutments on either side of the river and the deck levels are provided above the flood water
level corresponding to the 1:100 years flood equivalent to 2385.16 masl.
Stability analysis of the free flow weir has been performed to check whether the proposed
weir is safe against sliding, overturning and bearing capacity of the foundation material.
Stability analysis is carried out for:
Normal operational condition
100 years return period flood condition
Seismic condition under normal operation
Description of the Structure
Diversion structure consists of a one-meter wide divide wall which separates the under
sluice from the free flow spillway. The divide wall starts from the beginning of the intake
structure at the upstream side and ends at the downstream end of weir. The top elevation of
the divide wall is 2385.16 masl.
The top level of the abutment on either side of the weir and the deck above the undersluice
is located at an elevation of 2385.16 masl which is above the high flood level corresponding
to the 1 in 100 years return period flood. The free flow spillway occupies the most of the
length of the diversion weir which is 4.5 m high, when measured from the riverbed level (El
2377.50 masl). The foundation of the free flow weir is located at an elevation of 2374.50
masl, which is 3.0 m below the riverbed level. The free flow spillway is designed to pass
884m3/s equivalents to 100 years return period flood at an elevation of El. 2382.0 masl.
This gives a 1.0 m freeboard to the abutment and deck level. With this deck level of 2385.16
masl, the maximum height between the deck level and the riverbed level corresponds to
8.02 m. The undersluice invert level is fixed at 2375.0 masl. Stop-log guides will be
provided at the upstream side of the breast wall to allow maintenance of the undersluice
gate and embedded mechanical parts. The discharge through the undersluice is 88.4 m3/s
during 1 in 100-year flood. The estimated depth of flow during this flood is 3.0 m and the
34
corresponding velocity of flow is 8.7 m/s. The undersluice channel is a concrete lined
structure covered with hard stone up to 35.00 m downstream from the gate. At the
upstream side, the concrete lining covered with hard stone block will be provided in the bed
load hopper.
2.1.3.1.3 Intake and Gravel Trap
The location of the intake will be kept immediately upstream and adjacent to the
undersluice to facilitate the safe withdrawal of total flow of 21.66 m3/sec at MOL of
2382.00 masl. The invert level of the intake will be kept at a higher elevation than the invert
level of the undersluice to prevent the intrusion of the bed load into the river intake. The
dimensions of the intake openings are selected to maintain a velocity of 1.35 m/s through
the gross area of the coarse trash racks. Three intake orifice openings will be provided for
the withdrawal of the design discharge plus flushing discharge. Each of the intakes will have
a discharge capacity of 7.3 m3/s at minimum operation level of 2382.00 masl at the
headworks.
The river intake is located just upstream from the under-sluice. The center line of the intake
lies approximately 6.2 m upstream of the weir axis. The intake has been set at an angle of
118.6 degree to the weir. The invert of the intake is fixed at an elevation 2378.86 masl. This
level is 3.86 m above the invert level of the under sluice. This would prevent the intrusion of
bed load into the intake from the river. The coarse trash rack will be kept at an inclination of
75o with the horizontal in order to ease cleaning of the trash in front of the intake orifices.
Orifice type has been chosen to prevent the intrusion of floating material. Side intake with
orifice is provided in order to restrict the high discharge during flood. To ensure the design
discharge in the intake during minimum operating level, the sill level of the intake at the
location of the gates is lowered to 2378.86 masl.
2.1.3.1.4 Settling Basin and Flushing Structure including Forebay
Settling basin is the area of impoundment of water primarily to settle the suspended
particles in the water drawn from intake. Removal of suspended particles will reduce the
wear and tear of the nozzle and runners of the Pelton Turbines and other hydro-mechanical
components. The dimensions of the settling basin depend on the characteristics of the river,
the design discharge, and the particle size to be removed, which is typically 0.15 mm for
hydropower projects on the Himalayan River with very high head. Therefore; in this project,
considering the available high head, the particle size to be removed is taken as 0.15 mm.
Similarly, the trap efficiency for the particles equal to or bigger than 0.15 mm has been
taken as 90%.
Vertical lift gates at start and stop logs/gates at end are provided so that settling flushing
could also be carried out separately. Discharge from the entrance of the desander basin will
be passed into a collecting chamber before it heads for the headrace tunnel.
35
Intermittent flushing (during low flow period) is proposed in the settling basins. The
flushing interval during the flooding season is estimated to be 8 hours. Flushing in each
settling basin will be accomplished by using a head cutting process for which it is essential
to have supercritical flow along the basin floor during the operation. To obtain the required
hydraulic condition, the bed slope of the settling basin, flushing conduit and the flushing
channel are kept at 2.0%. The settling basin for this project is designed on the basis of the
concentration approach using camps removal factor.
A surface settling basin with two basins is located on the left bank of the river. During the
flushing operation, one basin will remain in operation while flushing takes place in another
basin. Each settling basin is designed for a discharge of 9.927 m3/sec including 10%
flushing requirement. The settling basin is designed to trap 90% of the critical grain size of
0.15 mm diameter. The width of each chamber is 10.0 m. Likewise; the depth of flow is
taken as 6.45 m. Each chamber will be 158.0 m long with an additional 21.0 m extra length
for the inclined transition at the beginning to ensure tranquil flow conditions before the
flow enters the basin. A hopper arrangement is made with side slope of 1:0.93 (H:V) on
both sides of each of the chamber to accommodate deposited sediment. The basin will have
flushing channel with a bottom width of 1.0m and longitudinal slope of 2.0%.
The side walls of the basin are extended up to 2381.26 masl. This would give 0.5-meter free
board in the settling basin. There is a provision of a vertical lift gate at start and at the end
to act as control structures. This will help to isolate each of the settling basins from the
other for maintenance and flushing purpose. Headrace tunnel inlet channel of 12.35 m and
4.2 m width conveys design discharge to the pressurized headrace tunnel. The flushing
operation will be carried out mostly during the monsoon season. Concrete wall built up to
El. 2203.95 masl will separate each channel and a deck on top of it will facilitate inspection
and maintenance of the basins. Horizontal flushing will be accomplished using a head
cutting process for which it is essential to have supercritical flow along the basin floor
during the operation. The bed slope of the settling basin will be 2.0 % in order to ensure the
required hydraulic conditions. Each basin has a flushing conduit at the end. Control gates to
operate the flushing conduit are provided at the end of the settling basin.
The flushing channel after gates is 158.0-meter-long, rectangular in shape with internal
dimension of 2.0 m x 1.5 m which joins with flushing channel of 1.0 m x 1.0 m at the end of
settling basin. The invert level of the outlet of the flushing channel is at 2371.15 masl, which
is above the maximum annual flood level in the river so that there will be no backwater
effect during flushing. The bed slope of the conduit will be 2%. The channel discharges
sediment laden water from the settling basin back to the river.
The desanding basin on the right bank of the Dudh Khola is located about 45 m
downstream from the proposed intake site. The desanding basin is located in old river
terrace with gentle slope. The proposed desanding basin area is composed of gravel to sand.
The rocks of the uphill sides are mainly banded type of gneiss, and they are fresh to slightly
weathered in nature and jointed. At the foothill, about 1-3 m thick colluviums deposits are
36
found. The proposed desanding basin is 4-5 m above from the riverbed. At the left bank
about 1 km downstream of intake area landslide is observed.
2.1.3.1.5 Headrace Tunnel Alignment
In this arrangement, the water is transported from inlet bay (after the desander) directly to
the powerhouse through a headrace tunnel. From the geological study carried out at the
project site the right side of the river is a better place for the headrace tunnel alignment due
to the geology and the distance of waterway. Also, this side of the river consists of very good
quality of rocks which enables the construction of tunnel alignment. This right side of the
river is under the jurisdiction of Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA). On the left side, the
slope is gentle to mild and if the tunnel alignment is selected on the left side a crossing is
required near the powerhouse area. Since two major landslides are encountered along the
route to Thonche from Tilche village, some mitigation measures are required to be followed
while constructing tunnel. The landslide encountered near to the previously selected power
house site is debris flow, which has been deposited due to flow of the debris from upper part
of the hill-slope above the cliff. So, the tunnel alignment is selected on the right bank.
The inverted D shaped headrace tunnel has an excavated diameter of 3.0 m while the total
length up to surge tank is 4336.31 m. Only four work faces are envisaged for the headrace
tunnel construction. The tunnel will be driven from four work faces from the upstream &
downstream side only. The maximum length of drilling in the tunnel is nearly 1.2 km per
face.
Figure 10 A proposed adit location Along the Tunnel Alignment
37
Drill and blast method will be used for the tunnel excavation. Tunnel excavation will be
carried out using leg drill while rocker shovel and battery-operated rail cars or manual rail-
bound carts will be used for mucking. The tunnel will have pipelines for ventilation,
dewatering, and compressed air supply in addition to the low voltage power supply for
lighting, vent fan, dewatering. An audit tunnel will be excavated only for the construction of
surge tank as an independent work. As tunneling is the critical component of project
construction, it will be carried out in two shifts per day. The anticipated progress rate of
tunneling is 2.5 m per day per face or 65 m/month/face. Tunnel excavation will be
completed over a period of 20 months, which excludes the tunnel supporting. Tunnel
supporting like provision of shotcreting as well as concrete lining will take another 6
months. Concrete lining will be placed using sliding steel formwork once full excavation has
been made.
2.1.3.1.6 Rock trap/ Gravel Trap
Gravel trap and flushing spillway is provided immediately after the intake. The total length
of the gravel trap is 12 m. Flushing channel is provided at the end of the gravel trap. The size
of the flushing channel at the gravel trap is estimated to be 3.0 m wide and 3.0 m high. The
maximum discharge through this flushing channel could be 1.8 m3/s at normal water level
of 2382.0 masl. Slope of 1 in 50 is provided in the flushing channel of gravel trap to
facilitate the flushing of the gravel trap. A side spillway of length 12m is provided
throughout the gravel trap.
2.1.3.1.7 Surge Shaft Area
A surge shaft has been provided at the end of the headrace tunnel to minimize water
hammer and mass oscillation effects due to sudden closure and opening of the inlet valve at
the powerhouse. Surge tank is primarily necessary to provide the cushion against the
sudden load rejection at the power plant and to provide a temporary storage of water to
smoothen the flow in the headrace tunnel and penstock pipe during sudden load
acceptance.
Proposed surge tank is a simple circular type surge tank having diameter of 8.0 m and
height of 30.0 m. The static water level at surge tank is 2372.11 masl. The maximum
upsurge and down surge are 2393.78 masl and 2369.04 masl respectively. The bed level of
surge shaft is 2361.84 masl.
2.1.3.1.8 Penstock Pipe
Penstock is designed to carry the designed discharge from surge tank to turbines in the
powerhouse. An optimization study has been conducted to calculate the economical
diameter of the penstock pipe. The study is based on the increment of penstock pipe
diameter and the value of energy gain with respect to the pipe diameter. A larger diameter
for a given discharge leads to smaller head losses resulting the power and energy to
increase. On the other hand, a larger size of pipe means higher the capital investment.
38
Therefore, a size that will give the least capital cost over the life time of the plant is
considered to be the optimum diameter.
Penstock pipe optimization has been carried out to optimize the diameter and thickness of
penstock pipe for given topography. For discharge 18.05 m3/s and penstock pipe length of
917.38 m (including pipes in shaft) for a gross head of 446.74 m, the optimum diameter of
penstock pipe is found to be 2.4 m. The thickness of the penstock pipe is calculated for the
internal pressure for given diameter and the thickness required (2 mm) as the allowance for
corrosion. The thickness of penstock pipe varies as it runs down the hill. The minimum and
maximum thickness of penstock pipe is 12.0 mm and 48.0 mm.
Penstock is designed as a surface penstock resting over saddles and anchor blocks. To give a
good footing condition and to avoid unnecessary vertical bends, a penstock sub-grade is
prepared by topsoil excavation along the alignment as and when needed.
2.1.3.1.9 Pipe material
The raw material for penstock pipe could be in accordance to the Indian Standards IS 2062:
1999 Grade B or equivalent national or international standards having minimum yield
strength of 250 MPa and ultimate tensile strength 410 MPa. The thickness of the pipe has
been calculated to withstand surge head, corrosion and the hydrostatic head keeping in view
of material specification and its availability. The wall thickness of pipe varies from 12.0 mm
at the top portion to 48.0 mm at the bottom portion. The thickness of pipe is designed in
such a way that it is able to withstand the surge pressures and the hydrostatic pressure.
Extra thickness 2.0 mm is considered as corrosion allowance.
2.1.3.1.10 Powerhouse Area
Powerhouse is basically designed to en-house the turbine and generator and other
necessary electromechanical equipment. Also, it must have an area for service and
maintenance and room for mounting control panel, transformer and high voltage panel in
addition to an office room. Generally, to lift the heavy installations in the powerhouse an
overhead travelling crane or a suitable mechanism having chain pulley is equipped.
Powerhouse is made safe from a possible flood of 100-year return period that can happen in
the river at powerhouse area.
The proposed powerhouse site is situated on the left bank of Marsyangdi Khola and
penstock alignment is located on the right bank of Dudh Khola. The site consists of alluvium
deposits more than 15.0 m thick. It lies above the terrace deposit of river channel. Bank
erosion by Dudh on the terrace deposit is moderately active. Bank protection work is
required to prevent further undercutting and erosion from flood. The examination reveals
that the materials are truly alluvial deposit with the proportion of coarse particles relatively
high.
The proposed powerhouse is located at terrace on the hillside of the right bank of the Dudh
Khola. The elevation of the turbine axis is set at 1935.26 masl. The location of the
39
powerhouse has been determined to ensure that it is free from the risk of flooding that can
arise in the Dudh Khola in the monsoon season. Considering the head and flow available in
the site, twin jets Pelton turbine with horizontal shaft alignment has been selected.
Powerhouse complex contains inlet valve, turbines, generators and electromechanical
accessories. The electro-mechanical aspects of the powerhouse complex are described in
subsequent Section. Only the civil structures and corresponding hydraulic parameters are
described here. The reinforced concrete (RC) frame structure powerhouse consists of the
machine floor, control section and all the mechanical and electrical apparatus. The
powerhouse is 50.30 m long, 17.50 m wide and 25.0 m high with reinforced concrete
structural elements in the main building and increase in width of 4 m for the control
buildings, brick walls and CGI sheet roofing. A series of windows and ventilation openings
will be provided for the necessary natural lighting and ventilation. A security fence will be
constructed around the powerhouse area. Normal access to the powerhouse will be through
main entrance door that opens into the machine floor. Retaining structures are proposed in
order to protect the powerhouse block from flood.
Figure 11 Proposed Powerhouse Area
40
2.1.3.1.11 Power Evacuation Plan
DKHP is planned to feed power to national electric grid of Nepal Electricity Authority
(NEA). Hence the scheme of evacuation of power is to be focused according to latest status
of Integrated Nepal Power System (INPS). The purposed scheme should be a reliable option
even in case of further increment of power wheeling the project vicinity area and even with
upcoming modalities and opportunities of electricity market of the nation within and out of
the border of the country.
There is a new sub-station purposed by NEA in Dharapani, Manang. The sub-station will be
interconnected to Upper Marsyangdi Sub-station via 132 kV double circuit transmission
line. Hence, the evacuation scheme for the said project is analyzed based on Dharapani
substation that is available with 132 kV bus systems. The length of transmission line
between Dudh Khola HP and Dharapani substation will be 2 Km.
Vital factors governing power evacuation schemes are amount of power to be transmitted
and distance how far is to be transmitted. There will be firstly the technical limitation and
secondly the economic consideration. While selecting the transmission voltage, the present
and future expectable voltage of other lines in vicinity of the line under design need to be
taken into account. In case of Nepal, common voltage levels used and being implemented in
coming years are 66 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV and more recently 400kV. Proposed Dharapani
substation of INPS seems to be much favorable point to feed power from proposed Dudh
Khola Hydroelectric Power Project, which is assumed to be in operation before
commissioning of the hydroelectric project. Hence possible of power transmission up to
Dharapani 132 kV System substation from 65.0 MW capacity Dudh Khola HP can be the
followings:
 66 kV single circuit transmission line
 66 kV double circuit transmission line
 132kV single circuit transmission line
 132kV double circuit transmission line
41
2.1.3.1.12 Construction Planning
The constructions planning for the proposed project is presented below, however the
schedule is presented in Annex 2.
2.1.3.1.12.1 Construction Activities
The whole construction work is divided into four main packages such as supporting
facilities, civil works, metal works and electro-mechanical works.
2.1.3.1.12.1.1 Pre-construction Stage
Land clearance - This includes the clearance of the project components structures with
vegetation clearance and labeling of the land area. Furthermore, the activities include
excavation, blasting, concreting and earth filling activities.
2.1.3.1.12.1.2 Construction Stage
2.1.3.1.12.1.2.1 Support Facilities –
This package includes the access road, camp facilities, construction of toilet in camp sites,
water supply and transmission line for construction power from Dudh Khola hydropower
Project or the collection of diesel generator etc.
2.1.3.1.12.1.2.2 Civil Works –
This package includes the civil construction of headworks, connecting canal, gravel trap,
desanding basin, Tunnel works, powerhouse, tailrace conduit and all necessary protection
works.
2.1.3.1.12.1.2.3 Metal Works –
This package includes the supply, delivery and erection of metal works such as penstock
pipes, expansion joints, gates, channels and beams for steel truss bridges and fittings, etc.
The company shall import required quantities of steel plates, channels, and beams and
supply to the manufacturer.
2.1.3.1.12.1.2.4 Electro-mechanical Works –
This package includes the supply, delivery and erection of electro-mechanical equipment,
generating equipment, gates and valves etc. It also includes the construction of switchyard,
transmission line etc. from powerhouse to nearest switching station at Dharapani Hub of
NEA i.e. 2 km from the powerhouse.
Stockpiling and Muck disposal works –
Amount of muck and other accumulated disposal materials will be disposed in specified
area. The specified area has been identified and the plans have been made to dispose the
42
excessive volume of muck during the construction. This activity includes the disposal and
rehabilitation of the disposed area.
2.1.3.1.12.1.3 Post Construction Activities
Installation of the equipment’s- after the electromechanical works the necessary

equipment’s will be installed to operate the proposed project.
The construction packages again can be classified into small sub-packages as per the site
condition and work progress. All the civil and metal works shall be made ready before the
arrival of electromechanical equipment at the site.
43
Land Requirement for the Project
Internal Road Access
About, 500 m of internal road might need to be constructed so as to strengthen the already
existing road. The land required for internal access road is presented in Error! Reference
source not found..
Table 8 Land Required for the project for internal access
Land
Description/ Requiremen Road Proposed Internal Road
Location
Location t Length Alignment
Area Ha
Access Road
Powerhouse- Land along the left bank of Nashong—5,

1 500 m
Headworks Dudh Khola River 6,7
Land requirement for the Project Component and Facilities
The construction facilities and component of the project are confined within Nashong-5, 6,
7 of Manang district. A total of 14.8 ha land need to be acquired for the project both
permanently and temporarily for the core project structure excluding access road. Among
that, 3.25 ha belongs to private land and 11.55 ha lies within Annapurna Conservation Area.
Thus, the total government required by the project is 11.55 ha. The land required for bunker
house for storing explosives are supposed to be in campsite-II. The detailed land use will be
provided in the EIA report.
44
Table 9: Tentative Land Requirement of the Project (MoEWRI Format)
Land Type (ha)
Annapurna Conservation Area Private Land

Total
S. Project Rural Municipality
Flood Cultivat Area
N. Components Ward No. Oth
Plains ed (ha)
For Grassl Barren Non- er
est and land cultivated
Ba Kh
ri et
PERMANENT LAND REQUIREMENT
1 Headwork
1.1 Diversion Weir Nashong-6,7 - - 0.15 - - - - - 0.15
1.2 Intake Nashong-7 - - 0.26 - - - - - 0.26
1.3 Desander Nashong-7 - - 0.23 - - - - - 0.23
2 Water
Conveyance
2.1 Headrace - - - - -
Nashong-7,5 - 1.49 1.49
Tunnel + Adits
2.2 Surge Shaft Nashong-5 0.1 0.1 - - - - 0.2
45
S. Project Rural Municipality Land Type (ha) Total

N. Components Ward No. Area
2.3 Penstock Pipe - - - 0.4 - - (ha)
Nashong-5 0.98 1.4
2
46
Land Type (ha)
Annapurna Conservation Area Private Land Total

Area
N. Components Ward No. Flood Cultivat
Oth (ha)
Plains ed
Ba Kh
ri et
3 Tailrace Nashong-5 - - - - 0.1 - - 0.1
4 Power House - - - 1.0 - -

Nashong-5 0.79 1.87
8
5 Internal Access Nashong 5, 6,7 - - - -

0.7 0.3 1
Road
A Sub-Total 2.57 1.89 0.64 - 1.6 - - - 6.7
47
Land Type (ha)
Annapurna Conservation Area Private Land Total

Area
N. Components Ward No. Flood Cultivat
Oth (ha)
Plains ed
Ba Kh
ri et
TEMPORARY LAND REQUIREMENT
6 Camp Site -I Nashong-5 - 0.25 - - 0.5 - - 0.75
7 Camp Site-II Nashong-6 - - - - 0.7 -

0.75
5
8 Construction Nashong-7 - - - - -
0.4 0.4 0.8
Yard
9 Stockpiling Site Nashong-7 - - - 0.8 - - 0.8
10 Disposal site Nashong-6 1.0 2.5 - - - - - - 3.5
11 Quarry sites Nashong-6 - - 1.5 - - - - - 1.5
Source: Feasibility Study Report and Field Visit
48
Construction Materials
A reconnaissance survey for construction material was conducted in the vicinity of the
headworks, powerhouse as well as along the Dudh Khola. The investigation was focused on
locating prospective burrow areas of non-cohesive material to be used in concrete
production. For this, sand and coarse aggregates were explored at both sides. Samples were
collected from pits and trenches dug at the headworks site and powerhouse site. The tests
on concrete aggregates include the Los Angeles Abrasion Test, Sulphate Soundness Test,
Absorption Test, Bulk Specific Gravity Test, density, and gradation test. The tests on the
cohesive material include tests on gradation, nature moisture content, specific gravity,
Atterberg Limits and standard compaction tests.
A grain size analysis of the samples reveals that the material can be used as coarse
component for concrete production after some screening. Required quantities of
construction material like boulder, cobble, and gravel sand are generally available in and
around the project area. Point bar, braided bar and lower terrace deposits of Dudh Khola
are the main source for the construction materials. The coordinate from where construction
materials will be obtained is 28 32’ 46’’N, 84 22’ 58’’E.
These deposits predominantly consist of gneiss boulders, cobble, gravel with few of them
being of marble and schist. The sand deposits are found as patches along with the thick
alluvium deposits. The quantity of the construction materials in the Dudh Khola is sufficient
for the project requirement. In general, the alluvium deposits are composed of 50% boulder,
20% cobble, pebble and 30 % sand. Sand is fine to medium with high mica content.
Among this huge amount of construction materials fuse wire, explosive and detonator will
be sources from the Nepal Army. Other coarse aggregates are available locally. Cement,
pipes and steel will be taken from the Nepalese and Indian Market. Beside it transformers,
generators and acids as well as lubricants will be imported from the various parts of India.
It has been assumed that most of the construction materials required for civil works will be
supplied locally within the country, while those not available only will be imported from
India due to its proximity to the project area. Accordingly, the rates of construction material
are adopted from prevailing market rates at roadhead, Besisahar. Where applicable, the cost
of transporting the material to the site has been incorporated in the unit rates.
49
Table 10 Construction Materials required
Materials
Fuse wire
ment (MT)
S.N
Detonator
sand (m3)
Reinforce
(number)
aggregate
Explosive
Description of Items
.
(meter)
Cement
Works
Metal
(MT)
(m3)
(kg)
MT
A Headwork 1600 2500 3000 200 1200
B Desander / spillway 66 80 80 1700 123.75 1800 12 500
C Powerhouse & tailrace 160 1900 3200 74641 9330 84641 400 600
D River training structure 400 1600 2000 0 0 0 30 200
E Switchyard civil works 30 50 60 0 0 0 6.5 700
F Access road
G PH to Headwork 700 700 900 9401 11751 99000 0 200
Total Civil works with Access

H 2956 6830 9240 85742 21204 185441 648.5 3400
Road & Tunnel
Source: Pre-feasibility report of DKHP.

Construction Schedule
The project aims to complete in three years after the completion of legal process including
Power Purchase Agreement with NEA (PPA).
Construction Power
The construction work for DKHP requires operation of several high-power equipment’s at
various locations all the way from its headworks to tailrace. A reliable, adequate and cost-
effective power source and distribution system is thus required for the proper execution of
construction planning. Due to lack of connection to INPS system nearby, installation of
diesel power plants for power generation is seen as the only available option to supply
construction power.
Moreover, backup generators will be set up for supply of necessary construction power. The
major demand of construction power is expected during the penstock fabrication, erection
& welding and during concreting works.
Four diesel generators of total 2500 kVA capacities will be used. The use of generator will
have impact on the environment. The diesel generator uses fossil fuel to generate power
thus, emitting CO2. Moreover, diesel generators exhaust contains toxic air contaminants
that pose threat to human health. The operation of generator also causes noise pollution
causing nuisance to nearby settlements. The impact of generator will be studied in details
during EIA.
50
Table 11: Capacity and Number of Diesel Generators
S.N. Capacity (kVA) Number
1 800 2
2 450 2
Total 2500 4
(Source: Feasibility Report,2017)

Construction Human Resources
Different categories of workforce like skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled will be required for
the project. Following number of human-power will be engaged for the peak construction
period.
Table 12 No. of workforce engaged during peak construction period
Workforce Categories Number
Engineer 16
Sub-Engineer 15
Skilled 60
Semi-skilled 60
Un-skilled 220
(Source: Feasibility Report, 2017)

The project including PAFs area can supply approximately 25% of unskilled labor only.
Interested PAFs will be emphasized to teach technical skill so that semi-skilled human
power could be produced locally. After the completion of the project, about 15 permanent
jobs will be created where PAFs will get first priority.
Land Clearance Excavation and Cut-fill Works
Table 13 below shows the estimated cut and fill volume for the project. It is estimated that
there is about 400,000 m3 bulk volume of muck with a bulk factor of 1.05; spoil mixed with
stone will be generated from the entire project including the access road.
Table 13 Tentative generation of Muck volume from different project component
SN Project Component Muck Volume m3 Back filled
51
Volume
1 Approach Road 260,000 150,000
2 Head works 60,000 15,000
3 Spillway 20000 500
4 Desander 550 100
5 Tunnel 192,000 20,000
6 Surge Shaft area 950 1000
7 Power House 39285 500
8 Tailrace 600 100
9 River training 600 500
Total 573,985 187,700
10 Surplus muck and spoil 386,285
Estimated Surplus Muck Volume with bulk

400,000
factor
Source: Feasibility Report of DKHP, 2017

Camp site, Construction Yard and Stock Piling of Construction Materials
Camp Site and Office
Three camp sites will be required for the project, and camp site (I) will be located at 1500 m
upstream of headwork, camp site (II) near 500 m South from the power house. The
remaining one will be located at near the Hima Jyoti basic school. All the location is at the
left bank of Dudh Khola. A camp site office will be constructed at the power house site area.
52
Construction Yard, Parking and Stock Piling of Construction

Materials
Main stock piling area will be at the 700 m north of power house site. Besides, there will be
one stock piling area at the headwork site. Parking area will be set up together with
construction yard. Construction yard will be located at headwork site and power house site.
These sites are about 700 m distance from headworks and powerhouse respectively. Both
locations will be at the left bank of Dudh Khola. This yard will be used for fabrication of
pipes and gates, precast yard for concrete works. 0.8 ha of land will be acquired temporarily
for construction yards.
Both manual and mechanical stone crushing will be used in the project. One crusher will be
installed having capacity 20 tons per hour. The impact of installing the crusher will be
studied in detail during EIA. Similarly, batching activities will be carried out at construction
yard and a separate area will be allocated.
Three excavators, two loaders, eight dump trucks, six tractors, seven jeeps are needed for
the project construction. Major vehicles will be parked in construction yard. Project needs
approximately 26 vehicles, so parking area will be allocated at each site. The base of
construction yard will be PCC with proper drainage management provided with grit
chamber. Dust production in this yard will be minimized by sprinkling water three times a
day. One separate structure will be constructed at construction yard for the safe storage of
toxic chemicals and explosives which will be needed for the project. Stockpiling of
construction materials have been proposed at headwork site and power house site and at
construction yard.
Water Diversion Work
River diversion is the major portion of the hydropower construction, unless efficient water
diversion plan is prepared it is difficult to construct the headworks. The proposed headwork
consists of under sluice and weir. River diversion work will be started during month of mid
Kartik. It is estimated that total construction period of headworks is 12 month excluding
intake and gravel trap. River diversion will be done in two phases. In the first phase, under
sluice portion will be constructed by channelizing water in the weir section and in the
second phase, water will be diverted in the constructed under sluice portion to enable the
work in the weir portion.
53
2.2 Impact Area Delineation
The construction and operation of the DKHP will have both beneficial as well adverse
impacts on environment. The areas which are likely affected by the DKHP are classified as:
 Project Affected District:
Administrative Boundary of Manang District
 Project Affected Rural Municipality:
Administrative Boundary of Nashong Rural municipality. It is further divided into Direct
Impact Area and Indirect Impact Area.
This project area delineation is explicitly valid for the hydropower generation i.e. for the
core hydropower components. This study doesn’t valid for the transmission line for the
power evacuation of the project.
Table 14 Project component areas and Impact Area Classifications
Project component Core Project Area Surrounding Area
Nashong Rural Municipality

Headworks Nashong Rural Municipality
wards no-6,7

Tunnel Alignment Nashong Rural Municipality
wards no-5,7

Surge Shaft Nashong Rural Municipality
wards no-5

Power House Nashong Rural Municipality
wards no-5

Tail Race Area Nashong Rural Municipality
wards no-5
Direct Impact Area (DIA):

As the project components lies within the ward no. 5, 6, 7 of Nashong rural municipality,
thus, ward No. 5, 6 and 7 of Nashong Rural municipality will be considered as the direct
impact area for the socio economic and cultural impact.
The direct environmental impacts are those impacts caused by the project construction and
operation. During the construction phase, these impacts primarily occur in places where key
structures of the project such as dam, desander, headrace tunnel, audit tunnel, powerhouse,
internal access road, quarry site, burrow pit, spoil disposal site, etc. are located. These
structures/facilities result into permanent direct impacts in the placement sites and areas
adjacent to them. Besides, direct impact of temporary nature occurs in sites where activities
54
of construction operation such as camps for contractors, labors, and support facilities for
storage of construction materials, batching plants, aggregate crushing and washing plants,
mechanical yards for repair and maintenance, etc. are located throughout the project
construction period. During the operation period, changes in river hydrology are the key
impacts influencing a considerable stretch of river. The direct impacts will modify the
natural and social environment of the areas significantly depending upon the nature of
activities during construction and operation.
Figure 12 Direct Impact area of DKHP
55
Indirect Impact Area (IIA):

The IIA are those geographical areas where the construction and operation activities do
not affect directly, but could have indirect effects during construction and operation
period. The geographical area of municipality outside the directly affected areas is
considered as the indirectly affected areas.
Indirect or induced environmental impacts are those impacts which are not directly
caused by project construction or operation. These impacts result from activities
associated with or induced by the project. Indirect impacts can include the degradation of
forests and ecology near the project sites by the project work force, or impacts on cultural
traditions (both beneficial and adverse) and social development in general. The indirect
impact area of the proposal, here in, is defined as the administrative boundaries of the
municipality in which the structures and components of the project are located.
Figure 13 Indirect Impact Area (IIA) of DKHP
56
3 REVIEW OF RELEVANT POLICIES,

ACTS, RULES, GUIDELINES AND
CONVENTIONS
The proponent is abiding by the laws besides those that are already mentioned in this
chapter, if attracted due to various activities undertaken during the project
implementation.
3.1 General
Environmental management is relatively a new subject in Nepal. This chapter focuses on
brief description of the policy, legal and administrative framework within which DKHP
will be implemented. The proponent will comply the legal requirement of Government of
Nepal (GoN) and will be responsible for fulfilling provisions of all relevant acts while
implementing the project.
The current policies of GoN stress the importance of environmentally sound economic
development and growth of the private sector through economic liberalization. The
construction and operation of the proposed project will be in accordance of Environment
Protection Act, 2x 053 (1997), Forest Act, 2049 (1993), Conservation Area Management
Rules, 2053 (1997), National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 (1973)
Hydropower Development Policy, 2058 (2001), Monitoring and Regulation of
International Trade of Threatened Fauna and Flora Act, 2073 (2017), Guidelines for
Handing Over the Forest Area for National Priority Projects 2074 (2017), Guideline for the
Physical Infrastructure Development and Operation in the Protected Areas, 2065 (2008),
Jagga Hadbandi Chhut Dine Sambandhi Adesh, 2074. Some of these policies, acts, rules,
guidelines and conventions relevant to the proposed project are described below. The
proponent will obey and follow if any other laws besides those already mentioned in the
document are attracted due to various activities that will be undertaken as a part of the
project. The proponent will take permission from the concerned agency/ies if required
prior to construction of access road.
57
3.2 Constitution
Constitution of Nepal
Article 30 of the Constitution of Nepal has provisioned right to environment to each
Nepalese citizen. Article 30(1) of the Constitution mentioned about right to each citizen of
Nepal to live in clean and healthy environment. In article 30 (2) it is mentioned that the
polluter will pay for the loss and damage due to environmental pollution caused by them.
In article 30 (3) it is mentioned that for the nation’s development necessary laws, rules,
can be develop to maintain environment and development. Constitution of Nepal has
clearly mentioned and emphasized about environmental awareness to general public,
minimization/avoidance of the impact of physical development works on environment and
rare species with due emphasis of conservation. The constitution also deals with the
biodiversity conservation, sustainable use of natural resources and equal distribution of
benefits. Article 34 mentioned that appropriate wages will be provided to the labor. In
Article 51 (G) Conservation of Natural Resources, management and Utilization has stated
as national policy for the development of nation.
3.3 Plan, Policies and Strategies

Fourteen Three Years Plan 2073- 2076 (2017-2019)
The plan was developed by National Planning Commission, Government of Nepal for three
fiscal (2073/074 - 2075/076 BS) years. The interim plan emphasized the employment
centered economic growth. It has planned to increase the investment in energy/electricity
as one the important sectors. The plan envisioned the applications of environmental
standards, strengthening of environmental impact assessment (EIA) and implementation
of cleaner production and energy efficiency program. The plan also emphasizes the need of
sustainable utilization of natural resources of Nepal.
Hydropower Development Policy, 2058 (2001)
The Hydropower Development Policy 2001 emphasizes the need of implementation of
mitigation measures in project affected area. The policy states that Resettlement and
Rehabilitation works will be conducted as per approved criteria of the GoN. The policy
clearly states that hydropower development will be emphasized with due consideration of
environmental conservation and as an alternate of bio and thermal energy. Section 6.3
deals with the provision for investment in generation, transmission and distribution
whereas section 6.1.2.3 (a) deals with different kind of license required at different level of
project development. The policy also recommends riparian release of 10% of lowest
monthly flow.
58
National Forest Policy 2075

The forest policy 2075 aims to strengthen the forest resources of Nepal. The policy aims:
 To manage forest resource sustainably, increase productivity of forest area/sector and
increase overall production from forest.
 To conserve biodiversity, conservation of sources, and equal sharing and distribution
of environmental services gained from conservation.
 The policy also aims to conservation of water, soil on basin level studying and
planning based on catchment level. The Hydropower sector while promoting
conservation at local level shall think and act on the watershed conservation basis.
 To encourage private sector for the development and conservation of forest sector.
Also aims to promote the forest-based entrepreneurships, diversification, value
addition through marketing and creation and promotion of green employment
 To reduce and mitigate the adverse impacts of climate related hazards and enhance
climate change adaptation measures and resilience in Nepal.
 Good governance, inclusion and social justice for the conservation of forest resources.
 To enhance the conservation, the policy aims to encourage forest conservation groups
to manage forest in scientific way to strengthening ecosystem and other environmental
services.
 Hydropower projects on a basin shall work in close coordination with Ministry of
Forest and Soil Conservation for the sustainable utilization of resources, promoting
biodiversity, conserving water resources, and soil in the project area.
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2014-2020)
The NBSAP provides a guiding framework for the management of Nepal’s biodiversity. It
has been prepared to meet the national needs for managing biodiversity on a sustainable
basis for the benefit of present and future generations, and also to fulfil the country’s
international obligations. It has a long-term (i.e. 35 years) vision, and includes specific
short-term (up to 2020) strategies and priorities for action.
The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan has been prepared with a 35-year
vision of have been prescribed to facilitate its implementation. “The conservation of for
sound and resilient ecosystems and national prosperity”. The overall goal is to significantly
enhance the integrity of Nepal’s ecological systems by 2020, thereby contributing to
human well-being and sustainable development of the country. This is to be achieved
through implementation of a number of sector specific and cross-sectoral strategies and
priority actions. Eight principles underpin the strategy and 13 broad strategic approaches
experience gained and lessons learned from implementation of the Nepal Biodiversity
59
Strategy (2002) and Nepal Biodiversity Strategy Implementation Plan (2006) provided
the necessary context for formulating the strategy.
The specific strategies and associated actions are grouped into the six biodiversity themes
and 15 and cross-cutting subjects. The strategies for managing protected area and forest
biodiversity aim at reducing or managing human pressures on natural resources, reducing
human-wildlife conflict, controlling invasive alien species, mitigating climatic threats to
ecosystems, species and their habitats, and addressing economic and social concerns of
local and indigenous communities through targeted programmes, enabling policy and
legislative environment. Reducing the rate of loss and degradation of forest habitats,
improving biological connectivity, enhancing knowledge and understanding about forests,
promoting conservation of species and genetic diversities, enhancement of forest-based
livelihoods are some of the focused areas.
National Water Plan, 2058 (2002- 2007 AD)
The National Water Plan 2002-2007 (NWP) was prepared to implement the Water Sector
Strategy of Nepal. The Plan targets an increase in Nepal’s hydropower generation from
600 MW in 2007 to 4,000 MW by 2027. The NWP emphasizes the need for Strategic
Environmental Assessment. Section 7 of the NWP highlights the Environment
Management Plan (EMP) as a strategic document for the implementation, monitoring and
auditing of environmental protection programs.
National Conservation Strategy, 2071 (2014)
This strategy, was endorsed by GoN in 2014 contains various policies of international and
national concern. It says “Nation exercises sovereign rights with respect to natural
resources contained within the boundaries. It is this principle that gives substance to the
concept of national conservation strategies. It also places the prime responsibility for
conservation or the wise use of natural resources, upon individual’s nations.
In addition, the strategy has made various provisions for resource conservation and its
utilization in tune with environment friendly manner. It has provision dealing with
biological diversity, soil conservation, watershed management, Conservation area,
protected areas & wildlife conservation as well as on natural heritage.
Nepal Environmental Policy and Action Plan, 2050 (1993)
Nepal Environmental Policy and Acton Plan were endorsed to further institutionalize
environmental protection in the development processes. NEPAP recognizes that a growing
number of people are exposed to pollution from industrial enterprises. NEPAP identifies
the following factors as contributing to this process;
Industrial plan inappropriately cited close to population centres;
Insufficient emphasis on fuel efficiency;
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Little, if any pollution abatement equipment used for reducing emission; and
A total lack of industry pollution standards;
Hence, the NEPAP emphasized the need for mitigating adverse environmental impacts to
address urban and industrial development, air and water pollution and infrastructures
development.
Forest Sector Strategy (2016 A.D – 2025 A.D)
The Forestry Sector Strategy (FSS) is formulated to guide the future development of
Nepal's forestry sector for the coming ten years. It is based on the framework of the Forest
Policy 2015, past learning from the implementation of the Master Plan for the Forestry
Sector, which came to an end in 2011, visualizing the future political and socio-economic
scenario of Nepal, and the generation of theory of change. The theory describes the steps
and their linkages that will lead to the planned outcomes. The FSS identifies seven key
thematic areas which form the core area of the strategy i.e Managing Nepal 's Forests,
managing ecosystems and conserving biodiversity, Forestry Sector Strategy, Responding
to climate change, Managing watershed, Promoting enterprise and economic
development, Enhancing capacities, institutions and partnerships and Managing and
using forestry sector information.
Climate Change Policy, 2067 (2011)
This policy envisions a country spared from the adverse impacts of climate change, by
considering climate justice, through the pursuit of environmental conservation, human
development, and sustainable development-all contributing toward a prosperous society.
Policy aims to address the adverse impacts of climate change and utilize the opportunities
created from it to improve livelihoods and achieve climate-friendly physical, social and
economic development.
The main goal of this policy is to improve livelihoods by mitigating and adapting to the
adverse impacts of climate change, adopting a low-carbon emissions socio-economic
development path and supporting and collaborating in the spirits of country's
commitments to national and international agreements related to climate change.
Promotion of climate adaptation and adoption of effective measures to address adverse
impacts of climate change through technology development and transfer, public awareness
raising, capacity building and access to financial resources. The main policy strategies are
as follows:
 Climate adaptation and disaster and risk reduction
 Low carbon development and climate resilience
 Access to financial resources and utilization
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 Study and research related to climate change

 Technology development, transfer and utilization
 Climate-friendly natural resources management
Land Use Policy 2015
It describes policy related to limits and protection of land and land resources, optimum
use and effective management thereto. Legal and institutional management for lands and
land resources, and protection, use and management thereon are done under this policy. It
explains about the problems, challenges and opportunity due to urbanization as well as
improper management of land resources. The main goal of this policy is to manage lands
in a sustainable manner by developing a specific land use system through land use plans.
Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Policy, 2071
The main vision of the policy is Contribute to overall development of the nation and its
citizens by creating conducive environment for implementation of infrastructure
development projects. The policy is formulated to improve social and economic status of
project affected families by providing fair and adequate compensation, appropriate
resettlement and rehabilitation assistances/allowances while acquiring land for
infrastructure development projects and projects of public interests, to avoid displacement
wherever possible and if not, explore alternatives to minimize adverse impact as far as
possible, to provide adequate compensation, rehabilitation assistance, and opportunities
of social and economic benefit to the affected person, family, and the community to create
conducive environment for timely completion of project by making land acquisition,
valuation, compensation, resettlement, and rehabilitation process simple, easy,
transparent and fair.
National Energy Efficency Strategy, 2075
The main vison of the strategy is to assist in energy security by increasing the energy
access through efficient use of available energy. It aims to promote energy efficiency by
effectively implementing energy efficiency programmes through establishing policy, legal
and institutional frameworks. The major goal of the strategy is double the average
improvement rate of energy efficiency in Nepal from 0.84% per year, which existed during
the period of 2000 -2015 AD to 1.68% per year in 2030 AD. The major strategy are to
generate awareness on energy efficiency from the consumers’ level to policy makers’ level,
establish policy, legal and institutional frameworks for resources management, resources
mobilization, infrastructure development and human resources development required for
energy efficiency, Reduction in energy import by energy conservation, making services and
production cost effective and competitive by reducing energy consumption needed for
production of goods and services, develop national standards for energy efficiency based
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on established international and regional standards as well as to develop equipments and

means for measuring energy efficiency.
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3.4 Relevant Acts

Environment Protection Act, 2053 (1997)
Nepal has enacted a comprehensive and umbrella- type environmental act, the
Environment Protection Act (EPA), 1997 which is enforced through appropriate regulatory
measures. The EPA provides a legal basis for the concerned authorities for regulating an
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or/and Environmental Impact Assessment
(EIA).Section 3 of the act requires the proponent to conduct an IEE and EIA in relation to
the prescribed proposals. The act uses the word "proposal" instead of "projects" which
makes the scope of the act much broader in relation to environmental studies.
Implementation of any proposal without the approval of the relevant agency is prohibited
by the act.
Soil and Watershed Conservation Act, 2039 (1982)
The article 2 (B) of the act defines the soil and water conservation. According to article -3
GoN can acquire area/land by giving written notice for the purpose of water conservation.
But for such acquisition, compensation shall be paid, in case of private land, in
consultation with local authority Rural municipality/Municipality). Article 10 of the act
elaborates the activities that are considered illegal in the area which are suspected for
natural disaster.
Forest Act, 2049 (1993)
Section 49 of the act prohibits reclaiming lands, setting fires, grazing, removing or
damaging forest products, felling trees or plants, wildlife hunting and extracting boulders,
sand and soil from the national forest without the prior approval. Section 68 (1) of the Act
empowers the government to permit the use of any part of government managed forest,
community forest; leasehold forest etc., if there is no alternative except to use the forest
area for the implementation of a plan or a project of national priority without significantly
affecting the environment.
National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 (1973)
Sec. 3 (third amended) of the Act empowers GoN to declare any areas as National Park,
wildlife conserve & protected Areas. Sec. 5 provides for protecting the existing forests &
prohibits such as mining. Further, sec. 5 (j) states that no harmful objects or explosive can
be used in silver, stream or any source of water within national parks or wildlife reserve.
Sub – sec (e) (g) & (h) of sec. (5) provides that without permission, no one shall cut, fell,
remove overshadow any tree, plant or any forest produce or to do anything by which the
forest produce may die, burn or get damaged.
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Water Resources Act, 2049 (1992)

The Water Resources Act, 1992 has been enacted to make arrangement for the rational
utilization, conservation, management and development of water resources in Nepal.
According to section 8, subsection 1 of the act, a person or corporate body who desires to
conduct survey. This act is amended in 2055 covering wide area including water resources
projects. Article -5 Kha emphasized that fish ladder must be constructed while
constructing dam for Hydropower generation, irrigation or other purposes. The act also
mentioned that other alternative provision such as Fish Hatchery etc. will be explored as
mitigation measures for the loss of fish density and diversity. This act is relevant to project
that to get construction license above mentioned document must be submitted to DoED.
Section 16 of the act mention that GoN will facilitate for land and house acquisition for
development projects under prevailing rules.
Aquatic Animal Protection Act, 2017 B.S. Amendment, 2055 (1960
A.D.)
No person shall knowingly use any kind of electric current, 1 explosive substance or
Poisonous substance with intention of catching and killing any aquatic animal in any
water. Provided that, nothing contained in this Section or hereunder shall prevent the
owner of a private water from using any method whatsoever, except using poisonous
substance, for catching or killing any aquatic animals in his/her private water in such
manner as not to cause any loss to aquatic animals in any other water. Anybody who
builds a dyke for electricity, water supply, irrigation or any other purpose shall build a fish
ladder to the extent possible so that the movement of aquatic animals is not affected.
Where it is not possible to build such ladder, the body shall make an aquatic animal
hatchery and aquatic animal nursery in such place or in an area in vicinity thereof for the
purpose of having artificial breeding of aquatic animals. Prior information shall be given to
the technical officer in doing construction works as referred to in Sub-section.
Land Acquisition Act, 2034 (1977)
It is the main legislation to guide the land acquisition process in the country. Government
can acquire land at any place in any quantity by giving the compensation pursuant to the
act for the land required for any public purpose or for the operation of any development
project initiated by government institution (sections 3 and 4). The compensation paid
under this act will be given in cash. To decide about the amount of compensation the act
has made provision for the constitution of Compensation Fixation Committee (CFC). This
act is silent about the payment of compensation at market rate, which pose difficulty for
the payment of compensation at present value.
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Ancient Monument Protection Act, 1956 A.D

The Ancient Monument Protection act is expedient to maintain peace and order by
preserving the ancient monument and by controlling the trade in archaeological objects as
well as the excavation of the place of ancient monuments and by acquiring and preserving
ancient monument and archaeological, historical or artistic objects.
66
Local Government Operation Act, 2074

This newly formed act describes about the criteria to divide a state into municipalities or
rural municipalities and respective rights, duties and responsibilities in different
development and conservation sectors. It clarifies the rights of municipalities/ rural
municipalities to form local laws, regulations and criteria for conservation of environment
protected areas and species; for environmental pollution and hazard control; solid waste
management; etc.
Electricity Act, 2049 (1992)
The electricity act 1992 has been enacted to manage the survey, generation, transmission
and distribution of electricity and to standardize and safeguard electricity services.
Article 3 - No license is required to survey, generate, transmit or distribute electricity
from the projects of capacity ranging from 100 kW to 1000 kW. However, information will
be provided to the designated authority about such a project.
According to Section 4 subsection -1 of the act, Any person or corporate body who wishes
to conduct survey, generation, transmission or distribution of electricity over 1 MW shall
be required to submit an application to the prescribed officer along with economic,
technical, and environmental study report. Section 24 of this act states that '' While
carrying out electricity generation, transmission or distribution, it shall be carried out in
such a manner that no substantial adverse effect be made on environment by the way of
soil erosion, flood, landslide air pollution etc''. Pursuant to the act, the proponent
requested the then Ministry of Water Resources (MoWR), through the Department of
Electricity Development, to issue a survey license for the proposed Project.
Labor Act, 2074 (2017)
The Labour Act 2074 has been enacted on September 4, 2017 under Article 296 of the
Constitution to replace the previous Labour Act of 2048 (1992). The act defines employer
as person or entity employing labourers and employee/labourer as person doing physical
or intellectual labour for employer as a worker or officer or under any other designation.
According to the act, bonded labour is prohibited. Probation /trial period for labourer
shall be 6 months. The act describes state that interns may be hired in coordination with
educational institution provided but they shall not be made to work more than 8 hours per
day or 48 hours per week and trainees may be hired for a maximum period of 1 year and
foreign workers may be hired only after obtaining work permit from the Department of
Labour. Regular work hours shall not exceed 8 hours per day and 48 hours per week.
Overtime may not exceed an additional 4 hours per day and 24 hours per week. Pay for
overtime work shall be 1.5 times the regular rate. Payment for a specific type of work shall
be same across genders and there shall be no discrimination. Labourers shall be entitled to
provident fund, gratuity and insurance. And age of retirement is 58 years.
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Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2056 (2000)

The Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2056 is enacted and enforced adopting
ILO Convention concerning Elimination of Worst Forms of Child Labor and Minimum Age
Convention. This Act has defined the ‘Child’ as a person who has not achieved the age of 16
years. Article 3 bans the employing a child below the age of 14 to work as a laborer and
engaging a child in the hazardous and risky works listed in the Schedule of the Act. The
proponent is mandatory to follow the Child Labor (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2056
(2000) during the project implementation phase. The contractor may use child labor
during construction period. Hence, the contractor was instructed to follow the Child Labor
(Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2056 (2000).
Plant Protection Act, 2064 (2007)
The aim of the Act is to prevent or control harmful epidemic insect or disease spread in
plant or plant products while under import or export. In sec. 3, it is stated that GoN may
by notification in Nepal Gazette, impose restriction or condition for the import of plant or
plant product.
Land Reform Act, 2021 (1964)
Article 9 'KA' of the act deals with land use and land fragmentation for maximum use of
land. According to this act Government of Nepal can implement land use program in any
part of the country. Similarly, government can do fragmentation and plotting of land to
increase the productivity.
Solid Waste Management Act, 2068 (2011)
The act aims to provide sufficient legal provision for the management of Solid waste
generated thorough out the country. Unless good construction management practices are
followed; construction activities can cause serious environmental pollution, ecological
degradation and health and safety concerns to both workers and the public. The
stakeholders that get impacted due to construction activities generally include the
workers, the public and the environment The guideline provides a minimum standard for
safe and efficient waste management. The purpose of the act is to formulate and facilitate
guideline and to provide a framework of waste management strategies to assist in the
long-term management of solid waste by implementing the essential strategies. The act
aims to protect public health and safety, provide a safer working environment, and
minimize waste generation and environmental impacts of waste treatment.
The act sets procedures for handling of health care waste, which includes details of
collection,separation, and final disposal of the solid waste.
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Explosive Act, 2018 B.S (1961 A.D)

Article 4 of the act emphasizes the need of permission for the use, sell, transportation and
import of explosive item. The act made provision of penalty up to NRs. 20,000 if
transporting or using the explosive items without proper permission. The act authorized
chief District Officer to grant such permission. According to Article 8 of the act any
accident caused by the use of explosives shall be informed to nearest Police Station to the
earliest possible.
The act sets procedures for handling of health care waste, which includes details of
collection, separation, and final disposal of the solid waste.
७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७७७७
७७७७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७
७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७(७७७७)
This Act was formulated to conserve and regulate and monitor the interanational trade of
threatened fauna and flora in order to implement the CITES, 1973. This Act has banned
trade and sample collection of rare and endangered species of flora fauna. This act has also
banned for holding, keeping in possession, use, rearing, and control of such species. The
main aim of this Act is implementation of the objective set forward by the CITES, 1973.
७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७ ७७७७
७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७ ७७ ७७७७७७७७७
७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७
७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७ ७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७ ७
७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७
७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७७
७७७७ ७७७ ७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७
७७७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७७
७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७ ७ ७ा
७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७७७
७७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७७७७
७७७७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७ ७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७
७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७७७७ ७७ ७७ ७७७७७७७७
७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७ ७
Intergovernmental Fiscal Arrangement Act, 2074 (2017)
The Government of Nepal may levy and collect tax and non-tax revenues as specified in
Schedule-1 in accordance with Federal law. The State may levy and collect tax and non-tax
revenues as specified in Schedule-2 in accordance with State law. The Local Level may levy
and recover tax and non-tax revenues as specified in Schedule-3 in accordance with Local
69
law The Government of Nepal, the State and Local Level may collect chargeable penalty
and fine falling under their domain in accordance with the prevailing law. The State and
Local Level shall, while imposing tax pursuant to Sub-Section (2) or (3), do so without
contravention to national economic policies, transportation of goods and services, capital
and labor market, and the neighboring State and Local Level. The Government of Nepal
may levy on and collect royalty of natural resources in accordance with Federal law.
Distribution of Royalty to be obtained from Natural Resources
1) In order to distribute the royalty obtained from the natural resources among the
Government of Nepal, State and Local Level, the Government of Nepal shall create the
federal divisible fund to deposit such amount obtained from the royalty in accordance with
Federal law. (2) The Government of Nepal shall distribute the royalty pursuant to Sub-
Section (1) as specified in Schedule-4 (3) Out of the amount distributed to pursuant to
Sub-Section (2), the amount obtained by the Government of Nepal shall be deposited in
the Federal Consolidated Fund, the amount obtained by the State in State Consolidated
Fund and the amount obtained by Local Level in the Local Consolidated Fund. According
to which electicity , forest , mines and minerals, water and other natural resourcres royalty
will be distributed 50 % to government of Nepal , 25 % royalty distributed to concerned
state and remaing 25 % will be distrusted to concerned local level.
3.5 Relevant Rules & Regulation

Environment Protection Rule, 2054 BS (1997) and latest amended 2073
(2017)
The Environment Protection Rules (EPR) was endorsed in June 1997 and was made under
the provisions of the Environment Protection Act. The EPR has been amended several
times and the recent was done in 2010/01/27. The recent amendment states that TL
projects of capacity above 132 kV voltage level requires only IEE unless it traverses
through protected area, buffer zone or national parks. The EPR adopts the environmental
assessment criteria mentioned in the EIA guidelines. However, the EPR establishes the
administrative framework for assessing, exhibition and determination of the EIA/IEE, in
terms of issues needing to be addressed and the format/layout of the EIA/IEE document.
The EPR provides a legal basis for the concerned authorities in regulating the Initial
Environmental Examination (IEE) or/and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). It is
apparent from this provision that any private or government agency who wishes to
implement any of the proposals defined in the regulations must prepare either an IEE or
EIA, as the case may be. Article 7(2) of the EPR made provision of publishing notice
during the preparation of IEE report to collect the concerns of stakeholders such as DDC,
VDC, school, health post, hospital etc.
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Under section (18) of EPA, any person who contravenes any of the provisions of the Act, or
the Regulations or the guidelines issued under the Act, shall be punishable with a fine up
to NRs 50,000. If a proposal is implemented without the approval of the Ministry of
Environment (in case of IEE, Ministry of Energy) or relevant government agency, or the
person implementing the proposal is not complying with the conditions of the approval or
license, the authorized official is empowered to close down that activity and may impose
fine of up to NRs. 100,000 on such person or organization. This Act is relevant to the
proposed project.
Under this Rules, the IEE study of the proposed project has to be carried out by the
proponent and get approval from the Ministry of Energy prior to the project
implementation.
Forest Regulation, 2051 (1995)
Rule 65 of the Forest Regulation stipulates that in case the execution of any project having
national priority in any forest area causes any loss or harm to any local, individual, or
community, the proponents of the project itself shall bear the amount of compensation to
be paid. Similarly, the entire expenses required for the harvesting, logging and
transporting of the forest products in a forest area will be borne by the proponents of the
projects.
Conservation Area Management Rules, 2053 (1997)
The Conservation Area Management Rule (1996) promulgated by the GoN pursuant to
section 33 of the NPWCA provides institutional framework, systems, mechanisms and
processes (management modality) for the management of the Conservation Area. The
CAMR was gazetted in 1996 (2053/8/17). The regulation authorizes National park to
establish headquarters for the management and the development of the conservation area
(Rule 4), divide the area into different sub-areas (Ilakas) as per the need, and establish
Unit Conservation Officers and other staff as necessary.
Electricity Regulation, 2050 (1993)
Section (Chha) of Article 12 and section (Chha) of Article 13 of Electricity Regulation 1992
are important from environmental viewpoint. The Initial Environmental Examination
report will address the environmental issues, measures required to mitigate the significant
adverse impacts. This regulation has also made provision for the formation of
Compensation Fixation Committee for compensation of the land required for the project.
Water Resources Regulation, 2050 (1993)
It is mandatory under Rule 17 (e) of the regulation that any person or corporate body, who
desires to obtain a license for utilization of water resources must state in his application
that appropriate measures will be taken to lessen the adverse effects due to the project on
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the overall environment. Measures are to be taken for the conservation of aquatic life and
water environment and for mitigating social and economic effects of the project in the
concerned area.
Solid Waste Management Regulation, 2070 BS (2013 AD)
The regulations provide the way for the management of all kinds of solid waste since their
origin. Open burning of solid and hazardous wastes is strictly banned by the regulation. In
addition, the regulation provides the ways for the management of solid waste. Unless good
construction management practices are followed, construction activities can cause serious
environmental pollution, ecological degradation and health and safety concerns to both
workers and the public. The stakeholders that get impacted due to construction activities
generally include the workers, the public and the environment. The guideline provides a
minimum standard for safe and efficient waste management. The purpose of the guideline
is to provide a framework of waste management strategies to assist in the long-term
management of health care waste by implementing the essential strategies. The guideline
aims to protect public health and safety, provide a safer working environment, and
minimize waste generation and environmental impacts of waste treatment.
The guideline sets procedures for handling of health care waste, which includes details of
collection, separation, and final disposal of the waste for the safety of human health and
hygiene vis a vis environmental contamination.
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Explosives Regulation 2020 (B.S.)

Explosive regulation provides the rules for Production, Use, Sale, Transportation and
Import of the Explosive:
(1) No person shall, without a Licensee and if a License not following the terms and 3.5.8
conditions referred to in the license, shall produce, store, use, transport or import
Explosives.
(2) Any person willing to obtain a License or to extend the validity period of the License
for the production, storage, use, sale, transportation or import of the Explosives shall
submit a written application along with details as prescribed in a prescribed format before
the Chief District Officer. The format of each License, the amount required there for and
its validity period shall be as prescribed.
(3) The Chief District Officer may, subject to this Rules framed under the Explosive Act,
2018 (1961), and having furnished a notice to the Licensee, make necessary changes to any
matter mentioned in any License.
(4) A person, willing to make changes in his/her own License, shall submit an application
to the Chief District Officer stating the matters he/she wanted to change and the reasons
there for.
७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७
७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७
७७७७७७ ७ ७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७
७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७, ७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७,
७७७७७७ ७ ७७७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७
७७७७७७७७ ७७७ ७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७, ७७७७ ७७७७७७
७७७ ७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७
७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७७७७
७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७ ७
७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७
७७ ७७७७७७७७७७७ ७७ ७७७७७७७७७७ ७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७ ७७
७७ ७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७७७७ा ७७७
७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७
७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७ ७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७
७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७ ७
७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७
७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७ ७७ ७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७७
७७७७७७७ ७७ ७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७
७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७ ७ ७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७
73
७७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७

७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७ ७ ७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७७७
७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७
७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७ ७
७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७
७७७७
७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७ ७७ ७७७७७७७७७
७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७
७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७ ७७७७ ७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७
७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७ ७
७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७
७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७७
७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७७७
७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७७
७७७७७७ ७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७
७७७७७७७७७ ७७ ७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७
७७७ ७
74
Sanngrachhan Chhetra Sarkari Bewasthapan Niyamawali, 2057

No person shall be allowed to perform the following activities within the Conservation
Area without taking written permission from the Chief to implementation of projects. No
one shall be allowed to construct to the road, bridge, house, office, building, fence, marks
and sign or any other goods and objects within the Conservation Area in any manner. No
person shall be
allowed to perform the following activities within the Conservation Area without taking
written permission from the Chief to excavate mine, to extract stone or to remove any
mineral, stone, concrete, soil or other similar material. While issuing an order as pursuant
to Sub-rule (1) the Chief or the Conservation Officer shall clearly mention the reasons for
issuing such order and
the reform that has to be made
3.6 Manuals & Guidelines

National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 2050 BS (1993
AD)
According to the guidelines, IEE is mandatory for hydroelectric projects with generating
capacities up to 50MW. This guideline is frequently used and quite helpful right from
making terms of reference to preparing impact assessment matrix and assigning values on
impacts ranking. The other important feature of the guideline is description on community
participation. Clause 49 deals with the methods to involve the public.
Hydropower Environmental Impact Assessment Manual, 2018
This Manual should be used in conjunction with the Nepal’s National EIA Guideline which
dictates the minimum standards, administrative systems and processes and templates to
be followed during an EIA for any qualifying project. Where appropriate, good
international practices have been included with this Manual to augment the standard EIA
approach, and assist hydropower project proponents in better defining environmental and
social risks, responsibilities and opportunities.
The Manual is prepared for government authorities, hydropower developers, consultants,
civil society groups and others. Specifically, the Manual can be used at different phases
and for different purposes for the preparation and review of EIAs for hydropower projects:
1. EIA study by the proponent;
2. Follow up and review of EIA report by the Government and stakeholders;
3. Planning environmental, social, health, safety and security monitoring by the
proponent;
75
4. Undergoing monitoring of compliance and conducting the audit by the government.

The Manual can be used for all types of hydropower projects that require an EIA based on
the Environment Protection Act and its regulations, particularly Schedule-2 of the
regulations. It aims to facilitate the EIA process for all hydropower projects such as run-
of-river (diversion and/or storage), storage reservoir and pumped storage facilities and
associated facilities of the project such as power transmission lines, substations,
construction materials management, and access roads.
The Manual outlines the approach for preparing, submitting, reviewing and implementing
EIAs related to hydropower in Nepal.
i) Section 4-Stakeholder engagement and public participation
ii) Section 5-Screening process for hydropower project proposal
iii) Section 6-Scoping and developing terms of reference for the EIA study
iv) Section 7, 8 & 9-Identifying, assessing and managing environmental and social
impacts
v) Section 10-Reporting Section and
vi) Section 11- Reviewing EIAs
Manual for Conducting Public Hearings in the Environmental Impact
Assessment Process for Hydropower Projects, 2061 (2004)
The manual suggests the method, timing, and other procedure while conducting public
hearing of Hydroelectric Projects.
Manual for Addressing Gender Issues in Environmental Impact
Assessment/Initial Environmental examination for Hydropower
Projects, 2062 (2005)
The manual has been prepared to suggest and recommend various approaches, actions
and strategies to assist developers in improving gender inclusion in hydropower projects.
Manual for Preparing Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for
Hydropower Projects, 2059 (2002)
The manual has been developed as to formulate monitoring plans for baseline, impact and
compliance monitoring as well as formulate an Environmental Auditing Plan to be
implemented after project construction.
76
Manual for Developing and Reviewing Water Quality Monitoring Plans

and Results for Hydropower Projects, 2059 (2002)
The objectives of the manual include identification of water quality parameters for which
information is necessary to adequately evaluate the effects of hydropower development
and suggestions for developing and implementing effective water quality monitoring plans
during various period of the project cycle.
Manual for Preparing Terms of References (TOR) for Environmental
Impact Assessment (EIA) of Hydropower Projects, with Notes on EIA
Report Preparation, 2058 (2001)
The manual has been developed to put the sequential procedures and methods to be
accomplished for the preparation of the EIA reports in the hydropower sector.
EIA Guidelines for Forestry Sector, 2052 (1995)
GoN has also implemented a separate EIA guideline for Forestry Sector, 1995. The
guidelines facilitate the sustainable use of forest resources for the socio-economic
development and meeting the basic needs of the communities. The positive and negative
impacts of any development project in the forest area are to be identified and plans must
be developed to minimize environmental damage, conserving genetic resources and
biodiversity.
It encourages the Proponent to identify the likely impacts of the projects particularly on
the forests, propose mitigation measures and monitoring and evaluation system to ensure
least impacts on forests and biodiversity (MoFSC, 1995).
Environmental Management Guidelines (Road), 2054 (1997)
This guideline prepared by Department of Road explains the process and methods of study
in different cycle of environmental studies and maters to be included in the EIA report. All
the new and upgrading road development projects are mandated to comply with the
guideline provisions to ensure that the road development project is environmentally
sustainable.
Forest Produces Collection, Sale and Distribution Guidelines, 2055
(1998)
The guidelines clauses 3 to 10 have specified various procedure and formats for getting
approvals for vegetation clearance, delineation of lands for vegetation clearance,
evaluation of the wood volume etc. and government offices and officials responsible for the
approval. These provisions have a direct relevance to the development of the projects and
need compliance to these provisions.
77
७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७

७७ ७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७,
७७७७ (७७७७) (Guidelines for Handing Over the Forest Area for
National Priority Projects 2074 (2017)
Guideline for the use of the forest area for development projects of National Priority
proejcts reiterates the use of the forest area only if other options are not available. The
projects requiring the forestland area have to make alternative studies to minimize the
forestland use areas. Development project national priority will be allocated such lands on
the discretion of the Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation. To compensate the forest
area and resource lost the project proponent has to with the following provisions:
The proponent has to afforest the area equal to the forest area lost at the minimum, if the
forest area occupied by the project is a barren land. The land area for afforestation will
have to decide based on the discussion with the Divisional Forest Office. Or the proponent
could deposit the required amount as per forest norm to the Divisional Forest Office.
The proponent should plant 25 trees for every lost tree of above 30cm DBH in areas
designated by the Division forest office and look after the plantation for 5 years to ensure
their protection and growth of every planted tree. Or the proponent deposits the required
amount for plantation and protection for five years to the Divisional Forest Office.
The proponent will have to compensate the lost forestland for 30 years. The compensation
amount for the forest land per ha will be as per the provisions of leasehold forest.
७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७७
७७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७, ७७७७
The government has declared a National Energy Crisis Reduction and Electricity
Development Decade (2016-2026) with the aim to end the existing energy crisis of the
country and to develop hydropower projects. During the period, the government has
planned not only end the current power crisis but also develop the hydropower project. per
the plan, existing load shedding hours was reduced within a year and ending it in the next
two years by importing electricity from India to completely end the load shedding within
three years. According to the plan the remaining seven-year period will concentrate on
developing the hydropower sector.
७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७, ७७७७
This order has made various provision for use of excess land different industries,
institution, hydropower project and other projects to acquire, use land more than limit if
such land is essential for them. The land acquired in such way shall be usedfor any other
proposes. This order has made provision that if any industries, institution, hydropower
project and other projects require land more than limit delineated by Land Act 2021, they
78
have to apply for their authoritative agencies with all the informations related to required
land and proper documentations. Then the authoritative agencies after proper inspection
and monitoring will recommend for land acquisition. The authoritative agencies in case
for hydropower project is Department of Electricity Development and Ministry of Energy.
७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७
७७७७७७७७७७, ७७७७
This guideline will set various provisions on survey license of electricity generation,
transmission and distribution as well as issuing license of generation, transmission or
distribution or license amendment and its cancellation.
७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७
,७७७७
७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७ ७७७७ ७ ७७७७७७७७
७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७
७७७७ ७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७ ,७७७७ ७७
७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७ ७ ७
७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७७७
७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७ ७७७ ७७७७७७
७७७७७७७७ ७७७७७७७७७, ७७७७.
If any activity that has been conducted or to be conducted outside of the National Park or
Conservation Area has to release such quantum of water which is higher of either at least
ten per cent of the minimum monthly average discharge of the river/stream or the
minimum required quantum as identified in the environmental impact assessment study
report.Similarly,any activity that has been conducted or to be conducted within to the
National Park or Conservation Area has to release such quantum of water which is higher
of either at least fifty per cent of the minimum monthly average discharge of the
river/stream or the minimum required quantum as identified in the environmental impact
assessment study report. Legal provisions shall be made to prevent adverse effects on the
availability of water or water right of the projects for which license is not required or being
operated after obtaining the license. The view of environment conservation will be
required to plant and rectify 25 trees in the form of a single tree cut or removed. The
public, public or service within the conservation area will be used without pre-approval of
the organization for the purposes of public tree plantation (except for the purpose of
planting local species).
Conservation Area Management Guideline, 2056
Prior approval of Conservation area committee is necessary for other purposes except
public afforestation in Government land, Public land, barren land, Alaini within
79
Conservation area. While formulating plans, Committee will prioritizes as following in

according to Rule 9 (Ka).
 Forest, Wild animal and watershed management
 Conservation of Cultural Heritage
 Conservation Education
 Community Development
 Alternative Development of Fuel
3.7 International Convention
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) of

Wild Flora & Fauna 2040 (1983).
Nepal is a party to the CITES that aims to control the trade of certain wildlife species to
prevent further endangering of their survival. CITES classifies species acco20rding to the
following criteria: I – species threatened with extinction, II – species which could become
endangered, III – species that are protected (CITES 1983. As Nepal is party to the
Conventions related to species conservation attention should be given to evaluate the
impacts of the project activities on meeting their obligations.
Convention on Biological Diversity, 2050 (1992)
The Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992 was opened for signature during the UN
Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Nepal signed this
convention during the Rio Summit. The convention was ratified by the Parliament in 1993
to become its party. The convention has entered into force in Nepal on 21 February 1994.
Article 14 of the Convention Urges Parties to introduce appropriate procedures requiring
EIA of the proposed project that are likely to have significant adverse effects on biological
diversity with a view to avoiding or minimizing such effects and, where appropriate, allow
for public participation in such procedures. The convention also focuses on reducing
transboundary impacts on biodiversity.
There are other international non-legally binding and legally binding instruments that
focus on the conservation and protection of the environment and natural resources. The
EIA could contribute to address the convention matters and comply with the international
obligations while meeting its national development needs. The convention contains a
series of far-reaching obligations related to the conservation of biological diversity and
sustainable uses of its components. One of these obligations is the requirement for
environmental study. The purpose of an environmental study in relation to biodiversity
conservation is to identify in advance:
80
The aspects of the project which is likely to have significant adverse effects on biological
diversity at genetic species and ecosystem level, and the steps to be taken to avoid or
minimize significant adverse effects to ensure that the proposed project comply with
existing environmental legislation.
The GoN has included 17 species of plants and 39 species of animals in the protection list.
If the project area is the core habitat of these species and the project activity will likely to
affect them, mitigation measures shall be proposed and be implemented to avoid and/ or
mitigate the adverse impacts. Nepal is a party to the convention on Biological Diversity
and in accordance to the article 14, adequate attention should be given to minimize and or
avoid the impacts.
ILO Convention on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples, 2047 (1989)
(No.169)
Nepal ratified ILO Convention No. 169 on September 14, 2007. In 2007 the UN
Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples was adopted by the General Assembly.
The declaration reaffirms the importance of the principles and approaches provided for
under Convention No. 169 and its adoption therefore provide a fresh impetus for
promoting the ratification and implementation of Convention No. 169. ILO Convention
No. 169 highlights the need to recognize indigenous and tribal people’s specific knowledge,
skills and technologies as the basis for their traditional economies and self- determined
development process. Article -1 of the convention provide definition of the tribal and
indigenous people. Article -6 deals the consultation of the peoples concerned through
appropriate procedure and in particular through their representative institutions,
whenever consideration is being given to legislative or administrative measures which may
affect them directly.
In Article 15 the rights of the peoples concerned to the natural resources pertaining to
their lands shall be specifically safeguarded. These rights include the right of these people
to participate in the use, management and conservation of these resources. The use of the
term land includes the concept of territories, which covers the total environment of the
areas which the peoples concerned occupies or otherwise use. The peoples concerned shall
wherever possible participate in the benefits of such activities and shall receive fair
compensation for any damages which they may sustain as a result of such activities. Article
16 (2) clearly mention that where the relocation of these peoples is considered necessary as
an exceptional measure such relocation shall take place only with their free and inform
consent. Where their consent cannot be obtained, such relocation shall take place only
following appropriate procedures established by national laws and regulations, including
public inquiries where appropriate, which provide the opportunity for effective
representation of the peoples concerned. Article 16 (3) mention that whenever possible
these peoples shall have the right to return their traditional land as soon as the grounds for
81
relocation cease to exist. Article 16(5) elaborated the persons thus relocated shall be fully
compensated for any resulting loss or injury.
Convention on Indigenous and Tribal People in Independent Countries
Article 7 of the convention provides right to the indigenous and tribal people to decide
their own priorities for the process of development. However, for the national
development plans and programs, it mandates consultation with them in the formulation
of the plans and programs. Article 12, 13, 14 and15 safeguard rights of the indigenous
people in the land and natural resources in territories traditionally occupied by them. In
the event that the state retains the right of the natural resources in their territories.
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an
international environmental treaty adopted on 9 May 1992 and opened for signature at the
Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June 1992. It then entered into force on 21
March 1994, after a sufficient number of countries had ratified it. The UNFCCC objective
is to "stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would
prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system". The framework
sets non binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries and contains
no enforcement mechanisms. Instead, the framework outlines how specific international
treaties (called "protocols" or "Agreements") may be negotiated to specify further action
towards the objective of the UNFCCC.
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3.8 Environmental Standards

There are very few environmental standards endorsed by MoFE and other GoN line
agencies. Except for vehicular emissions standards and tolerance limits for inland effluent
discharge, most of the environmental pollution standards, are in the formulation process.
These environmental standards shall be treated as other acts and regulations until GoN
enforces standards in the specified sector for the project environmental compliance
propose.
Table 15 Standards for Effluents Discharged into Inland Waters
S.N Parameters Tolerance Limits
i Total Suspended solids, mg/L, Max 30-200
ii Particle size of total suspended particles Shall pass 850-micron Sieve.
iii Ph 5.5 to 9.0
iv Temperature Shall not exceed 40 degree C in any section of

the stream within 15 meters down-stream from the
effluent outlet
v Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) for 30-100

5 days
at 20 degree C, mg/L, Max
vi Oils and grease, mg/L, Max 10
vii Phenolic compounds, mg/L, Max 1
viii Cynides (as CN), mg/L, Max 0.2
ix Sulphides (as S), mg/L, Max 2
x Radioactive materials:
xi a. Alpha emitters, c/ml, Max 10-7
xii b. Beta emitters, c/ml, Max 10-7
xiii Insecticides Absent
xiv Total residual chlorine, mg/L 1
xv Fluorides (as F), mg/L, Max 2
xvi Arsenic (as As), mg/L, Max 0.2
xvii Cadmium (as, Cd), mg/L, Max 2
83
xvii Hexavalent chromium (as Cr), mg/L, 0.1

i Max
xix Copper (as Cu), mg/L, Max 3
xx Lead (as Pb), mg/L, Max 0.1
xxi Mercury (as Hg), mg/L, Max .01
xxii Nickel (as Ni), mg/L, Max 3
xxii Selenium (as Se), mg/L, Max 0.05

i
xxiv Zinc (as Zn), mg/L, Max 5
xxv Ammonical nitrogen, mg/L, Max 50
xxvi Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L, Max 250
xxvi Silver, mg/L, Max 0.1

i
Source: MoPE, 2058
S.N. Parameters Desirable Limits Maximum Tolerable Limit
i Colour, Hazen units, Max 10 15
ii Odour Unobjectionable
iii Taste Agreeable
iv Turbidity, NTU, Max 5 10 10
v Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l , Max 500 1500may be relaxed upto 3000
May be relaxed up to 5.5 on the lower and up

to 9 on higher
vi pH value 6.5 – 8.5
side.
vii Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l, Max 250 may be extended upto 600
viii Calcium (as Ca), mg/l, Max 75 may be extended upto 200
ix Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l, Max 30 may be extended upto 100
x Copper (as Cu), mg/l, Max 1 .05 may be extended upto 1.5
xi Iron (as Fe), mg/l, Max 0.3 may be extended upto 1.0
84
xii Manganese (as Mn), mg/l, Max 0.1 may be extended upto 0.5
xiii Chlorides (as Cl), mg/l, Max 250 may be extended upto 1000
May be extended upto 400 provided

magnesium does not
xiv Sulphate, (as SO4), mg/l, Max 1502
exceed 30
xv Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l, Max 45 No relaxation
xvi Fluoride (as F), mg/l, Max 1.50.6 to 1.2 May be extended upto 1.5 if no
alternate source available
xvii Phenolic compounds, (as C6H5OH), 0.001 May be relaxed upto 0.002
mg/l, Max
xviii Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, Max 0.001 No relaxation
xix Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, Max 0.01 0.01(PFA No relaxation

0.003)
xx Selenium (as Se), mg/l, Max 0.01 No relaxation
xxi Lead (as Pb), mg/l, Max 0.01 (WHO 0.01) No relaxation
xxii Arsenic (as As), mg/l, Max 0.05 (WHO 0.01) No relaxation
xxiii Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, Max 0.05 No relaxation
xxiv Chromium (as Cr6+), mg/l, Max 0.05 No relaxation
xxv Residual free Chlorine, (as Cl), mg/l, 0.2

Min
xxvi Ammonia, mg/l, Max 1.5
xxvii Aluminum, mg/l, max 0.2 (0.05 – 0.2

EPA)
xxviii Boron mg/l, max 0.3
xxix Nickel, mg/l, max 0.02
xxx Hydrogen sulphide, mg/l, max 0.1
xxxi Zinc, mg/l, max 3
85
Source: Standards adopted from Department of Water Supply & Sewerage

1 Value for turbidity is 5 in FAR (for mineral water), PFA, BS, WHO
2 Value for Sulphate BS:200, FAR(for mineral water) and PFA:250
Table 16 Ambient Air Quality Standards
Parameters Units Averaging Concentration in Amblent Air,

Time maximum
TSP (Total Suspended µg/m Annual -

Particulates) 3
24-hours* 230
PM10 µg/m Annual -

3
24-hours* 120
Sulphur Dioxide µg/m Annual 50

3
24-hours** 70
Nitrogen Dioxide µg/m Annual 40

3
24-hours** 80
Carbon Monoxide µg/m 8 hours** 10,000

3
15 minute 100,000
Lead µg/m Annual 0.5

3
24-hours -
Benzene µg/m Annual 20****

3
24-hours -
Source: MoPE, 2060

*Note: 24 hourly values shall be met 95% of the time in a year. 18 days per
calendar year the standard may be exceeded but not on two consecutive days.
86
**Note: 24 hourly standards for NO 2 and SO2 and 8 hours standard for CO are
not to be controlled before MoPE has recommended appropriate test methodologies.
This will be done before 2005.
***Note: If representativeness can be proven, yearly averages can be calculated
from PM10 samples from selected weekdays from each month of the year.
****Note: To be re-evaluated by 2005.
Table 17 Emissions Standards for ‘in-use’ Vehicles
Fuel Wheelers Type Manufacturing Date Emissions
Petrol Four-Wheelers Up to 1980 4.5% CO
1,000 ppm HC*
Four-Wheelers After 1981 3.0% CO
1,000 ppm HC*
Three-Wheelers Up to 1991 4.5% CO
7,800 ppm HC*
Three-Wheelers After 1991 3.0% Co
7,800 ppm HC*
Two-Wheelers 4.5% CO
7,800 ppm HC*
Diesel Up to 1994 75 HSU
After 1994 65 HSU
LPG/CNG All categories 3.0% CO*
1,000 ppm HC*
Source: Nepal Gazette, BS 2054-9-8, MoEST

* Nepal Gazette, BS 2057-7-7, Ministry of Population and Environment
* CO – carbon monoxide; HC – Hydrocarbon; HSU – Hertridge Smoke Unit
Table 18 Proposed Noise Exposure Limits for the Work Environment
SN Noise Exposure (dBA) Permissible exposure (Hours and Minutes)
i 85 16 hrs.
ii 87 12 hrs. –18 min.
87
iii 90 8 hrs.
iv 93 5 hrs – 18 min.
v 96 3 hrs.-30 min.
vi 99 2 hrs. – 18 min.
vii 102 1 hr. – 30 min.
viii 105 1 hr.
ix 108 40 min.
x 111 26 min.
xi 114 17 min.
xii 115 15 min.
xiii 118 10 min.
xiv 121 6.6 min.
xv 124 4 min.
xvi 127 3 min.
xvii 130 1 min.
(Adopted from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

Source: Marsh, 1991
Proposed Average Equivalent Sound Levels
S.N Land Use Measur To Protect Against Activity Interference and Hearing
. e Loss Effects (dBA)
i Residential including farm Leq (24) 55

residences
ii Commercial Leq (24) 70
iii Hospitals Leq (24) 55
iv Industrial Leq (24) 70
v Educational Leq (24) 55
vi Recreational Areas Leq (24) 70
88
vii Farmland and general Leq (24) 70

unpopulated land
Source: U.S, Environmental Protection Agency, 1974

Note: Leq (24) = Equivalent Sound Level in decibels for 24 hours
89
4 DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING
ENVIRONMENT
This section elucidates the existing baseline environmental situation of the project site
areas. The information provided is based on the environmental studies for the project
construction sites during the EIA study phase. The regional information on the
catchments is based on the review of the secondary literatures supported by limited field
studies and interpretation of the available topographic and land sat imageries.
The objective of the environmental baseline assessment in this section is to assess the
present state of the environmental conditions in the project area (site specific and
regional) in order to evaluate the environmental impacts on identified environmental
issues from approved TOR of the project development and operation.
4.1 Physical Environment

Geology
The project area lies in the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Succession of Western Nepal. It
is bounded by the MCT in the south and the STDFS in the north and north-west. The
Himalayas in the Western Nepal are divided into the following major zones from north to
south (Figure 14)
90
Project
Area
Figure 14 Geological Map of Nepal and Project Site (Source: DMG)
In figure, the legend means:

na- Nawakot group- Precambrian to lower Paleozoic Mainly shallow marine sediments;
lower part dominantly clastic (phyllites, sandstones, quartzite and calcareous
sandstone). Stromatolitic limestone and black slates occur in the upper pan. Basic skills
and dykes present
kn- Kuncha Group- Precambrian. Mainly flyschoid sequence (bedded schist, phyllites
and metasandstones), locally shallow water quartzites beds and basic sills and dykes
present
kgn- Igneous Rock- Precambrian and probably Paleozoic. Augen Gneisses and two mica
granites mainly in Kuncha Group, some also in Nawakot Group
hx- Higher himalayan Crystalline- Precambrian high-grade metamorphic rock
comprising gneisses, quartzite and marble, migmatites and granite gneisses present
predominantly in the upper part
91
Figure 15 Geological Map of Manang District

From the Figure 15, the project area falls on the northern foothill of the Annapurna
Formation.
Project Geology
The project area is dominated by medium to high grade metamorphic rocks of Pre-
Cambrian age, namely calc-gneiss, marble, schist, biotite and amphibole gneiss, migmatite
and augen gneiss. Gneisses containing amphibole, pyroxene and calcite are typical Higher
Himalayan rock as described in Formation II of Le Fort (1975)1. In addition to rocky
terrain, the project area comprises different geological materials like talus deposit, glacial
deposit, lacustrine deposit, colluvial and alluvial deposit, and deposit of mixed origin as
glacio-fluvial deposit. Following rock types are present in the project vicinity:
92
Banded gneiss: Greyish white, medium to coarse grained banded gneiss is well exposed in
the headworks area with dominance of feldspar.
Biotite schist: Grey colored biotite schist is found in the area above Tachai village on the
way to the headworks.
Calc silicate gneiss: Strong, light calcareous gneiss is found throughout the project area.
Migmatite and granitic gneiss: Migmatites and granitic gneiss are interfoliated with the
banded gneiss and siliceous gneiss. These types of rock are encountered at the foot trail
towards the headworks from Tachai village.
Headworks area comprises of gneissic rock mass. Rock is exposed along the left bank of
weir axis. The rock is fresh to slightly weathered, light grey, medium to course grained,
moderately to thickly foliated and strong to medium strong gneiss. The pre-dominant rock
type along the headrace tunnel alignment is light greyish white, fresh to slightly
weathered, medium strong to strong, moderately to thickly foliated gneiss. Surge shaft
area consists of colluvial deposits of varying thickness. The upper stretch of the penstock
alignment runs though the steep terrain consisting of the rock mass and the lower reach of
both options runs through the gentle slope mainly from the cultivated land. Powerhouse is
proposed on a cultivated land that consists of sub-rounded to sub angular gravels to
boulders.
93
Figure 16 Project Local Geology

Seismicity
Nepal Himalayas is considered to be seismically active zone due to continuous subduction
of Indian Plate underneath Tibetan Plate. The existence of major tectonic boundaries such
as Main Central Thrust, Main Boundary Thrust and Himalayan Frontal Thrust further
accelerates the rate of seismic risk. Therefore, Nepal has experienced number of large
earthquakes over the past few decades, and was seriously suffered by recent Gorkha
Earthquake. Around midday of April 25, 2015, earthquake of 7.8 magnitude heat central
and western Nepal having epicenter at Barpak-Gorkha. This devastating tremor caused the
loss of around ten thousand people and billions worth of physical property (which include
mainly of homes of rural area). It was found that the major impact was propagated
towards east from the epicenter, whereas it is significantly in lesser volume towards west
from the epicenter. In the project context, the impact of the quake is reported minimal.
Minor cracks are seen on houses made up of stones and mud. Remarkable instabilities
94
features are not observed along the slope within the project reaches. Some slide along the
loose terrace and slope upstream towards Chame are reported.
Figure 17 Epicenter Map of Nepal

About the historical records, the epicenter map of Nepal Himalayas and adjoining
countries shows that the seismic events are mainly concentrated in Far Western and
Eastern parts of Nepal (Figure 17). Referring to the epicenter map of Nepal (Figure 17), the
project lies in moderate to little high seismicity recurrence zone. Similarly, in seismic
hazard map of Nepal published by Department of Mines and Geology, the project area falls
on moderate seismic hazard zone. Bedrock peak ground horizontal accelerations contours
indicate 200 gal to 250 gal within the project vicinity.
95
Project Area
Figure 18 Project Location on Seismic Hazard Map of Nepal (Bedrock peak ground horizontal
acceleration contours in gals); (DMG, 2002)
Topography and Land Use
Physiographically, the area lies in the Fore and the Higher Himalaya of Nepal. All the
places are above 1770 masl. The highest peak of the area, Markhu Danda, is at 4500 masl.
The lowest place lies in the power house area. Steep cliffs and ridges are common in the
area. The physiographic distribution of the project area is presented in the Table 19
Table 19 Physiographic division and distribution of land in the project district Manang
Agriculture Pastu
Distric Physical Fores Other
re Total
t condition t s
Cultivat Non-
units
ed cultivated
High Himalaya 650 220 41995 20158 319 27831
Mana
High 67 40 6941 120515 1 1017 189874
ng
Mountain
Mid-Mountain - 94 1749 _ 1749
96
Total 817 260 4899 14242 1 21945

0 2 1336 4
Source MRCP, 2010
The project area is being mostly occupied by grassland and shrubland followed by forest
vegetation and agriculture land (Figure 20). Settlements are in a cluster and clusters are
scattered at distance in villages. Mainly two villages namely: Tilche, Toche and Dharapani
village fall within the project boundary. The topography of the project affected area
comprises of the low land, flat and gentle slopes that are being used as cultivated terraced
Bari land.
Figure 19 Project Area in River Map, Manang District (Source: GIS)
97
Figure 20 Land Use map of Project Area
Soil
Alluvial, glacial and colluvial soils are present in the project area. Alluvial deposits within
the project area consist of recent riverbed deposits and paleo-channel deposits along the
river bank of the Dudh Khola. The glacial soil (glacial plus fluvial influence) of project area
is divided into moraine deposits, glacio fluvial deposits (fluvial dominant) and lacustrine
deposits. The colluvial deposits of the project area consist of talus deposit, barren land,
cultivated land and sparse forest.
Climate and Meteorology
As typical watershed of Nepal, the Dudh Basin covers a wide range of climates. Substantial
differences occur over very short distances and are strongly influenced by altitude. The
distinct meteorological regions exit in the basin. The monsoon commences from June till
September. Rainfall intensity varies in the catchment with elevation. In general, the
98
amount of precipitation is the highest in the south at the lower elevation and gradually
decreases to the north with the increase in elevation. The nearest precipitation stations are
located at Chame, Manang Bhot, Phu Gaun, Jomsom, Rani Pauwa, Ghami and
Gharedhunga. The mean annual precipitation over the project is estimated to be 1000
mm.
According to climatological records from station number 816 at Chame in Manang, 1997-
2000, the extreme daily temperature in the area varies from -7.5°C in January to 25°C in
July. The daily relative humidity varies from 41 % in March to 100% in January.
Glacial Lake Outburst Flow
In the project affected rural municipality, various glacier lakes are present as depicted
from Figure 21. The Dudh Khola is a Glacier fed river. Stuti Glacier, Changli Glacier,
Ponkar Glacial Lake and Namlyo Glacier Lake lies within the catchment of the Dudh
Khola.
99
Figure 21 Glacier Lake Distribution in the Project Rural Municipality

(Source: GIS Map)
Catchment Characteristics and Hydrology
The Dudh Khola is one of the tributaries of the Marsyangdi River and the Marsyangdi
River is one of the major rivers of the Narayani Basin. The catchment of the Dudh Khola at
the proposed project site has characteristics of mountainous catchment. The catchment
area of the Khola is 390 km2 at the proposed intake site. The catchment area above the
permanent snow line (elevation 5000 m) is about 130.65 km2 only. It has an elevation
ranging from 1925 masl to 7694 masl.
The regional relationship between the catchment area and the long term mean monthly
flows for each month, mean monthly flow at the intake site has been derived and
presented in Table 20.
Table 20 Mean monthly flow at the proposed intake site
Flow (m3/s)
S.No. Month Days
Monthly Available Design
1 Baisakh 31 10.44 9.7 8.656
2 Jestha(1-15) 15 15.1 14.35 12.84
3 Jestha(16-31) 16 19.75 18.05 18.05
4 Ashar 31 51.54 18.05 18.05
5 Srawan 32 83.02 18.05 18.05
6 Bhadra 31 74.97 18.05 18.05
7 Asoj 30 43.47 18.05 18.05
8 Kartik 30 21.75 18.05 18.05
9 Mangsir (1-15) 15 12.79 12.05 10.771
10 Mangsir (16-31) 16 11.14 10.39 9.276
11 Poush 29 9.49 8.74 7.791
12 Magh 29 8.24 7.49 6.666
13 Falgun 30 7.46 6.71 5.964
14 Chaitra 31 8.03 7.28 6.477
(Source: Feasibility Report, 2017)

100
Flow (m3/s)
Adopted FDC
Probability of Exceedence (% of Year)
Figure 22 Adopted Flow Duration Curve DKHP

Source: Feasibility Report, 2017
101
Figure 23 Catchment Area at Headworks Site

Source: GIS Map
102
Figure 24 Catchment Area at Proposed Powerhouse Site

Source: GIS Map
As compared to the measured flow with the adopted monthly flow at the Dudh Khola
headworks, the flow in May is considerably less as the flow in transitional month i.e. May
and November may vary from year to year. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to
measure the discharge of the river even in the transition months continuously.
103
Landslide in the Project Area

There are number of recent landslides occurred in the project area along the both sides of
the river. Generally, two major landslides have been observed along the foot trails from the
powerhouse site to intake point. One is about 1 km downstream of the intake point which
occurred in the colluvial deposit and the other major part is occurred near to the
powerhouse site which is caused by the debris flows brought by the gullies just above the
cliff.
This is the major landslide of the area situated close to the powerhouse site along the foot
trails to Tilche village. The landslide has about 80 m wide and the length of about 150m
and is wider in the toe part.
Another landslide has been occurred near the powerhouse site at the edge of the site near
the confluence of the river. The landslide has been caused due to toe cutting by the Dudh
Khola. It is a translational slide.
Upstream and Downstream Project
There are no micro-hydro and water mills within the project boundary. Though, there are
planned projects both in the upstream and downstream of the project boundary. The
upstream project above the DKHP is Upper Dudh Khola HPP with the capacity of 30.40
MW. The proponent of the project is Carbonless Energy Fund Pvt. Ltd. The DKHP will
utilised the water released from the immediate upstream project. The downstream project
is Lower Manang Marsyangdi which will utilise the water from the Marsyangdi River and
has the capacity of 140 MW.
104
Existing Water Pollution Discharges and Receiving Water Quality

Dudh Khola flows from high Himalayas and forest. From the rapid assessment, the water
quality in the river has not been degraded or polluted through any means of development
work. The river whereas has very high suspended solids in the monsoon.
Table 21 Water Quality in Intake Site
Parameters Units Near Intake Site Standards
Physical Tests
pH 7.6 6.5-8.5
Turbidity NTU 1.36 5 (10)
Conductivity (us/cm) us/cm 124 1500
Chemical Tests
Total Hardness CaCO3 mg/l 62 500
Chloride Content mg/l 14.2 250
Iron Content mg/l ND 0.3 (3)
Arsenic Content mg/l ND 0.05
Ammonia mg/l 0.48 1.5
Nitrate mg/l ND 50
Microbiological Tests
Total Coliform Count Ml >100 0/100 ml
105
Air quality and Noise level

Atmospheric pollutants and permanent source of noise of higher decibel was not detected
during the site visit in the project area. Absence of industries has kept the area relatively
clean.
Table 22 Airquality Measurement
S.No Monitoring Location PM 2.5 PM10 TVOC Remarks
1. Headworks 43.4 µg/m3 15 µg/m3 0.22 ppm Within the

national
limit
2. Tilche Village 47 µg/m3 16 µg/m3 0.21 ppm Within the

national
limit
3. Tunnel Alignment 42 µg/m3 13.8 µg/m3 0.12 ppm Within the

national
limit
4. PowerHouse Location 50 µg/m3 20 µg/m3 0.21 ppm Within the

national
limit
Source : Field Visit
106
Land cover classification of ACA

Table 23 Land Cover Classification of ACA
Landuse Type Area (sq km)
Forest 1172
Shrubland 173.38
Grassland 1706.8
Agricultural Land 147.84
Barren Land 2311.05
Water Body 32.09
Snow/glacier 2198.5
Build-up area 1.78
107
Figure 25 Land Cover Classification of ACA
108
Landuse Distribution of Manang District
Figure 26 Land Use Classification of Manang District

Table 24 Land Use Classification of Manang District
Forest 127.5
Shrubland 66.03
Grassland 587.26
Barren area 446.1
109
Water Body 11.3
Snow/glacier 1048.7
Figure 27 Land Use Type in Project Area
110
Table 25 Land Use Type in Project Area
Forest 4.3
Shrubland 3.68
Grassland 5.47
Barren land 0.39
Water Body 0.22
111
4.2 Biological Environment

Regional vegetation
The altitudinal variation and the corresponding micro climatic variability make Manang
one of the richest districts in floral, faunal diversity, and NTFP. Because of the variation in
climatic conditions, different vegetation type can be noticed from subtropical to temperate
and alpine formation. The SDPM has mentioned different types of forest ecosystem
including mixed temperate broad-leaved, mixed conifer and deciduous broad-leaved,
conifer and birch, subalpine scrublands and grasslands, dry alpine scrublands, alpine
meadows and the Tibetan desert steppe in the district.
Forest vegetation in Lower Manang (Gyasumdo valley) is predominant with dense oak
(Ouercus semecarpifolia) and rhododendron forest in a lower belt and conifers (Pinus
wallichiana, Picea smithiana, Taxus baccata, Tsuga dumos and Abies spectabilis) and
Birch (Betula utilis) in the upper belt. Spruce (Picea smithiana) and Hemlock (Tsugs
demosa) found in Gyasumdo are replaced by blue pine (Pinus wallichiana) forest with an
upper belt of birch (Betula utilis) in Nashong RM.
Annapurna Conservation Area
The Annapurna Conservation Forest Area, located in north-west Nepal, is the largest
protected area in the country. The Annapurna Conservation Forest Area Project (ACA) is
the largest undertaking of NTNC and also the first Conservation Area and largest
protected area in Nepal launched in 1986. It covers an area of 7,629 sq. km. and is home to
over 100,000 residents of different cultural and linguistic groups. ACA is rich in
biodiversity and is a treasure house for 1,226 species of flowering plants, 102 mammals,
474 birds, 39 reptiles and 22 amphibians.
There are several features that make the Annapurna region a unique place in the world. It
contains world’s deepest river gorge - Kali Gandaki Gorge, which is 3 miles long and 1.5
miles wide, a valley with fossils from the Tethys Sea dating 60 million years ago. The
region contains world’s largest rhododendron forest in Ghorepani. Tilicho Lake, located in
Manang - north of Annapurna massif, is the world’s highest altitude fresh water lake.
The biological diversity of the Annapurna region is equally rivaled by cultural diversity.
Gurung and Magar are the dominant groups in the south, whereas Thakali, Manange and
Loba are dominant in the north. Each of these groups speaks their own dialect, and has
unique cultures and traditions. Besides, there are also Brahmin, Chhetri and other
occupational castes although in comparatively smaller numbers. Hindu, Buddhist and pre-
Buddhist religions along with a mixture of all these are prevalent across the region.
The natural and cultural features of ACA have made it the most popular trekking
destination in the country, drawing more than 60 % of the country’s total trekkers. In this
112
context, tourism, over the years, has been firmly established as one of the most important
and competitive sectors of the local economy. There are over 1,000 lodges, teashops and
hundreds of other subsidiary services to cater to the thousands of trekkers, pilgrims and
their support staff.
The multifaceted problems of ACA have been addressed through an integrated,
community based conservation and development approach, an experimental model which
has been in the vanguard of promoting the concepts of “Conservation Area” through an
“Integrated Conservation and Development Programme” approach in the country and
abroad.
ACA was first tested as a pilot Program in the Ghandruk VDC in 1986. After being notified
in the Gazette as a “Conservation Area” in 1992, ACA’s program covered the entire area.
Additionally, ACA is the first protected area that has allowed local resident to live within
the boundaries as well as own their private property and maintain their traditional rights
and access to the use of natural resources.
It is also the first protected area, which has refrained from using army assistance to
protect the dwindling natural resource base on which the region depends. Instead, it
invests whatever financial resources available for community development and social
capital building in the region. NTNC receives no regular funding support from the
government for the operation of ACA, but has been granted the right to collect entry fees
from visiting trekkers. One hundred percent of the revenue is ploughed back to implement
conservation and development activities in ACA. Additional funds are raised from national
and international donors. This is an exemplary achievement of a Non-Government
Institution ability to manage a significant portion of the protected area system in Nepal.
In order to manage ACA more effectively, it has been divided into 7 unit conservation
offices - Jomsom, Manang and Lo-Manthang in the trans-Himalayan region and Bhujung,
Sikles, Ghandruk, and Lwang on the southern flank of the Annapurna range. The focus of
Jomsom, Manang and Ghandruk, which are among the most popular trekking
destinations, is on integrated tourism management and other development activities that
benefit the local communities and the environment. The project area at Machhapuchre
Rural Municipality is monitored by Area Conservation Office located at Sidhin ward no. 9
and Dudh Ghatta ward no. 8 of same Rural municipality.
The Conservation Education and Extension Program is being implemented in the entire
region of ACA and forms the backbone of all its endeavors. The first management mandate
given by the Government to NTNC to manage ACA ended in 2002. The Government has
given another management mandate of additional 10 years to the Trust. NTNC believes
that areas such as the ACA will ultimately have to be managed by the local people
themselves in perpetuity. Therefore, the focus is on building local capacity, both at the
institutional and individual levels, to meet all the conservation and development
aspirations of the people.
113
Of the total, 4 RMs of Manang district are covered by ACA including project area. Each
RM within ACA has a CAMC, which is responsible for planning, implementing and
coordinating conservation related programs and activities, mobilizing people's
participation and making good use of the revenue and resources generated due to the
conservation related programs and activities in its jurisdiction.
4.2.1.1.1 Floral Diversity of ACA
The dominant vegetation species of the Sub-tropical forest along the river valley reported
by the people of the project development site includes Utis (Alnus nepalensis), Khotay
Sallo(Pinus roxburghii), Lampate (Duabanga grandiflora),Mauwa (Engelhardtia
spicata), Khirro (Sapium insigne), Gayo (Bridelia retusa), Malato (Macaranga
pustalata), Gineri (Premana barbata), Ankhataruwa (Trichilia connoroides), Daar
(Boehneria rugulosa), Khanayu (Ficus semicordata), Kutmero (Listea monopetala),
Simal (Bombax ceiba), Kavro (Ficus lacor), Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Tiju (Dios pyrus
sp), Tooni (Toona Ciliata), Chiuri (Bassia butyraceae), Sisoo (Dalbergia sisoo), Dabdabe
(Garuga pinnata), Sidre, Dhayero (Lagerstroemia parviflora), Katus (Castanopsis
indica), Okhar (Juglans regia) Neem (Azadirachta indica), Dhasingare (Gaultheria
fragrantissima), Sal (Shorea robusta), Ghode sajan, Gurje gano (Cissampelos sp), Harro
(Terminalia chebula), Barro (Terminalia bellirica), Bhojpatra (Betula utilis), Badahar
(Artocarpus lakoocha), Tote (Ficus hispida), Ghadel, Pipal (Ficus religiosa), Ipil-Ipil
(Leucaena leucocephela), Kopcha, Phaledo (Erythrina suberosa), Kathepipal (Ficus
rumphii), Koiralo (Bahunia verigata), Markulo, Mallato (Macaranga denticulate),
Ghurro, Suchaino, Telchapro, Bilaune (Maesa chisia), Kalo Malato, Masala (Eucalyptus
species), Phusre (Grewia subnaqualis), Chuchange, Tusare, Bamboo (Dendrocalmus
strictus), Screw pine- an endemic species (Pandanus nepalensis ) etc.
Some common shrubs and herbs associated with the tree vegetation reported by the
project area are Sindhure (Buddleja paniculata), Chutro (Berberis aristata) Bayer
(Zizyphus mauritiana), Dhaturo (Datura stramonium), Asuro (Adhatoda vesica), Sisnoo
(Urtica dioca), Gayo (Bridilia retusa), Sajiwan (Moringa oleifera), Ainselu (Rubus
ellipticus) Amriso (Thysanolaena maxima), Dhangero (Woodfordia fruiticosa), Banmara
(Lantana camera) , Titepati (Artemisia indica), Ulte Kadoo, Kanke phul, Pani amala
(Nephrolepis cordifolia), Kukur daino (Smilax sp), etc.
114
4.2.1.1.1.1 Vegetation and Forest Types of the Project Area
The project lies in the Upper Sub-Tropical and Lower Temperate climatic zone. Hence, the
transitional species of upper sub-tropical and lower temperate zones are found in the
project area. The vegetation of the area was observed to be not uniformed in terms of both
species composition and density because of altitudinal variation, steepness of slopes,
aspect of mid hill and human influence.
Most common tree species found in the project area are mixed type of vegetation
comprised of Gobre Salla (Pinus wallichiana), Khote Salla (Pinus roxburghii), Bhote Pipal
(Populus ciliata), Bhalayo (Rhus succedanea), Rhododendron (Rhododendron sps.),
Okhar (Juglans regia), Uttis (Alnus nepalensis), etc. The vegetation at Headworks area
and upper hill is dominated by Blue pine forest, whereas downhill sides in powerhouse
area and penstock alignment are comprised of mixed type of vegetation dominated by
Khote Salla (Pinus roxburghii). Powerhouse site is located in a flat agricultural land. Other
commonly spotted shrub species are Chutro (Berberis asiatica), Aineselu (Rubus
acuminatus), Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), etc. In case of herbs, the common species
found in the project area are Sisnu (Girardinia palmata), Bojho (Acorus calamus), Bhuin
kafal (Fragaria nubicola), Padamchal (Rheum australe), Dubo (Cynodon dactylon) etc.
Vegetation at the proposed headworks area, powerhouse area and penstock alignment are
shown respectively.
Figure 28 Headworks Vegetation 1
115
Figure 29 Headworks Vegetation 2
Figure 30 Vegetation at Tunnel Alignment
116
Figure 31 Powerhouse Area Vegetation
117
4.2.1.1.2 Ethno-botanical information
The forest in the project area is rich in species with high NTFPs value. According to the
local people and based on the site observation, the ethno-botanical species in surrounding
forest in project area are distributed over various life form viz. tree species, herbs, shrubs,
climber and grasses. These ethno-botanical species have diverse use value for forage, fire,
fiber, food, local construction, shade, agriculture implants, traditional medicine, and
income generation as well as socio-cultural and environmental values. The study showed
that the rural people depends on forest and forest based NTFPs directly and indirectly on
daily basis. People are using forest based resources like fuelwood, fodder, vegetables,
medicines, timber, wild fruits etc. to fulfill their daily needs. Collection of wood, wild fruits
and vegetables for own consumption and selling them in the local market is the common
practice in the area.
Edible fruits are obtained from Okhar (Juglans regia), Ban Angur (Vitis vinifera), Bhuen
Kafal (Fragaria nubicola). Khar is used as construction material in the thatching of huts
and Bamboo is widely used as construction materials in houses, local bridge across the
small streams and household use product. Pinus roxburghii is the major timber of the area
and widely used in household construction and furniture making. Bans, Dudhilo and
Bhote Pipal are the major fodder species of the project area.
Similarly, local people use different plant parts of medicinal plants such as root, tuber,
leaf, bark, fruit, and seed as medicine. The promising medicinal species of the area
includes Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), Kurilo (Asparagus racemosus), Titepati
(Artemisia vulgaris), Bojho (Acorus calamus), Cheraito (Swertia chirayita), Pakhanved
(Bergenia ciliata), Nirmansi (Delphinium denudatum), Siltimur (Lindera neesiana),
Satuwa (Paris polyphylla), etc.
118
4.2.1.1.3 Mammals
Twenty species of mammals are reported from the project region. Local people and
Nashong Rural Municipality Conservation committees’s ward no: 5,6 and 7 were consulted
to identify the occurrence and status of occurrence of wildlife mammals. The major
mammal species and their status of occurrence are presented in Table 26.
Table 26 List of Mammals and status of occurrence around the project area
Status of
S. N. Nepali Name Common Name Scientific Name
Occurrence
C S R
1. Himali Dharke Himalayan Striped Tamiops S
Lok- harkee Squirrel macclellandii
2. Rato Rajpankhi Red Giant Flying Petaurista petaurista S

Lok- harke Squirrel
3. Blithko Ghanshe Blyth’s Vole Microtus leucurus S

Muso
4. Malaya Dumsi Malayan Porcupine Hystrix brachyura S
5. Malaha Biralo Fishing Cat Felis viverrina
6. Chari bagh Leopard Cat Felis bengalensis
7. Chituwa Common leopard Panthera pardus S
8. Hundar Striped Hyena Hyaena hyaena R
9. Syal Golden Jackal Canis aureus C
10. Kalo bhalu Himalayan black Ursus thibetanus S
11. Himali Malsapron bear
Beech Marten Martes foina C
12. Pahadi Himalayan Water Chimarrogale S
13. Panichuchun-
Lampakhete dro Shrew
Long-winged Tomb himalayica
Taphozous S
14. Chamero
Nepali Langur Bat
Nepal Grey Langur longimanus
Semnopithecus S
15. Rato Bandar Rhesus Macaque schista- ceus
Macaca mulatta S
16. Bandel Eurasian Wild Boar Sus scrofa S
17. Ratuwa mirga Barking deer Muntiacus muntjak S
18. Goral Common Goral Naemorhedus goral S
19. Thar Sumatran Serow Capricornis S
20 Dumsi Indian crested sumatraensis
Hystrix indica S
porcupine
119
Note: C: Common, S: Sparse, R: Rare*** none of them were verified via direct observation
of study team (Source: EIA Field Survey, 2016), ACA
4.2.1.1.4 Avi-Fauna
The forest, cultivated terrace field and structures associated with the village and the
stream pro-vides suitable habitat for a number of bird species. The bird species found in
project area are common and widely distributed in mid hill throughout Nepal.
Table 4.17 presents the lists of birds and their status of occurrence found in the project
region. The primary habitats of the birds found in the area are the forests and bushes. But
some of the species have even adjusted to the settlement areas for their habitats.
Table 27 Birds of the Project Region
S. Nepali Name Common Name Scientific Name Status of

N Occurrence
C S R
Kalo Titra Black Francolin Francolinus C

1.
francolinus
2. Kalij Kalij Pheasant Lophura leucomelanos C
3. Sunjure Kathphor Lesser Yellownape Picus chlorolophus S
4. Nyauli Great Barbet Megalaima virens C
5. Phapre Common Hoopoe Upupa epops C
Pahadi Biu Kuhiyo Large Hawk Cuckoo Hierococcyx s

6. sparverioides
7. Kafal Pakyo Indian Cuckoo Cuculus micropterus S
8. Kukko Koili Eurasian Cuckoo Cuculus canorus C
9. Koili Asian Koel Eudynamys scolopacea C
10. Malewa Rock Pigeon Columba livia R
11. Tame Dhukur Oriental Turtle Dove Streptopelia orientalis C
120
12. Baudai Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus R
13. Kalo Kag Large-billed Crow Corvus macrorhynchos C
14. Swarga Chari Asian Paradise Terpsiphone paradisi S

Flycatcher
15. Kalchaunde Blue Whistling Thrush Myophonus caeruleus S
16. Dhyanse Arjunak Dark-sided Flycatcher Muscicapa sibirica S
17. Seto Tauke Jal White-capped Water Chaimarrornis leucoce- S

Khanjari Redstart phalus
Nilamber Jalkhanjari Plumbeous Water Rhyacornis fuliginosus S

18.
Redstart
19. Kalo-dhade Khole Black-backed Forktail Enicurus immaculatus S

Dho- bini
20. Jhek Jhek Jhyapsi Common Stonechat Saxicola torquata S
21. Hariyo Chichilkote Green-backed Tit Parus monticolus S
22. Julfe Jureli Himalayan Bulbul Pycnonotus leucogenys c
Bakhre Jureli Black Bulbul Hypsipetes S

23.
leucocephalus
24. Suya Ghanse Fisto Striated Priana Prinia criniger c
Tumulkari Fisto Grey-hooded Warbler Seicercus c

25.
xanthoschistos
Rato Tauke Fisto Chestnut-crowned Seicercus castaniceps c

26.
Warbler
Aagni Baksha Puspa Fire-breasted Dicaeum ignipectus c

27.
Kokil Flowerpecker
28. Ghar Bhangera House Sparrow Passer domesticus c
29. Rukh Bhangera Eurasian Tree Passer montanus c
121
Sparrow
30. Seto Tiktike White-wagtail Motacilla alba S
31. Pahele Tiktike Yellow wagtail Motacilla flava S
Note: C: Common, S: Sparse, R: Rare

Source: EIA Field Survey, 2016, Dept. of Botany TU
122
4.2.1.1.5 Reptiles and amphibians
The field survey and discussions with the local communities accounted 10 species of the
herpet- fauna in the project region. Table below lists the herpeto-fauna recorded in the
project region. The Bufo melanostictus, Calotes versicolor, Laudakia tuberculata,
Hemidactylus brookii, Asymble- pharus sikimmensis, and Xenochrophis sanctijohannis
are found within the project development area. They are also common throughout the
project region. The riverine flood plains and banks with big boulders are the typical
habitat sites for Calotes versicolor, and Laudakia tuberculata.
Table 28 Herpeto-fauna of the Project Region
Status of
S. Occurrence
Nepali Name Local Name Scientific Name
N.
C S R
Khasre Black-spined Toad/ Common

1. Bufo melanostictus S
Bhaguta Asian Toad
Beautiful stream frog/Assam

2. Hariyo Paha Amolops formosus S
cascade frog
Langtang frog, Polunin’s paa

3. Sano Paha Paa polunini S
frog
4. Cheparo Common Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor C
Pathhar
5. Himalayan rock lizard Laudakia tuberculata S
chatuwa
Hariyo
6. Three-keeled mountain lizard Oriotiaris tricarinatus S
Cheparo
7. Mausuli Brook’s house gecko Hemidactylus brookii C
Bhanumungr Sikkim skink/Bronzy- brown Asymblepharus

8. S
e skink sikimmensis
Chankhe Mountain keelback/Asiatic

9. Amphiesma platyceps S
Sarpa keelback
123
Xenochrophis
10. Pani Sarpa St. John’s keelback water snake C
sanctijohannis
Note: C: Common, S: Sparse, R: Rare

Source: EIA Field Survey, 2016, ACA
4.2.1.1.6 Butterflies
The field visits recorded eight species of the butterflies along the project area. Most of
these but-terfly species are very common in the project area. The detail of the butterflies in
the project re-gions are Common Peacock (Papilio polyctor), Common marmon (Papilio
polytes romolus), Green-veined White (Pieris montanus), Great Blackvein (Metaphoria
agathon), Hairstreak (Chrysozephyrus sp.), Indian Red Admiral (Vanessa indica), Plain
Tiger (Danaus chrysippus chrysippus), Common Tiger (Danaus genutia). (Source: EIA
Field Study, 2018).
4.2.1.1.7 Wildlife of Conservation Significances
Out of reported mammals in the project area, nine species were listed on CITES
Appendixes, four species on IUCN Red Data List and two species on Protected Species
under NPWC Act, 1973 (Table 29).
Table 29 Mammals under Conservation Category in the Project Region
CITES
S.N IUCN Red GON Protected Under
Common Name Scientific Name Appendi List
. NPWC Act, 1973
x
1. Fishing Cat Felis viverrina II - -
2. Leopard cat Felis bengalensis I - Protected
Common
3. Panthera pardus I CE -
leopard
4. Stripped Hyena Hyaena hyaena - - Protected
Himalayan
5. Ursus thibetanus I V
black bear
124
Nepal Grey Semnopithecus

6. I - -
Langur schista- ceus
Rhesus
7. Macaca mulatta II V -
Macaque
8. Common Goral Naemorhedus goral I - -
10 Leopard Cat Felis bengalensis I
Note: CE: Critically Endangered, V= Vulnerable Source: EIA Field Survey, 2016, ACA
Only Two species of bird out of 31 species recorded is listed in the CITES Appendix. None
of the species of herpeto-fauna and butterfly recorded in the project region are listed in the
CITES Annex, IUCN Redbook and Government of Nepal NPWC Act, 1973.
Table 30 Birds under conservation Category in the Project Region
S.N Common Scientific CITES IUCN Red GON Protected Under NPWC
. Name Name Appendix List Act, 1973
1 Common Falco II - -
Kestrel tinnunculus
2 Rock Pigeon Columba livia III - -
125
4.2.1.1.8 Vegetation Characteristics of Core Project Area
The altitudinal gradients between intake and powerhouse is about 446.74 m, so there are
slight variation in vegetation composition along head works area and power house area.
4.2.1.1.8.1 Headworks Area
The headworks area consists of mainly weir, intake, and Desander. These structures
located at the right bank of Dudh Khola of Nashong Rural Municipality ward no: 7. The
main land use of the headwork consists of 0.64 ha of ACA.
Headworks area, mainly composed of trees like Utis (Alnus nepalensis), Bhalayo (Rhus
wallichii), Khirro (Sapium insigne), Chilaune (Schima wallichii). Other associated species
are distri-bution Malato (Macaranga indica), Lampate (Duabanga grandiflora), Mauwa
(Englehardtia spicata), Daar (Boehneria rugulosa), Ankhataruwa (Trichilia connoroides),
and Gineri (Premna inte griflolia).
Among the shrubs and herbs include Khareto (Phyllanthus sp.), Caryopteris foetida,
Luculia gratissima, Rubus ellipticus, Urtica dioca, Maesa macrophylla, Mimosa pudica,
Inula cappa, Gargalo (Boehmeria platyphylla), Eupatorium adenophorum, Themeda
triandra, Thysanolaena maxima, Artemisia dubia, Eulaliopsis binata, Heteropogon
contortus, Imperata cylindrica, Hete- ropogon contortus, Cynodon dactylon,
Pogonantherum sp. and different species of Bamboo (Dendrocalamus sp.).
Shrubs such as Buddleja asiatica, Berberis asiatica, Elaegnus conferta, Osyris withania,
Vitex negundo, Coriaria nepalensis, PyrACAntha crenulata, Inula cappa, Zanthoxylum
armatum, Woodfordia fructicosa are more common in this locality.
Marsdenia roylei, Clematis grewiiflora, Clematis grata are some common climber hanging
with trees and shrubs.
Aechmanthera gossypina, Blumea mollis, Cassia mimosoides, Crotalaria albida, Lilium
walli- chianum, Pogostemon glaber, Gentiana pedicellata etc. are the major herbs species
around the area. Other herbs like Rumex nepalensis, Taraxacum sp., and Urtica dioca, and
Bistorta capitata, Eupatorium adenophorum are common. Euphorbia royleana, rather
tall and thorny plant, is found confined on steep rocky environment.
Dominant grasses such as Arundinella nepalensis, Bothriochola intermedia, Imperita
cylindrica,
Tripogon filiformis, Pogoratherum pemiceum, Neyraudia arundinacea, Paspalum
scrobiculatum, Chrysopogon gryllus, Miscanthus nepalensis, Arundinella nepalensis are
major grasses of the area. Chrsopogon gryllus, Arundo donax, dominates the rocky cliffs
and moderate slopes.
The status of the flora in headworks area is in growing stage.
126
4.2.1.1.8.2 Water Conveyance Structures (Headrace Canal and forebay)
The proposed headrace canal passes across the right bank of Dudh khola along ward no. 7
and 5 of Nashong Rural Municipality. The land use pattern of water conveyance structures
consists of 1.6 ha of Private Land, 4.46 ha of ACA and 0.64 ha of flood plain area.
The major species recorded along the headrace canal area are Utis (Alnus nepalensis),
Malato (Macaranga pustulata), Khirro (Sapium insigne), Chilaune (Schima wallichii) and
Gineri (Premna barbata) etc. Neyraudia arundinacea, Paspalum scrobiculatum,
Chrysopogon gryllus, Miscan- thus nepalensis, and Arundinella nepalensis are major
grasses of the area. Grasses are grown in association with herbs and shrubs. Herbs like
Rumex nepalensis, Taraxacum sp., and Urtica dioca, and Bistorta capitata, Eupatorium
adenophorum are common. Euphorbia royleana, rather tall and thorny plant, is found in
the most of rocky area of the penstock alignment.
4.2.1.1.8.3 Penstock alignment
The proposed penstock alignment passes across the right bank of Dudh Khola along ward
no. 5 of Nashong Rural Municipality. The land use pattern of penstock alignment consists
of 0.42 ha of Private Land and 0.98 ha of ACA.
Penstock alignment mainly composed of trees like Uttis (Alnus nepalensis), Malato
(Macaranga pustulata), Mauwa (Englehardtia spicata), Chilaune (Schima wallichii),
Lampate (Duabanga grandiflora), Dhudhilo (Ficus neriifolia), Daar (Boehneria rugulosa),
Khirro (Sapium insigne), Ankhataruwa (Trichilia connoroides), Gineri (Premna
integriflolia), Dudela (Hedera nepalensis) etc.
Among the shrubs and herbs include Khareto (Phyllanthus sp.), Caryopteris foetida,
Luculia gratissima, Rubus ellipticus, Urtica dioca, Maesa macrophylla, Mimosa pudica,
Inula cappa, Gargalo (Boehmeria platyphylla), Eupatorium adenophorum, Themeda
triandra, Thysanolaena maxima, Artemisia dubia, Eulaliopsis binata, Heteropogon
contortus, Imperata cylindrica, Hete- ropogon contortus, Cynodon dactylon,
Pogonantherum sp. and different species of Bamboo (Dendrocalamus sp.).
4.2.1.1.8.4Powerhouse Area
The Powerhouse area consists of Powerhouse, Tailrace and Sub station/switchyard. The
power-house structures will be situated at the right bank of Dudh Khola along ward no. 5
of Nashong Rural Municipality. The land use of Powerhouse structures consists of 1.08 ha
of Private land, 0.79 ha of ACA.
In the vicinity, Uttis (Alnus nepalensis), Daar (Boehneria rugulosa), Khirro (Sapium
insigne), Malato (Macaranga pustulata), Mauwa (Englehardtia spicata), Chilaune (Schima
wallichii) are newly colonizing species of pole sized trees is the major vegetation type.
127
The ground vegetation comprises of mostly fodder species to use for cattle and livestock
these species are Elaegnus spp, Pyracantha spp, Berberis spp, etc. Major grasses found
around the central power house area are Bothriochola intermidia, Heteropogon contortus,
Imperata cylindrica, Eulaliopsis binata, Oplismenus composites, Eriophorum comosum,
and Neyraudia arundinacea.
4.2.1.1.8.5 Camp sites for Intake
The project support facilities such as Contractor camps, Labor camps and Engineer office
for headworks will be situated at the right bank of Dudh Khola along ward no. 5 of
Nashong Rural Municipality.
The main land use of project support facilities for headworks area consists of 0.25 ha of
ACA permanently and 0.5 ha of private land. The vegetation types of this project area is
similar to all the species found in the Headworks area which has been already described in
Headworks section.
4.2.1.1.8.6Camp sites for Powerhouse
The project support facilities such as Contractor camps, Labor camps and Engineer office
for po-werhouse will be situated at the Right bank of Dudh Khola along ward no. 6 of
Nasong Rural Municipality. The main land use of project support facilities for powerhouse
area consists of 0.75 ha of Private land permanently. The vegetation types of this project
area is similar to all the species found in the Powerhouse area which has been already
described in Headworks section.
4.2.1.1.8.7 Muck Disposal Area
The project has planned to dispose its muck at 3.5 ha of ACA temporarily at the right Bank
of Dudh Khola near intake site.
The area is occupied by some shrub species and ground vegetation only. This composed of
trees like Uttis (Alnus nepalensis), Bhalayo (Rhus wallichii), with sparse distribution
Malato (Maca-ranga pustulata), Lampate (Duabanga grandiflora), Mauwa (Englehardtia
spicata), Daar (Boehneria rugulosa), Khirro (Sapium insigne), Ankhataruwa (Trichilia
connoroides), Gineri (Premna integriflolia), Dudela (Hedera nepalensis), Scutellaria
scandens are found climbing along the shade and wet River bank climbing to the branches
of these riverine trees.
4.2.1.1.8.8Construction Yard and Stock Piling Area
The total of 1.2 ha of land in ACA will be permanently used for Construction Yard and
Stock Piling facilities for the intake site. Similarly, the total of 0.4 ha of Private land will be
permanently used for Construction Yard and Stock Piling facilities for the powerhouse site.
The vegetation are mentioned as per the intake and headworks.
128
4.2.1.1.8.9 Quarry Sites
There will be one quarry sites for the construction required materials of this project.
The operation of quarry site will change the river morphology. Scar like impact on
landscape, change in elevation level both horizontal and vertical, changes in established
natural drainage pattern, loss of fertile topsoil, unstable slopes and the hazards of
landslide are the main environ-mental impacts. The placement of quarry site will be done
in accordance with Local governmental office.
Saplings of Uttis (Alnus nepalensis), Daar (Boehneria rugulosa), Gineri (Premna
integriflolia), Khirro (Sapium insigne) and Chilaune (Schima wallichii), Bhalayo (Rhus
wallichii) are growing rapidly at both banks of streams in this location.
Eupatorium adenophorum, Bidens pilosa, Blainvillea acmella, Vernonia cinerea,
Ageratum conyzoides, Rabdosia coetsa, Urena lobata, Rumex hastatus are the major
ground vegetation.
4.2.1.1.8.10 Rare, Endangered, Endemic and Protected Species in the

Project Area
Among floral species, Juglans regia (bark), Nardostachys grandiflora and Picrorhiza
scrophulariiflora are legally protected species under the Forest Regulation, 1995
(amendment 2001). Among the faunal species, Moschus chrysogaster and Tragopan satyra
are legally protected species under National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973. The
conservation status of floral and faunal species is listed in Table 31 and Error!
Reference source not found. respectively.
Table 31 Conservation Status of flora species
S Local CITES IUCN Red GoN (Forest Act,

Botanical Name
N Name Appendix Book 1993)
1 Okhar Juglans regia (bark) NT Protected
Lauth
2 Taxus wallichiana II EN Protected
Salla
Nardostachys
3 Jatamansi II CR Protected
grandiflora
Picrorhiza
4 Kutki II Protected
scrophulariiflora
129
5 Chiraito Swertia chirayita V
6 Satuwa Paris polyphylla V
Different species of
7 Sungava II EN
Orchids
Table 32 Conservation Status of Fauna
CITES 1UCN Red GoN (Forest

SN Local Name Scientific Name
Appendix Book Act, 1993)
Mammals
1 Ban Biralo Felis chaus II LC
2 Jharal Hemitragus jemlahicus III NT
3 Nyaurimusa Herpestes edwardsii III LC
4 Bandar Macaca mulatta II LC
5 Malsapro Martes flavigula III LC
6 Kasturi Moschus chrysogaster I EN Protected
7 Ghoral Naemorhedus goral I NT
8 Chituwa Panthera pardus I VU
9 Dhedu Badar Semnopithecus entellius I LC
10 Kalo Bhalu Ursus thibetanus I VU
11 Fyauroo Vulpes bengalensis III LC
Birds
12 Munal Tragopan satyra III NT Protected
130
4.2.1.1.8.11 Sensitive Habitats
However, the project area falls under the Annapurna Conservation Area, any
environmentally sensitive area was not found in the immediate project surrounding
during field investigation. Further, the species found in the area have wider distribution
and no endemic floral and faunal species were recorded in the area during field study.
4.2.1.1.8.12 Species of Commercial importance
Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), Blue pine (Pinus wallichiana), Okhar (Juglans regia). Timur
(Zanthoxylum armatum), Kurile (Asparagus rocemosus), Bojho (Acorus calamus).
Cheraito (Swertia chirata), Jatamansi (Nardostachys grandiflora), Satuwa (Paris
polyphylla) etc. are commercially important floral species found in the project area.
4.2.1.1.8.13 Species with Potential to Become Nuisances, Vectors or

Dangerous
In the project area, crops and livestock are often the target of depredation by wildlife like
Black Bear, Monkey, Deer, Porcupine, Leopard etc. In terms of danger to livestock and
man, the most harmful animals are Leopard and Black Bear.
4.2.1.1.8.14 Characterization of River Habitat
Dudh Khola has a steep gradient. The gradient of the Dudh Khola varies from section to
section. As a consequence, a series of run, riffle and pools have been developed along the
Dudh Khola. This section of the stream is shelter for very few types of insects, mollusks,
phytoplankton, zooplanktons etc. Along this section healthy presence of aquatic
invertebrates indicates the productive aquatic habitat. The river is composed of boulders,
cobbles, pebbles and sand approximately in a composition of 60%, 30%, 9% and 1%
respectively.
Diversion of water from headworks for the power generation directly affects the stream
morphology and flow of water. Thus, due to the implementation of the project, stream
habitat will be disturbed.
4.2.1.1.8.15 Fish
There are no fishes in the project area.
4.2.1.1.8.16 Phytoplankton
A total of four different classes of phytoplankton were collected in the sampling in the
project area. Table 33 presents the density of different species in the different sampling
station. The major class of phytoplankton recorded in 3-sampling stations in field visit is
Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Xanthophyceae. Bacillariophyceae.
131
Table 33 Phytoplankton diversity at Different Sampling Station
S.N. Species Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Remarks
1 Bacillariophyceae 9 8 16 Beneficial to human
2 Cyanophyceae 6 6 6 Benificial
3 Chlorophyceae 5 4 5 Benificial
4 Desmiadiaceae 3 2 1 Benificial
Source: EIA Field Study, 2015

The diversity of phytoplankton is highest in sampling station-3 whereas lowest number of
species is found at sampling station-2. Bacillariophyceae is the dominant class of
phytoplankton in the area.
4.2.1.1.8.17 Zooplankton
A total of two different orders of zooplankton were found in sampling stations of Dudh
Khola. The two orders of zooplankton recorded from the project area were Rotifera and
Arthropoda. Table 4.24 presents the density of different species in the sampling stations.
Rotifera was the dominant order followed by Arthropoda.
Table 34 Zooplankton Species diversity at different Sampling Station
S.N. Order Station 1 Station 2 Station 3 Remarks
1 Rotifera 2 4 4 Useful as bio indicator
2 Arthropoda 1 - 2 Useful as bio indicator
Total 3 4 6
132
4.2.1.1.8.18 Aquatic Insects
A total of 4 orders of aquatic insects were recorded from 3 sampling stations during field
survey (Table 35).
Table 35 Aquatic Insect Species Recorded at different Sampling Station
S.N. Order Tilche Upstream Tilche Tilche Downstream Remarks
1 Plecoptera + + + Not Polluted
2 Ephemeropter + + + Not Polluted

a
3 Trichoptera + + + Pollution Level
Increasing
4 Diptera + + + Pollution Level
Increasing
5 Hemiptera + - -
6 Odonata - - -
7 Megaloptera - - -
8 Coleoptera - - -

Sampling station 3 and 4 account highest numbers of aquatic insects. This is followed
equally by sampling station 2 and 1.
133
4.3 Socio-Economic Environment.
Affected District
Demography
The proposed Dudh Khola Hydropower Project (DKHP) is located in Manang district in
Gandaki Province of Nepal. The district is also known as the paradise behind the
Himalaya. Manang is surrounded by Gorkha, Lamjung, Mustang, and Tibetan
autonomous region of China. Beautiful landscape: steep terrain: high Himalayas: and
several River valleys are the main features of Manang. Historically, Manang is recognized
as the paradise for trekkers and thousands of tourists visit the district each year. A number
of Highland lakes and availability of valuable herbs and shrubs has famed the Manang as a
rich district in terms of natural resource-based earnings.
Manang is the least populated district of the country. The district covers an area of 2,246
km2 and had a population of 6,533 (CBS 2012). In 2001, Manang district had total
population of 9,587 of which 5,034 (52.51 %) were males and 4,553 (47.49 %) were
females. In 2011, the district experiences a significant (31.8%) decrease in the population
dropping from 9,587 in 2001 to 6,533 in 2011, of which 3,661 (56%) were males and 2,877
(44 %) were females in 2011 (CBS 2014).
The average family size of the district is 4.42 persons which is less than national average of
5.44 persons. Similarly, the population density is 3.0 persons/Sq.km which is very low
compared to the national figure of 130/Sq.km (CBS 2014).
In terms of National Human Development Report 2014, Manang district stood at 5th
position with HDI value 0.568 within 75 districts. Per Capita Income of Manang is 3,166
US dollar which is about 2.73 times more than national average of 1160 US dollar
(GON/UNDP, 2014).
Affected HHs Total Male Female HH Size Sex Ratio

district Population
Manang
%
Source: National Population and Housing Census, CBS, 2011
The table below shows that the population of the project district is under growing stage. The
population of the age group 5 to 9, 10 to 14 and 15 to 19 are in higher side. 47056, 58043 and
134
59293 populations are the total distribution in these age groups respectively. Therefore, the
population of the project district is under growing stage.
Affec Total A
ted g
distri e
ct
g
r
o
u
p
s
00 to 05 to 10 to 15 to 20 to 25 to 30 to 35 to 40 to 45 to 50 to 55 to 60 to 65 to 70 75
44 to +
04 09 14 19 24 29 34 39 49 54 59 64 69
74
Manag
Both
Sex
Male
Female
135
136
Demographic Characteristics
According to the population census of 2011, the total population of the project affected RM
(2011) is 1,938 of whom 955 (49.28%) are males and 983 (50.72 %) are females. The CBS 2012
recorded 454 household in the project RM with an average household size of 4.27. The site-
specific data of the project affected wards are depicted in the Error! Reference source not
found.. According to it, the total household within the project area i.e. totaling 5, 6, & 7 wards
is 102 and the total population is 382.
Table 36 Population (HH) and HH size of the project affected municipality and wards
Project Area Male Female Total Population Total HH
Nashong RM 955 983 1938 454
Ward No. 5 55 50 105 28
Ward No. 6 67 84 148 40
Ward No. 7 58 71 129 34
Source: CBS 2011 and Household survey

Caste and Ethnicity
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Tamang Gurung Thakali Ghale Others
Total Male Female
Figure 32 Population Distribution by Caste and Ethnicity in Project Affected Area

Source: CBS 2011 and Household Survey.
137
The project municipality hosts a diverse caste and ethnic households. As per the population
census of 2011, the Gurung are the most dominant indigenous people in the project affected
ward (65.45%), followed by Tamang (16.49%), Ghale (6.02 %) and Thakali (4.45 %).
Language
As per the Census record, in the project affected wards most widely spoken languages are:
Gurung (71.47%) followed by Sherpa (14.92%), Nepali (4.45%), Thakali (4.45%), and other
language (4.71%).
Figure 33 : Population Distribution by Language in Project Area

Culture and Religion
People from Manang are generally known as the Manangi but are composed of different
groups. Locals use ‘Gurung' as their surname mainly because they are ethnically Gurungs and
dominant in the district. Other inhabitants mainly Bishwokarmas, Thakali and Damai are less
in numbers. Culturally, the Manangi belong to the Tibetan sphere and their language traces
back from the Tibeto-Burman origin (NTNC 2008). Manangi are Buddhists and celebrate
festivals like Lhosar. Metha, Mriga Nach, etc. but the Gurungs from the lower regions practice
Hindu festivals like Dashain and Tihar and also worship nature.
Gumba or Gompas are the symbols of the religious faith, identity and the way of living of local
people in the project area. Villagers gather up and pay homage to the Gumba to perform
ceremonies. The key Gumbas are Tamarang Gomba and recently build Gumba at Bagarchhap
which are located far away (more than 30-minute walk) from the project area. Statues of
Buddha and other deities are positioned in the Gumba.
138
Migration
Historically, most of Manangi left their ancestral place in search of better economic
opportunities elsewhere. The trend of out migration paused due to the increased inflow of
tourists in their homestead. Still, literatures and discussion with district offices reflected that
nearly half of total populations are outside of the district. Further, due to the extreme weather
conditions in winter, villagers from upper Manang descend to the lower zones. As the project
area lies between 1850 m and 3,044 m and the settlement in the area is limited below 2,500m.
Thus, the households in project area are not so much affected by the weather but it is common
to travel outside the villages for better economic opportunity.
Literacy and education status
The literacy rate (5 years or above) status in the project RM Nashong is 73.84% which is lower
than district average literacy rate of 74.84%. However, the literacy rate in the project affected
wards is 67% (Figure 34). While comparing literacy rate between male and female, the male
literacy rate (52.73%) is higher than female literacy rate (47.27%) of the project affected wards.
Figure 34 Population Distribution by Literacy

The Figure 35 represents the population distribution in project ward by completion of different
levels of education. From Figure 35, population distribution in project ward by completion of
different levels of education about 29% of the population in the project affected wards have
passed the primary level. The proportion of the population above SLC is 11%. Only small
percentage of the population i.e. 2% are graduate.
139
Figure 35: Population Distribution by Completion of Different Levels of Education

The nearest school from headworks and powerhouse area is Prakash Jyoti Secondary School
which is located at Thoche village. The school is located at one hour walk from headworks area
and half hour walk from the powerhouse area.
Table 37: Schools in project affected rural municipality
Name of School Location Rural Municipality
Prakash Jyoti Secondary School Nashong-6 Nashong
Shree Hima Jyoti Basic School Nashong-7 Nashong
Source: Field visit (August 2017) and interview with the key informant
Access to Health Services
There are around 19 health facilities at Project District level Table 38. Among them 2 are
District Health Office, 2 Hospitals, 10 Health posts and 4 sub-health posts. From the Error!
Reference source not found., there are two health posts: Thoche health post and
Dharapani health post, one sub-health post and one supply center in the project affected rural
municipality.
Further, several women health volunteers serve these villages for maternal issues. Only the
district hospital at Chame is serving the district population. However, villagers from project
140
area prefer to travel to Besisahar, Kathmandu and Pokhara than to the Chame as the
accessibility is improved due to the construction of road.
Table 38: Health Services Available in Manang District.
S.N. Type of Institution Location
Ayurvedic Aushadhalaya Chame
District Health Office Chame
District Health Office, Chame Chame
District Hospital, Chame Chame
Manang Hospital, Chame Chame
Health Post Chame
Bhraka Health Post Bhraka
Chame Health Post Chame
Dharapani Health Post Dharapani
Ghyaru Health Post Ghyaru
Khangsar Health Post Khangsar
Manang Health Post Manang
Nar Health Post Nar
Tanki Health Post Tanki
Thoche Health Post Thoche
Sub-Health Post Thoche
Dharapani Sub Health Post Dharapani
Fu Sub Health Post Fu
Pisang Sub Health Post Pisang
Source: Humanitarian Data Exchange

141
Figure 36 Access to Health Facilities in Nashong RM

Source:(datahumdata.org)
Access to Drinking Water
98%
2% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
142
Figure 37 Percentage of Household by Source of Drinking Water

The Figure 37depicts that all the household in the project area have access to drinking water
facility. Majority of the households use tap/piped water as the source of drinking water while, 2
% of the households use spout water.
Access to Toilet
In the project area, around 80.39% of households have access to toilet facilities. However,
there are still about 19.61% households in the project area without toilet facilities.
77.45%
19.61%
2.94%
FLUSH_TOILET NO_TOILET ORDINARY_TOILET
Figure 38 Percentage of Household by Toilet Type

Access to Energy
The Figure 39 reveals that 95% of household in the project area use cleaner energy (electricity)
as lighting energy.
143
95%
3% 1% 1% 0% 0%
ELECTRICITY KEROSENE OTHERS SOLAR NOT_STATED BIOGAS
Figure 39: Percentage of Household by access to Lighting Energy

The Figure 40presents access to cooking energy at households in project affected areas. The
people residing there mainly use firewood for cooking for animals feed, boiling water and space
heating while LPG is mainly used for cooking food. The availability of dependency on firewood
for cooking energy is prevalent in the project area. The average household consumption of
firewood is 500-600 kg/month.
95.10%
81.73%
0% 0% 0% 0% 0%
Wood LPG Guitha Biogas Kerosene Electricity Others
Figure 40 Percentage of Household by Access to Cooking Energy

144
Information Sources and Accessibility

Project area solicit information from a range of sources. Of the various sources used mobile
ranks first followed by radio and television. The people of Manang have started to use the
internet and social networking site for information and entertainment.
83.30%
41.20%
32.40%
22.50%
7.80%
2.90% 0%
Figure 41: Percentage of Households using Different Medium of Information

Occupation
Agriculture, livestock, cottage industries, tourism and service industries are the main economic
activities of the Manang district. Agriculture is the major source of income in about 65.75% of
the households. However, the agricultural products are not enough for entire year. Most of the
land areas are covered by the Himalayas, lakes, Rivers, thus providing less land for the
cultivation. However, due to the popularity of the area every year thousands of tourists visit to
the area. Tourism is now the main occupation of the villagers in route to the Annapurna circuit.
Another source of income is the harvest of Himalayan medical herbs like Yarshagumba,
Satuwa, Timur, Banlasun etc. Further, sale of products like Apple, Yak, Chauri, sheep, goats
and wool products generates money that helps to fulfill needs of locals. Manangi’s are known to
their trade and business skills which they eventually developed after several governments
facilitated decisions (e.g. waiving tax and free movement).
Land Use Pattern
Table 39: Land Use Pattern in Manang District
Types Area in ha
145
Total Forest Area 11,760
Shrub 20,304
Agricultural land/ grass 279
Water bodies 378
Barren land 29,828
Snow 1,65,154
Others 0
Source: Manang District Profile, DCC reports.

The majority of the land of the project area is being occupied for agricultural purpose followed
by forest vegetation. Settlements are scattered and are located at distance from the project
development sites. The topography of the project affected municipality shows that the low
land, flat and gentle slopes are being used as cultivated terrace land. Generally, the slopes of
colluvial soil are used for settlements and cultivation. Hills surrounding the villages are
covered with limited vegetation with trees.
Figure 42 Settlement Pattern in Tilche Village

The terrain in the project area exhibits wide variations in slope gradient with settlements,
cultivated land and forests at different locations. Project components are primarily located in
146
cultivated land, mountain cliffs and the forest area. The penstock alignment passes through
forest area, bare hill and agriculture land. The powerhouse location mostly lies on the
cultivated land. The headworks site is dominated by river banks and forest area. The proposed
camp sites are located in the agricultural lands.
Access to Land
Table 40: Households having Agriculture Land, Livestock and Poultry
Household having
Tota Land Land Land,

Poultr Livestoc
l HH Agricultura Livestoc and and Livestoc None
y k and
l land only k Only Livestoc Poultr k and of All
Only Poultry
k y Poultry
102 17 4 1 34 1 1 18 34
Source: Manang District Profile and Household survey

Agro diversity
Most of the land of the district is occupied by high Himalaya. The cold weather of Manang has
an influence over the productivity of the land and thus overall agricultural production of the
district. Major crops grown in the district are wheat, barley, potato, buckwheat, vegetables, and
corn. All these crops are grown in the project area. These crops are generally grown in a cyclic
rotation of six to seven months. Apple, apricot, plum, walnut and pear are the main fruits and
cabbage, cauliflower, bean, radish, mustard leaf, turnip, carrot, onion and garlic are the
primary vegetables grown in the district (NTNC 2008).
Table 41: Agro-production in Manang District
S.N Crops Unit Year Year Year Year
2059 2060 2061 2062
1 Wheat Area Ha 302 302 302 291
productivity Mt/ha 2.57 2.3 2.31 2.1
Production Mt 679.5 694.6 697.61 611.1
2 Maize Area Ha 166 166 166 166
Productivity Mt/ 2.04 2.12 2.13 2.6
147
ha
Production Mt 340.3 352 353.58 431.6
3 Uwa/ Jau Area Ha 187 187 187 187
Mt/
Productivity 1.6 1.65 1.61 1.2
ha
Production Mt 299.2 308.5 301.07 224.2
4 Phapar Area Ha 197 197 197 197
Mt/
Productivity 1.5 1.6 1.61 1.7
ha
Production Mt 295.5 315 317.17 334.9
5 Potato Area Ha 730 730 731 738
Mt/
Productivity 11.6 11.7 11.61 12
ha
Production Mt 8541 8545 8548.31 8856
6 Dal Area Ha 107 159 156 156
Mt/
Productivity 0.93 0.95 0.96 0.92
ha
Production Mt 99.57 151 149.76 143.52
7 Vegetable Area Ha 112 120 120 120
Mt/
Productivity 11.5 12 11 11
ha
Production Mt 1288 1295 1296 1320
8 Fruits Area Ha 151.96 156.29 158.29 162.29
Mt/
Productivity 7.14 8 8.1 8.2
ha
148
Production Mt 439.81 450 452.9 456
Source: Manang District Profile and District Agricultural Office, Annual Report
Table 42: Agriculture Pocket Area and Their Production in Project Affected Area
Pocket Area Area (Ha) Remarks
Apple 1 Road corridor
Green Vegetables 5 Road corridor
Potato 4 Road corridor
Source: Manang District Profile and District Agricultural Office, Annual Report
Livestock and Poultry
Livestock is an important component of farm activities and contribute to the overall economy
of the project district. The district has the highest density of livestock in the country. In some
villages of the district due to difficult terrains and lack of agricultural land, livestock rearing is
the main source of livelihood. Cows, buffaloes, yaks, Chauris, naks, jhopas, pigs, horses, mules,
donkeys, poultry, goats, sheep, are major livestock reared in the district (NTNC 2008). As the
project area lies at the low altitude zone of the district, cows, Jhopas, pigs, horses, mules,
donkeys, poultry, goats and sheep are common.
Hydropower in the Project Site
The downstream hydropower project is Lower Marsyangdi HP of 140 MW. This project will
utilize the water released from DKHP.
Table 43: List of Micro-hydro and hydro-power in the project rural municipality
Hydropower Capacity (MW)
Dharapani MHP 0.032
Tiliche MHP 0.025
Lower Marsyangdi HP 140
Source: Field Visit, DoED website.

Historical and Religious Places
There are two Gumba that lies in the project coordinates. But none of the civil components are
situated near the religious sites.
149
Table 44: List of Religious places in the Project RM
S.N Gumba VDCs Remarks
1 Thoche Gumba Thoche Road corridor
2 Taramang Gumba Thoche Road Corridor
Source: Manang District Profile.

Tourist Attraction Places
Manaslu Circuit, Upper and Lower Larke Pas are the major tourist attraction spot in the
project affected area. Tourism development in Manang has led to the proliferation of lodges
and other tourism related enterprises. There were 27,068 tourists entering Manaslu circuit in
the year 2017. Around 15 lodges and home stays exist in the project affected area.
Transportation
There is a motorable road that reaches to the proposed intake and powerhouse area. The
project area is on the left bank of the Marsyangdi River and the Besisahar-Chame road lies on
the right bank. Thoche is the nearest location from the project area connected with Besisahar-
Chame road. It is a fair-weather road of about 6 hours (approximately 48 km) drive from
Besisahar, headquarter of Lamjung District to reach Thoche. Besisahar is connected to
Kathmandu by all- weather black toped road of about 180 km. It takes about 10 minutes to
walk from nearby road Thoche, to the powerhouse site of DKHP. This distance includes the
crossing over Marsyangdi River by the suspension bridge. To access powerhouse site during
construction, a temporary bridge over the Marsyangdi River at a suitable location is necessary.
Settlement pattern
Settlements are mostly clustered type mainly located along the trekking trails. Tilche and
Thoche are the two major settlement patterns in the project area. Houses in the settlements are
made up of mostly locally available materials—mud and cement bonded with stone/slate,
corrugated/non-corrugated metal sheets and roofs (Refer to Figure 42 Settlement Pattern in
Tilche Village),
However, there are some concrete houses mainly built for tourist lodges and hotels along the
trekking routes of this municipality.
150
55.88%
33.33%
8.82%
1.96%
GALV_IRON WOOD_PLANKS MUD RCC
Figure 43 Percentage of House by Roof Type

75.49%
17.65%
6.86%
MUD_BONDED CEMENT_BONDED WOOD_PLANKS
Figure 44: Percentage of House by Outer wall type

151
88.24%
5.88%
3.92% 1.96%
MUD_BONDED CEMENT_BONDED WOODEN_PILLAR RCC_WITH_PILLAR
Figure 45 Percentage of House by Foundation Type

Market/Bazzar
No weekly or monthly markets like Haat Bazaar were observed during the field visit. Local
vendors bring in the daily usages from the Besisahar and others buy from them. Grocery shops
and tea shops/tea huts are commonly available throughout the trekking trail. Villagers from
Tachai, Ghelanchowk, Odar, Thoche, Nache, Khotro descend to the trekking route to buy daily
needs.
Use of NTFPs and other forest products
Most of the local people use the forest products for fodder, leaf litter, fuel wood, and medicinal
purposes. Local people collect medicinal herbs for self-use and sale. The promising medicinal
species of the area includes Timur (Zanthoxylum armatum), Kurilo (Asparagus racemosus),
Titepati (Artemisia vulgaris), Bojho (Acorns calamus), Cheraito (Swertia chirayita), Pakhanved
(Bergenia cilita), Nirmansi (Delphinium denudatum), Siltimur (Lindera nesiana), Satuwa
(Paris polybhylla).
Similarly, Pinus roxburghii is the major timber of the area and widely used in household
construction and furniture making. Edible fruits are obtained from Okhar (Juglans regia), Ban
Angur (Vitis jacque), Bhuen Kafal (Fragaria nubicolal). Khar is used as construction material in
the thatching of huts and Bamboo is widely used as construction materials in houses, local
bridge across the small streams and household use product. Bains, Dudhilo and Bhote Pipal
are the major fodder species of the project area.
The, collection and sale of Yarsagumba (Cordyceps sinensis) has played a crucial role in the
local economy of the district. It provides livelihoods to many poor families of the district.
152
Major NTFPs and Medicinal Plants, fodder plants of project area and their uses are presented
in Table 45.
Table 45 NTFPs and Medicinal Plants of the Project Area
SN Local Name Botanical Name Uses
1 Timur Zanthoxylum armatum Medicinal
2 Bail Aegle marmelos Medicinal, Religious
3 Ketuki Agave Americana Fiber, Hedgerow
4 Banlasun Allium wallichii Medicinal
5 Titepati Artemisia indica Medicinal
6 Kurilo Asparagus racemosus Medicinal
7 Koiralo Bauhania varigata Medicinal, Vegetable, Fodder
8 Chitro Berberis aristita Medicinal, Wild fruits
9 Kutro Berberis asiatica Medicinal, Wild fruits
10 Pakhanbed Bergenia cialita Medicinal
11 Pakhanbed Bergenia purpurascens Medicinal
12 Godtapre Centella asitica Medicinal
13 Tejpat Cinnamomum tamala Medicinal, Spice,
14 Haledo Curcuma, angustifolia Medicinal
15 Tarul Dioscorea bulbifera Medicinal, Vegetable
16 Bhayakur Dioscorea pentaphylla Medicinal, wild fruits
17 Allo Gigardiana diversifolia Fiber
18 Bhimal Grewia optiva Medicinal
153
19 Asuro Justicia adhatoda Medicinal, Hedgerow
20 Nagbeli Lycopodium clavatum Medicinal
21 Mauha Madhuca longifolia Medicinal,
22 Kaulo Persea odoratissima Medicinal, fodder
23 Amala Phyllanthus emblica Medicinal. Wild fruit
24 Rithaa Sapindus mukorossi Ingredient for soap/economical
25 Gurjoo' Tinospora sinensis Medicinal,
26 Sisnu Urtica dioica Medicinal,
27 Unnyau Dryopteris filix-mas Medicinal
28 Pani amala Nephrolepis cordifolia Wild fruits, medicinal
29 Halhale Rumex nepalensis Vegetable, Medicinal
Sajiban Jatropha curcus Seeds as a fuel for lighting

30
(Economical)
31 Bilaune Maesa chisia Fodder,, medicinal
Amlisho Thysanolaena maxima Making

32
Broom/economical/fodder
33 Aaisailu Rubus ellipticus Wild fruits
34 Dubo Cynodon dactylon Medicinal, Religious
35 Lajjawati Mimosa pudica Medicinal
36 Bar Ficus benghalensis Religious
37 Banmara Eupatorium adenophorum Cut and Wounds
154
Human Wildlife Conflict

The local people of Tilche village reported the trouble caused by bears and monkeys in the
agricultural area. Few villagers mentioned that they have been bothered by wild animals while
collecting corn and agricultural products. Moreover, some residents claimed that their chicken
and street dogs have been missing and the leopard might be responsible for so. In order to
resolve these issues, villagers made small watch group to protect the crop damage and loss of
lives from wildlife.
Trade, commerce and Industries
Due to mountain specificities (fragility, marginality, accessibility, etc), they provide a limited
opportunity for the establishment of large industries (Jodha 2007). However, the inherent
difficulties also provide an opportunity to carry out small scale businesses like the tourism. A
number of lodges, hotels, tea huts are providing services to the tourists in the area.
Grinding mills, furniture, shoes making, tailor, construction business, bakery, paper mill,
hotel, horticulture, and livestock rearing are main businesses observed in the district
headquarter and local market centers. There are small scale industries based on local raw
materials like making handicrafts from bamboo, nigalo, making juice from sea-buckthorn, herb
processing, paper mill, fruit processing, tailor, noodle industry etc. Various cottage industries
based on animal products like mats and blankets (‘Radi', ‘Pakhi’) coat, mufflers, ‘Patuka’,
Bakhu, woolen sweater, bags etc. are present in the district. Key commercial locations in
Manang district are Dharapani, Chame, Dhukur Pokhari, Pisang, Humde, Manang, Thorang,
Base Camp, and Tiliche Base. The main export items of Manang districts are Yak tail, Churpi,
Radi, Pakhi, Galaicha, muffler, coat, apple, Yarsagumba, and other NTFPs.
Local institutions
Several government institutions are concentrated in the district headquarter. However, locally
active institutions are also equally active in the area. Annapurna Youth Club, Tilche Youth
Club, Mother's Groups, Co-operatives, Conservation Area Management Committee (CAMC)
etc. are the local level institutes actively working in the project area.
Annapurna Conservation Area (National Trust for Nature Conservation), Red Cross, Scout,
Manang Development Forum, Manang Chamber of Industry and Commerce and Manang
district development society are the district-based organization.
Tourism
Manang is a part of the Annapurna Circuit Trek (ACT). It was opened for external world only
after 1977 (NTNC 2008). It takes nearly three weeks to cover the entire circuit and tourists
spend nine to ten days in Manang district. The trek begins from Khudi village of Lamjung and
it takes about a week to reach to the Manang village. After acclimatization, tourists cross the
Thorang La down and reach to the Muktinath in Mustang district (NTNC 2008).
155
Tourism development in Manang has led to the proliferation of lodges and other tourism
related enterprises. Places such as Tal, Danaque, Chame, Pisang, Humde and Manang have
large number of lodges. According to NTNC (2008), annual turnover of lodge is about NRs.
120-130 million. On an average, a trekker spends NRs. 1500 per day. Besides lodges, other
enterprises such as bakeries, souvenir shops, bhattis*, horse and yak rides, guide services,
general stores and feed supplies have also benefited from tourism.
There were 13,920 tourists entering Manang in the year 2001 and by 2005 it declined to 9,550
(NTNC 2008). After the peace agreement in 2006, it was observed that the tourist inflow in
Manang is gradually increasing and in the year 2014, a total of 20,690 foreign tourists enjoyed
the ACT1.
Major Infrastructures within project area
There are two suspension bridges within project area from intake to powerhouse site. The sus-
pension bridge named Hiribagar Suspension Bridge is located at Ramche-8 which is at the dis-
tance of 500m from proposed intake site. This connects Lwang and Ramche of Machhapuchre
RM. Similarly, another suspension bridge named Lwangghalel Suspension Bridge located near
IMU-7 which lies at the distance of 200m from the proposed powerhouse site. This connects
Imu-7 and Saiti ghatta-7 of Machhapuchre RM.
Infrastructure/Community Resources in the Vicinity of Project
For, other community infrastructures RM offices, Illaka Post Office, Sub-Health Post, Forest
Range Post, Agriculture Service Center in each RM. Annapurna Conservation Area, Illaka Po-
lice Post they will have no major impacts.
The major infrastructures within the project area are existing foot trails from Saiti Ghatta-7 to
Ramche-8 Machhapuchre RM, two suspension bridges within intake and powerhouse, road
net-work from Milan chowk to Saiti Ghatta, Illaka Post Office and Sub-Health Post, Forest
Range Post and Agriculture Service Center in Machhapuchre RM, Annapurna Conservation
Area, Illaka Police Post in Machhapuchre RM. The construction and operation of SKSHEP will
have major impacts on existing foot trails, suspension bridges of intake site and powerhouse
sites and road net-work from Milan chowk to Saiti Ghatta.
For, other community infrastructures RM office, Illaka Post Office, Sub-Health Post, Forest
Range Post, Agriculture Service Center in RM, Annapurna Conservation Area, Illaka Police
Post they will have no major impacts.
Cultural Practices
Hindu being the dominant tribe among the settlers in the Machhapuchre RM, they practice
com-mon traditional behavior, besides these there is also Buddhism culture within project
affected RM.
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The majority of ethnic groups practice different cultural activities that include Nwaran (giving
the name to the child for the first time), Pasni (feeding grains to a child for the first time),
Brata- bandha (shaving the hair of male child for the first time), marriage, Barakhi ritual
during the death of a family member (ritual followed one year after death of a person) and
Shradha (offering of Pinda to the dead member of the family every year at the date of the
member’s death). Hindu burns the dead body and not burry. The festivals such as Lhosar and
Buddha Jayanti are celebrated by other communities where as festivals like Dashain, Tihar,
Janai Poornima, Chaite Dashain, Maghe Sankaranri are celebrated by both hindu and other
communities. Some festivals like Teej Mela, Shiva Ratri Mela, Falgun Poornima Mela, Chaite
Dasian Mela, etc are also cele¬brate by all communities.
Existing of micro-hydro /watermills/irrigation schemes within the project
area
The field observation and interaction with RM secretary of Machhapuchre RM and local people
has revealed that there is no existing or running micro-hydros, watermills and irrigation
schemes within the stretch of intake and tailrace of the project area. Also, Saiti River has not
been used by locals for drinking, rafting, professional fishing purposes etc.
Existing and Planned Projects in the project area
The field observation and interaction with RM secretary of Machhapuchre RM and local people
has concluded that there is no any existing and planned projects within the project area from
intake to powerhouse sites that may hamper the construction and operation of the SKSHEP.
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5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS
With reference to the project design parameters, the environmental impacts have been
assessed as per the National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines 1993 for
magnitude, extent, duration and significance of the impacts. Any impact is assessed as long
term if it lasts for the entire life of the project i.e. 30 years. Any impact is assessed as medium
term if it lasts for more than 5 years and less than 30 years. Any impact is assessed as short
term if it lasts for only 5 years or during the construction period. Similarly, in assessing the
significance, if the quantified magnitude is more than 50%, (i.e. average), it would be termed as
significant impact. At the same time, if the impact is irreversible then the impact would be
termed as significant. In classifying the extent limited up to the project area is site specific,
limited up to the affected RM is local and any impact extending beyond the project area would
be termed as regional impact.
5.1 Beneficial Impacts
The development of the Hydropower Project accelerates in developing economic condition of

the whole country. The prosperity of Nepal depends on the development of hydropower
project. In the proposed Dudh Khola Hydropower Project (DKHP), the net energy generation
in the dry season will be 141.65 GWh and that in the wet season will be 281.43GWh, the total
during a year will be 423.08 GWh. Apart from the direct benefit of generating hydroelectricity,
the project will have number of other indirect benefits during the construction stage as well as
operational stage. This section of the report has tried to numerate the beneficial impacts from
the project and suggest the possible augmentation measures to enhance the benefit.
Construction Stage
The likely beneficial impacts during the construction stage of the project are:
i. Increase in employment opportunity for local People
Altogether about 371 people will be deployed during the peak time of construction phase for
civil and mechanical works, which include engineer 16 nos., sub engineer 15 nos., 60 skilled, 60
semiskilled and 50 unskilled manpower. The socioeconomic survey revealed that major
populations of the Project area are willing to work in the project. The project will appoint
maximum numbers of workforce from the affected RM and affected wards. The priority will be
for PAFs and to the local area. The employment opportunity will increase the income level of
the local people. This will, in turn, improve the living standard of the local people. This
increase is likely to enhance development and promotion of other sectors particularly the social
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service sectors such as education, health, sanitation and drinking water facilities in and around
the surrounding project area.
The impact is direct as well as indirect in nature, of medium in magnitude, local in extent and
short term in duration.
ii. Increase in local skills in the relevant areas
The project requires 60 skilled and 160 semiskilled manpower. All these men having some
technical skills will be employed for such work. The Project will launch training programs for
specialized areas of work such as electromechanical works of hydropower, house wiring and
maintenance, road slope stabilization, spoil handling etc. First priority will be given for the
project affected people and local people to the extent they are interested to get involved in
construction activities.
The impact is indirect in nature, moderate in magnitude, regional in extent and long term in
duration.
iii. Increase in economic opportunity such as business, rental of houses and its impact on local
economy
A large number of workers (371) will be required during the construction phase of the project.
The total of 150 workforces from local people will not only get the employment opportunity,
there will be also huge demand of their local agricultural products. The establishment of
market place of the local people increases the economy of the local people. The additional 70
workforces will reside in the project area for the considerable time during the construction
period. They will have good purchasing power; there will be increased demand for different
types of food, beverage and other daily necessary items. This may require many tea stalls,
grocery shops, bars and restaurants. The local people having good experience in running
lodges, restaurants and grocery shops may open the enterprises and create employment
opportunities to themselves and others as helpers. The development of potential new market
place will be near to the area of Dharapani, Manang which is at the tailrace part of DKHP
project. As a result, significant amount of cash will be channeled into the local economy.
The impact is indirect in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and short term in
duration.
iv. Community development support in the project area
The access road (0.5 km) will be constructed which will improve transportation facilities in the
project area. In addition, the project will support health posts, schools, and drinking water
supply and irrigation facilities of the PARM. The Project will allocate certain fund for training
of community’s local farmers and traders in modern techniques of cash crop and livestock
productions and in small enterprise development activities suitable to fulfill likely demands
from the work force.
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The impact is direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and long term in
duration.
Operation Stage
i. Employment Opportunity during the operation of project
After the completion of construction work, the project will require numerous permanent posts
for the smooth operation and regular maintenance of project components such as equipments,
water conveyance and powerhouse. Altogether about 25 people will be deployed during the
operation phase of the project, that includes 8 unskilled, 9 semiskilled, and 8 skilled man
powers. Local people will be recruited for administrative and technical works according to their
qualifications and skills. These will give permanent income source to some of the local people.
duration.
ii. Distribution of Royalty for local development

The project will generate royalty as per the provision made in Hydropower Development
Policy. According to policy project will pay royalty to GoN at the rate of Rs. 100 per kilowatt for
capacity and 1.75 % energy royalty per kWh for 15 years. After 15 years the capacity royalty will
be 1000 per kilowatt and 10% energy royalty per kWh. 50% of the generated royalty will be
used in the local development of the region. Out of that 12% would be given to the project
affected RM.
The impact is direct in nature, high in magnitude, national in extent and long term in duration.
iii. Retaining national expertise, skills and transfer of technology
The project will give opportunity for employment of local local workforces. These local
workforces will have gained some technical skills during this period. They can transfer their
skills technology in a long period of time to pother local people also.
In addition to this, the project will also launch different training programs such as
electromechanical works, house wiring and maintenance, road slope stabilization and spoil
handling etc. related to hydropower construction/operation for the local people of Project
Affected RM during operation phase also. The priority will be given first to the seriously PAFs,
then to PAFs and to the local people of the PARM to the extent they are interested to get
involved in this training programme.
duration.
iv. Enhancement of power supply
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Project area is already connected with the national grid. Due to the operation of DKHP an
additional 65 MW of electricity will be connected to the national grid. Being the Nashong RM,
the affected project RM, there will be regular supply of electricity thus enhanced the power
supply in the project area.
duration.
v. Improve health and Sanitation
The establishment as well as standardization of health institution helps local people to improve
their health institution. Health and sanitation training to workers during construction phase,
occupational health related training to workforce further increase the health and sanitation
status of local people and area.
The impact is indirect in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and long term in
duration.
vi. Local area development and mainstreaming to the national economic activities
The project will improve social services of that area that includes improved in education,
health, agricultural extension, transport and communication, water supply and sanitation
structures etc. The improved social services access a lot of local people for their maximum and
well used.
duration.
vii. Tourism opportunities due to increased accessibility and project
The professional peoples, students from different colleges and even other big investors may
visit the area to see how the project is running in its operation phase. This may create a big
opportunity for developing local tourism in this area.
duration.
viii. Rural electrification opportunities via national grid
The generation of hydroelectricity from DKHP will provide rural electrification largely to the
Nashong RM. This will help to allow establishing the local industries, internet communication
center for tourist, new resorts for tourist, other new commercial activities near to the project
area. The presence of electricity will also help the local people to standardized their livelihood
condition.
The impact is direct in nature, high in magnitude, regional in extent and long term in duration.
ix. Increase awareness to ACA official and community forest user groups for the natural
resource management
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The project will manage different awareness programme in coordination with ACA officials for
the natural resource management. The awareness training will be according to the advice of the
ACA officials.
The impact is direct in nature, high in magnitude, regional in extent and long term in duration.
x. Business opportunities for local people and enhancement of local economy
The local people will not only get the employment opportunity, there will be a huge demand of
their local agricultural products. The establishment of market place of the local people can
increase the opportunities for business for the local people. The local people having good
experience in running lodges, restaurants and grocery shops may open the enterprises and
create employment opportunities to themselves and others as helpers. As a result, significant
amount of cash will be channeled into the local economy for its enhancement.
duration.
xi. Development of Road Networking
The construction of access road for the project will provide local people of Nashong RM and
their neighbouring RMs access to the strategic network of Nepal. The project area will be
served by cheaper passenger transport services such as buses and mini buses. Transport costs
of goods will also decline and commodities will be available in lower prices than before. The
decline in transport costs and cheaper agro inputs and raw materials may motivate local
farmers for further stimulate cash crops and industrial productions. Due to the availability of
reliable transport services health officers and teachers will be willing to stay there or visit the
area frequently. This will enhance development and promotion of social service sector such as
health and education facilities. All these will improve economic condition and quality of life of
local people.
The impact is direct in nature, high in magnitude, regional in extent and long term in
duration.
xii. Increase in Local Development Activities
As per the decision of the GoN, certain percentage from the royalty fee from the hydropower
generation should go to the DDC of Manang district for the development activities. This will
certainly encourage local body (Rural Municipality) to have improved level of education,
health, water supply, markets and communication services and ask the project for investing to
improve the level of the services.
duration.
Adverse impacts
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DKHP has identified possible impacts on physical, biological and socioeconomic and cultural
environment from the approved Scoping and Terms of Reference. In order to keep the study as
per the Scoping and ToR of the study, impact on each issue has been discussed, evaluated and
the mitigation measures have been proposed in the following Chapter.
Physical and Chemical Environment
The physical environmental issues of the project were studied in an exhaustive manner during
EIA study. The issues identified in the TOR were found to be the issues of concerns for the
project construction and operation.
Construction Stage
i. Impacts on land use
The physical location of the project infrastructures will occupy certain areas that belong to the
local people and the government. The lands with the land ownership paper by the people have
been categorized as the private land and without ownership paper have been categorized as
government land. These lands need to be acquired from the owners for the construction of
various infrastructures. Altogether the proposed project DKHP will acquire 14.8 ha of total
land which includes 3.25 ha of cultivated private land (including both Khet and bari), 3.57 ha of
ACA Forest Area and 2.1 ha Flood Plains Area at different localities for the placement of project
structure and facilities. The different types of land proposed for the DKHP is shown in Table
46.
Table 46 Land Proposed for DKHP
S.N.
Land Types (Hectares)
Cultivated Private Land AC Forest Area River and Flood Area
3.25 3.57 2.1

1

Nepal is an agricultural country. More than 75% of the people's occupation is agriculture.
Furthermore, good agricultural land is limited in the country. Therefore, any loss of cultivated
land has been taken seriously and must be minimized to the extent possible. Hence the land
will be acquired on the temporarily lease as far as possible. The land used for quarry site,
Batching and Crusher Area at intake and powerhouse sites, construction yard, parking and
stockpiling area and muck disposal area at both intake and powerhouse sites will be taken as
temporarily used. The land occupied by the project infrastructures including accessing would
be acquired permanently.
The impact is direct in nature, high in magnitude, local in extent and long term in duration.
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ii. Impact on Topography

The topographical changes will occur particularly in the headwork site, headrace canal,
penstock alignment, powerhouse sites, quarry sites, spoil and muck disposal sites etc. At
headwork construction of 4.5 m height of weir will create a backwater flow up to a length of 30
m. This will create a small impoundment and change in landscape as the construction of
project components, requires a minimum land intake. Camp facilities during construction
require housing, office space and work areas. The landscape will change at headwork, water
way, powerhouse sites the spoil and muck disposal sites, ground elevation may be raised by 5
m than the present level.
duration.
iii. Impact due to construction of 500m of access road
The construction of access road from Tilche to adit tunnel will have major impacts on private
Land and AC Forest Area. The acquisition of 1.0 ha of private Khet Land and 1 ha of Annapurna
Conservation Forest Area will be taken for the construction of this access road of length 1 km.
There will be loss of major vegetation along this 0.7 ha of AC Forest Area. The productive Khet
land will be converted to Access Road. Further, there will be significant danger of emerging
new landslides, soil erosion and gully erosion along this road alignment section.
duration.
iv. Storage of construction materials
The storage of construction materials will be carried out at Powerhouse and headworks area. A
total of 0.8 ha of land will be required for the storage of construction materials at stockpiling
sites for both Powerhouse and headworks area. The land of 0.4 ha of barren land from ACA
permanently will be used for this purpose.
Leakage of oil, grease, cements and other construction materials to the site and adjoin area will
have impact on the soil quality of exact vicinity, pollutant source to nearby water sources, dust
and odor pollution are other envisaged impacts.
The impact is direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and short term in
duration.
v. Impact due to operation of crusher
The crusher and batching plants will be installed near quarry site area which is near power
house sites. For this, 1.5 ha of River and Flood Plain Area will be taken temporarily. The
aggregates of boulders, sand and gravels will be taken to this batching and crusher plants for
necessary operation from proposed quarry sites i.e. ward 5, which is near powerhouse sites.
The operation of crusher, will have impact on atmosphere thus increasing air pollution due to
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dust materials, impact on riverine water, increasing sludge quantity in Dudh Khola, increased
noise pollution during its operation if not properly managed. This will have some adverse
impacts on the aquatic life and local people staying within near by area.
The impact is direct in nature, low in magnitude, site specific to local in extent and short term
in duration.
vi. Landslide and soil erosion due to excavations works
The project has 4336.31 m length of headrace canal and 917.61 m length of penstock alignment.
The headrace canal will pass at the right bank of Dudh Khola and there needs more excavation
works and it also makes geology of this area very weak and more vulnerable. Further penstock
alignment passess through unstable slopes. This will further increase chances of landslides and
soil erosion with in this section.
The impact is direct in nature, low in magnitude, local in extent and short term in duration.
vii. Solid waste generated from camps
Two types of solid wastes will be generated by the project. They are domestic and construction
wastes. Improper handling and management of these wastes can result in production of
unpleasant odors, deterioration of water quality, visual impacts and public health hazards.
Domestic waste will be generated by the people who are directly and indirectly involved in
project construction. The amount of waste generated will depend upon the number of people
working in the project and, more importantly, the number of people who temporarily migrate
to the project area during construction, including construction crews, members of their
families, and people who supply goods and services to the workers.
During the construction period about 111 kg (assuming 300 grams for 371 people daily) of
domestic waste which will be generated by the workforces. The domestic waste will primarily
consist of organic food waste. They are biodegradable and nonhazardous, and can be easily
managed and will not be a significant problem. However, if the domestic waste is dumped in
the streams, degradation of the waste will cause depletion of dissolved oxygen in water. This
will adversely affect aquatic life in the streams. In addition, improperly disposed domestic
waste will spoil the natural beauty of the area, cause foul smell, and attract flies, rodents and
other scavengers which could produce public health concerns, for the construction workers as
well as the local people. Waste generated by construction activities includes empty cement bags
and containers, unwanted materials, temporary frames, plastics and other structures. This kind
of wastes will have negligible impact on the environment because most of such wastes will
probably be recycled.
viii. Muck/spoil disposal
The project has mostly balanced cut and fill activities. During the entire construction process
about 573,985 m3 muck will be generated. Among the muck and spoil thus generated about
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5,000 m3 is top soil and rest is muck which will not have direct use as construction materials.
However, muck is required in headworks area for the land management to make it flat area. In
headworks among the muck generated about 2000 m muck will be used for the land
management. Along the penstock alignment (1700 m) filling is required in many sections.
On the other hand, along the internal access road from Dudh ghatta 7 to intake site i.e. Ramche
8 about 2,300 m3 muck will be used as filling materials. Thus, about 4,000 m3 spoil needs to
be disposed from the project. For, this about 0.75 ha of private land at intake site and 0.5 ha of
ACA at powerhouse site has been allocated for the safe disposal of the muck generated from the
project. In general the impact due to muck diposal in this project minimum considering the
project of similar sizes. The impact is direct in nature, low in magnitude, local in extent and
short term in duration.
ix. Leakage of oil, grease and other chemicals
More than twenty numbers of vehicles including light and heavy would be required for the
construction of the Project. These vehicles would need diesel and petrol for daily running.
Similarly, engine oil, gear oil, brake oil etc. would be needed frequently. The labor housing
would require large volume of kerosene for cooking purpose. The reliable power supply is
required for the employer's office, contractor's office, workshop etc. for which operation of
diesel power plan would be required.
The project will store fuel, grease and other lubricants for 1 month in the store area. The
possibility of leakage of oil and grease and other liquid materials is high. These oil if spilled
easily spread over ground producing eye sore. Near the water surface, the oil spill pollutes the
water surface and the dissolved oxygen content of the water body will be reduced. The oil
leakage has detrimental impact on the aquatic life. In this case, right bank of Dudh Khola near
intake sites, quarry sites and powerhouse sites will be affected. The impact is direct in nature,
high in magnitude, site specific in extent and short term in duration. Change in river
morphology due to use of quarry site
One quarry site has proposed for DKHP. This is in the right Dudh Khola at Nashong RM ward
no: 5,6 and 7. The operation of quarry site will change the river morphology. Scar like impact
on landscape, change in elevation level both horizontal and vertical, changes in established
natural drainage pattern, loss of fertile topsoil, unstable slopes and the hazards of landslide are
the main environmental impacts.
The impact is direct in nature; low in magnitude, site specific to local in extent and short term
in duration.
x. Impact on Natural drainage due to headrace canal
The total length of the headrace canal in this project is approximately 1396 m and it is
proposed along the right bank of Dudh Khola. As this alignment will change the natural
drainage pattern of this area, it will also increase soil erosion and land instability of this area.
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Thus, the impact is direct in nature; low in magnitude, site specific to local in extent and short
term in duration.
xi. Construction camp sites
Two camps sites have been proposed for the project as construction support facilities during
the construction period. Among the camp site one is at headwork sites and another is at
powerhouse sites will be used during the operation period also. Therefore, permanent land will
be required for the construction of camp site at headwork and powerhouse sites. Project will
require as far as local people to reduce the pressure of outsider to the area, therefore due to the
construction of camp site during the construction period low impact could be envisaged. In
total project will require 220 numbers of workforces and maximum number to be settled in
camp will be same in number. Due to the camp establishment, land use change of the area,
solid waste generation, pollution to the nearby water source are most likely to occur.
Considering the size of workforce and nature of the camp area the impact is direct in nature;
low in magnitude, site specific to local in extent and short term in duration.
xii. Impact due to seismicity
Impact of seismicity is not relevant during the construction period rather is relevant for the
operation phase. Project will incorporate seismicity impact since design phase that might occur
due to natural hazards and vibration of project activities. Thus the impact has not discussed in
this section. Further, EIA study also suggests that the design team to incorporate the seismicity
impact since the design of the project.
xiii. Impact on Dewatered zone stretch
During the construction phase impact on dewatered zone due to water diversion is not
relevant. Impact along the stretch due to contamination of water quality has been discussed in
different section Change in water quality, release of toxic and hazardous waste, spoil disposal
etc. Thus this issue is not relevant other than discussed during the construction phase of the
project.
xiv. Increased level of noise and vibration
Construction activities will produce noise and vibration at the project site. The main activities
that will generate noise and vibration are blasting, use of batching plants and movement of
heavy equipments such as drilling, vibrators, dozers, loaders, rollers, crane, generators and
pumps. This will disturb the peaceful environment that currently exists in the project area.
Especially the impact will be significant at Tiliche and Thoche of Nashong RM near intake and
penstock alignment settlements of Nashong RM near powerhouse sites and access road sites.
Noise level above 65 dB (A) is not desirable. The construction of the project would likely to
exceed this threshold of noise level, affecting human, wildlife and livestock's and project area.
Intense vibration may produce cracks in the existing houses, trigger rock falls in the unstable
area in some cases, the high intensity of vibration may even cause the built structures to
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collapse which lay in proximity of the project site. The impact is direct in nature; low in
magnitude, site specific to local in extent and short term in duration.
xv. Change in air quality
During the construction period, activities such as transportation and handling of construction
material, excavation, drilling, blasting, use of heavy equipment, and the use of crushing and
batching plant will generate significant amount of dust and vehicular emissions (suspended
particles, carbon monoxide, sulfured oxide, hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen in ambient
air). These impacts on air quality will, however, be of short-term in duration and mostly
limited to the project site. It will be most severe at the sites of crushing plant, concrete mixing
sites, along the access roads, in the spoil disposal area and in areas where major construction
activities will occur, such as at the weir and the powerhouse site. The movement of heavy
vehicle in project site is likely to increase in dust and vehicular emissions. The topographical
condition of the site is a narrow gorge, which will restrict, to a certain extent, the dispersion of
air pollutants.
Other potential impacts on air quality are unpleasant odor due to improper management of
sewerage and solid waste, indoor smoke pollution due to cooking activities. Construction
activities will attract large number of migrant labors and people who supply goods and services
to the labor force. If adequate measures are not taken to handle the sewerage and solid waste
generated by this new population, there is a possibility of increase in foul odor. In addition to
these, using firewood in labour camps will result in indoor air pollution. Settlements of
Nashong RM ward no: 5,6 and 7 will bear the impact due to change in air quality in the local
area.
The impact is indirect in nature, low in magnitude, regional in extent and short term in
duration.
xvi. Change in water quality
Most of the construction activities will be located close to the right bank of Dudh Khola at
intake sites, quarry sites and Powerhouse sites. Disturbance of the river bed, construction of
dams and the weir, disposal of unwanted materials on the river banks etc. will increase the
turbidity, with suspended and dissolved solids in the Dudh Khola. Quarry site has been
proposed at the right bank of Dudh Khola. This will have some adverse impacts on the aquatic
life. However, the impacts of increased turbidity and pollution will be minimal because the flow
rate of Dudh Khola is comparatively higher than the flow required diluting the expected
amount of pollutants generated.
Improper management of waste, both solid and liquid, generated by 220 workforce directly or
indirectly involved in the project will result in increased BOD and Fecal Coliform in Dudh
Khola at Nashong RM of nearby settlements of all three affected wards of Nashong RM near
intake and penstock alignment and settlements of Nashong RM near powerhouse sites .
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This might have an adverse impact on the aquatic life in the river and the public health of the
local people in the project area and downstream. However, the impact on public health will not
be severed because no people in the area use water directly from Dudh for drinking purpose.
Most of the communities more than 95% in the project site use piped water supply systems as
drinking water sources. These water sources will not have any impact from the project
construction.
Liquid waste might occur as a result from the construction activities and from the use of
lubricants, paints, cleaning, chemical and other aqueous and oil-based materials. Some wastes
might occur as a result of leaks from construction equipment, accidental spills during materials
transfer and storage and also from improper and inadequate management, as lubrication and
changing of oil are the common practices in construction equipments.
The impact is direct in nature, low in magnitude, site specific to local in extent and short term
in duration.
xvii. Loss of top soil
Loss of top soil i.e.30,000 m3 is permanent and recovery chance is almost impossible. The
clearing and grubbing of vegetation form the project area for construction related works like
formation of new alignment, borrow area, quarry sites increase loss of top soil from these sites.
Headworks area and facilities, Penstock alignment, Access Road and powerhouse sites will
have greater impact due to loss of top soil. The losses of top soil decrease the fertility rate of the
land thus reducing agricultural production.
The impact is indirect in nature, low in magnitude, site specific to local in extent and short
term in duration.
Operation Stage
After construction, the project enters operation and maintenance stage and power is regularly
generated from the powerhouse. During this stage, the following impacts are likely to occur.
i. Changes in hydrology and sedimentation
The upstream of diversion weir construction will drastically change the river’s present
morphology due to change in the river bed elevation. Within the diversion section, between
diversion weir and the tailrace; there will be considerable reduction in the river discharge. The
river will have only residual environmental flow i.e. 15% of average monthly flow. The river
flood plain will be wider and chocked with boulders, cobbles, pebbles and sand. There is
potential of colonization of the flood plain areas by hygroscopic vegetation if not used for
animal grazing. In the monsoon season, however, this stretch of the river will exhibit
characteristics of river morphology similar to that of the present.
The impact is direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, site specific to local in extent and long
term in duration.
ii. Impact on Natural drainages due to headrace canal
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The headrace canal will have only minor impacts on natural drainage during operation phase.
Since, it only passes through 4336.31 m length at the right bank of Dudh Khola no major
potential impacts seen in this period. During the long run underground water and geology will
be affected of that area.
The impact is direct in nature; low in magnitude, site specific to local in extent and long term in
duration.
iii. Noise and vibration in powerhouse sites
Due to the heavy machine running for every time for generating 65 MW of power, the sound
pollution is expected to be greater than 75 dBA which will be the major problem at powerhouse
site.
The impact is direct in nature, low in magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in
duration.
iv. Change in water quality due to reduced flow
The water quality of river in the monsoon season even in the dewatered zone section (between
diversion weir and tailrace) and below tailrace will be similar to present. There will be some
minor changes in the water quality in the months from October to June in the dewatered
stretch of the river between diversion weir and tailrace than the present. The water quality will
be slightly altered by the variables of the tributaries even though the greater share of the water
volume is contributed by the residual environmental flow of the Dudh Khola from the diversion
weir. The dissolved oxygen level will slightly drop while the water temperature will slightly
increase than the present. Suspended sediment load in the river water will however,
significantly drop than the present.
The impact is direct in nature, low in magnitude, local in extent and long term in duration.
v. Leakage of oil, grease and other chemicals
During the operation period maintenance of mechanical equipments of powerhouse needs
chemicals and will likely to leak during the maintenance work. While sweeping such chemicals,
it will get directly mixed to the water body of Dudh khola unless preventives will be used.
In addition, these oil/chemicals if spilled easily spread over ground producing eye sore. Near
the water surface, the oil spill pollutes the water surface and the dissolved oxygen content of
the water body will be reduced. The oil leakage has detrimental impact on the aquatic life.
Impact due to leakage of oil, grease and other chemicals however in Dudh Khola during the
operation period seems irrelevant.
The impact is direct in nature, low in magnitude, site specific in extent and long term in
duration.
vi. Change in microclimate in the dewatered stretch
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Microclimate change is expected to occur in the dewatered section of the river between
diversion weir and tailrace. In the dewatered section, the temperature might fall by about 0.5
0C in the winter season. In the hot summer season (Mansir Jestha), the temperature might rise
by 0.5 to 10Q in the monsoon season (Ashad Kartik), no change in temperature is expected.
The expected River Discharge between Diversion Weir and Tailrace is shown in Table 5.2.
The impact is indirect in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and long term in
duration.
Table 47 Expected River Discharge between Diversion Weir and Tailrace
Discharg Environment Diversion Balance total flow in the

e for power
Month al Release river downstream of
generation
(m3/s) (m3/s) (m3/s)
diversion weir (m3/s)
Baisakh (Apr/May) 0.26 0.017 0.243 0.017
Jestha (May/Jun) 0.62 0.017 0.603 0.017
Ashadh (Jun/Jul) 1.49 0.017 0.65 0.84
Shrawan (Jul/Aug) 2.87 0.017 0.65 2.22
Bhadra (Aug/Sep) 3.02 0.017 0.65 2.37
Ashwin (Sept/Oct) 1.78 0.017 0.65 1.13
Kartik (Oct/Nov) 0.88 0.017 0.65 0.23
Mangsir (Nov/Dec) 0.52 0.017 0.503 0.017
Poush (Dec/Jan) 0.40 0.017 0.383 0.017
Magh (Jan/Feb) 0.30 0.017 0.283 0.017
Falgun (Feb/Mar) 0.22 0.017 0.203 0.017
Chaitra (Mar/Apr) 0.17 0.017 0.153 0.017

vii. Impact of Seismicity
171
Project will incorporate seismicity impact since design phase that could occur during operation
phase. Thus, the impact has not discussed in this section. Further, EIA study also suggests that
the design team to incorporate the seismicity impact since the design of the project.
viii. Climate change hazard
Dudh Khola is perennial stream. The major source of Dudh Khola is rain fed in nature from its
catchment in Annapurna mountains. Change in vegetation patterns of the catchment is
envisaged along the catchment. On the other hand, climatic hazards like concentrated rainfall
could be responsible for the land instability triggering the landslide along the catchment of
Dudh Khola. This will increase the flood level at the intake of project and rate of sedimentation
will be increased.
duration.
ix. Water Use and Right
The field observation and interaction with local community has revealed that the water from
Dudh Khola has not been used by locals for drinking, rafting, professional fishing purposes or
for irrigation purposes within the stretch of intake and tailrace of DKHP because of the flowing
of Dudh Khola from lower elevation and presence of mainly steep land upstream. The
possibility of operation of major irrigation canal along the stretch of DKHP and upstream was
not identified. Thus, the issues of water rights while operating this project is nonexistence at
the time of this study.
The biological environmental issues of the project were studied in an exhaustive manner
during EIA study. The issues identified in the TOR were found to be the issues of concerns for
the project construction and operation.
Construction Stage
i. Loss of Forest and Vegetation (Plant Diversity)
The total loss of forest land area is 3.57 ha of land area which is managed by Forest
management subcommittee of ACA will be impacted directly by the implementation of the
project. Among the total forest area required for the project 1.85 ha of forest and 1.15 ha of
river and flood plain will be destroyed permanently and 0.5 ha of forest and 1.09 ha of river
and flood plain area for temporary purpose of the project. A total of 54 pole size, 53 tree size
vegetation, 1467/ha regeneration, 754/ha sapling will be lossed during the construction period.
Introduction of alien species and day to day mass movement at project site will fragment the
forest land and ecosystem diversity. The total loss of forest and vegetation is described in
(Annex IV) and succeeding section also.
Implementation of the DKHP requires felling of total 107 different forest products plant. The
highest loss is of Alnus nepalensis followed by Rhus wallichii then Sapium insignie, Schima
172
wallichii, Premna intergrifolia, Debregeasia salicifolia, Ficus neriifolia, Macaranga indica and
others. The project activities disturb the insitu habitat of plant species. On the other hand
project will have direct impact on the regeneration of 1467 seedlings/ha and 754 saplings/ha
from the ACA area. The total loss of forest area is 4.5 ha and the loss is envisaged from the
area. (Table 48).
Loss of Forest in terms of Species (Summary)
Table 48 Loss of Plant Species due to Implementation of Project
S DBH( Basal Area Height( Volume( Pole Tree

Name of Species Biomass Uses
N m) (m2) m) m3) Class Class
Alnus nepalensis Timber and

1 11.08 2.916 428.5 19.302 12 24
(Utis) Firewood
Debregeasiasalici Timber and

2 0.8 0.434 62 2.016 5 0
folia (Daar) Firewood
Duabang
Timber and
3 grandiflora 1.11 0.202 44.5 0.927 5 0
Firewood
(Lampate)
Engelhar
Timber and
4 diaspicata 0.94 0.237 36.5 1.538 1 2
Firewood
(Mauwa)
Macaranga Timber and

5 0.78 0.159 28.5 0.756 3 1
indica (Malato) Firewood
Premna inte
Timber and
6 grifolia 1.13 0.144 45 0.481 7 0
Firewood
(Gineri)
Rhus wallichii Timber and

7 9.58 3.242 444 31.024 8 18
(Bhalayo) Firewood
Sapium in
Timber and
8 signie 3.34 0.915 113 5.52 3 7
Firewood
(Khirro)
9 Schima wallichii 1.95 0.356 107 2.269 8 1 Timber and
173
S DBH( Basal Area Height( Volume( Pole Tree

Name of Species Biomass Uses
N m) (m2) m) m3) Class Class
(Chilaune) Firewood
Trichilia
connoroides Timber and
10 0.32 0.04 14 0.14 2 0
(Ankhataru Firewood
wa)
Average 0.290 0.080 12.401
Total 63.96 54 53
Source: EIA Field Survey, 2016

The Economic Loss of tree species has been calculated and presented in Table 5.4. Direct
monetary loss of forest products is estimated to be NRs 720000.00.
However no monetary evaluation of medicinal plants has been carried out. This is because of
the local people not being in practice for the commercial activity of NTFPs and medicinal
plants. This is often found difficult because of the conservation area rule of ACA. On the other
hand, no commercial farming of NTFPs and medicinal plant will be affected because of the
project.
Table 49 Economic Loss of Plant Species
Pole Class Tree Class

Chatta Class Value
Volu of Total
S me Economi Economi Econom Fodd Econo
Name of Species
N c mic
(m3) No. No. c No. ic er
Loss
Value Value Value Loss
Alnus 1080
1 11.08 12 36000 24 180000 144 43200 270000
nepalensis(Utis) 0
Debregea sia salicifo

2 0.78 5 9000 0 0 12 3600 900 13500
lia (Daar)
Duabangagrandiflora(
3 1.11 5 21000 0 0 28 8400 2100 31500
Lampate)
174
S Name of Species Volu Pole Class Tree Class Chatta Class Value Total
N me of Econo
Engelhardiaspicata(M
4 0.94
(m3) 1 3000 2 15000 12 3600 900 Fodd mic
22500
auwa) Loss
er
Macaran ga indica Loss
5 0.78 3 9000 1 7500 16 4800 1200 22500
(Malato)
Premnaintegrifolia(Gi
6 1.13 7 21000 0 0 28 8400 2100 31500
neri)
Rhus walli
7 9.58 8 24000 18 135000 104 31200 7800 198000
chii(Bhalayo)
Sapiuminsignie(Khirr
8 3.34 3 9000 7 52500 40 12000 3000 76500
o)
Schimawallichii(Chila
9 1.95 8 24000 1 7500 36 10800 2700 45000
une)
Trichiliaconnoroides(
10 0.32 2 6000 0 0 8 2400 600 9000
Ankhataruwa)
3210
Total 162000 397500 128400 720000
0

The cost is lumpsum and is NRs 3,000 in average for each pole and NRs 7500 for each tree in
average. The impact is direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and long term
in duration.
ii. Loss of NTFPs and Medicinal Plants
Some NTFPs and medicinal plants species will be lossed from their insitu habitat due to the
construction of project and workforce. The medicinal palnts may be used for treating different
problems. The most commonly used medicinal plants by the locals of the project area are listed
in Table 50.
Table 50 Loss of NTFPs and Medicinal Plants
Nepali/
Scientific
S.N. Local English Parts used Uses
name
name name
175
Nepali/
Scientific
name
name name
Juice of leaves is used to cure

Pepper Mentha
1 Pudina Leaves of digestion, asthma, and to
mint arven sis
regulate urine.
Ocimum Leaf, Whole Juice of plant is used in fever

2 Tulasi Scred basil tenmiflorum plants earache and infection, cough,
sores of moth and fever.
It is used for stomachic,

Artemisia Whole purgative, hysteria asthma,
3 Titepati Mugwort
dubia plants skin disease like scabies and
on ulcers.
Juice or decoction of root and

Stinging Root and shoot is used to cure for
4 Sisnu Urtica dioica
nettle shoots anemia, to purify blood and
for tonic.
Juice of root is used to cure of

Spiny Ama Amaranthus pneumonia of children. It is
5 Lunde Root
ranthus viridis also used for colic pain and
leucorrhoea.
Sacrificial Demostachya Whole Juice or decoction in given to

6 Kus cure of asthma, jaundices and
grass bipinnata plants
biliousness.
Kurkure, Juice of plant mixed with the

Lippia same types of juice of ghod
7 kurkure Toad stool Whole plant
nodiflora tapre and akash beli is used to
jhar cure for fever and jaundice.
Fruits are eaten to kill thirst

Kimbu
8 Mulberry Morus alba Fruit, Bark and bark decoction is used in
khaphal fever.
Kukurdai Green Smilex Root juice is used for venereal

9 Roots
no briers zeylani ca diseases, rheumatism and
176
Nepali/
Scientific
name
name name
bloodless dysentery.
Dryoathyriu
Kali Tendril
10 Fern m
neuro, shoots It is used for headache, fever
Neguro boryanum and stomachic disorders.
Tallow Sapium Leaves and It is used for skin diseases and

11 Khirro
Tree insigne Latex insecticide (biopesticide)
Leaf decoction is used in

cough, constipation, mouth
Halhale, Rumex Root and disorders. And, root paste is
12 Curly doek
crispus leaf. used to remove the
Halhale complication of cuttings,
Sag wounds etc. in the skins.
Bark juice is mixed with the

Headache Premna inte juice of Simal and Gobhan and
13 Bark
tree grifolia used to control internal heat
Gindari of body and increase appetite.
Ghod
tapre,
Water pe Centella
14 Topre Whole plant Juice of plants is used to cure
mywort asiati ca
jhar, for fever, jaundice and
Brahmi internal heat of the body.
Stem powder and juice in used

Tinospora
15 Gurjo laha Stem in diabetes, body ache and for
cor difolia
ro local tea.
It is used for stomachic

Leaf,
Ganja, Cannabits disorders. Resinous exudates
16 Hemp resinous
Bhang, sati va L are used in diarrhea,
exudates.
Bhango dysentery, cholera and cold.
Dioscorea Small pieces are boiled and

17 Air potato Bulb
Githa bul bifera applied to kill of stomachic
177
Nepali/
Scientific
name
name name
worms. For this purpose, the
people eat it in each year (May
June).
Colebrookea Roots and Root juice is used in epilepsy

18 top most and the juice of shoots is used
Dhursul oppositifola shoots to cure of sinuses and wounds.
Juice is used to cure of

Maiden Adiantum ve
19 Whole plant abdominal disorder, cough
hair fern nustum
Dansinki and scorpion stings.
Fireflame Woodfordia Juice of flower is used in

20 Flower dysentery and to care of
Dhairo bush fruticosa bleeding in stool.
Pest used for cuts and

wounds. It is also used to cure
Ageratum go
21 goat weed Whole plant for wounds between two toes
Gandhe nyzoides
caused by muddy soil in the
jhar rainy season.
Juice or decoction is used for

Berberis aris
22 Barberry Root bark jaundice, diarrhea, and fever
tata
Chuttro and eye infection.
Decoction of plants is used to

Chiraito, Swertia chi Whole
23 Chiretta cure of fever, typhoid,
rayita plants
Lektite wounds, cuts, diabetes.
Juice of leaf is used to remove

Pink wood Oxalis corym Leaf and the eye dirt, to control
24
Chari Ami sorrel bosa whole plant vomiting and children
lo diarrhea.
Bhyakur, Dioscorea Tuberous

Deltiod
25 Kukur Ta Juice is used to control
yam praeri rootstock
rul pregnant.
178
Nepali/
Scientific
name
name name
Juice is used to control

Bhui ka Leaves, excessive bleeding during
Fragaria
26 phal, Strawberry Flower, menstruation, cough and cold.
nubicola
Sarpa Fruit It is also used in nerve and to
kaphal remove fluid from the lungs.
Stephania
27 Leaves, bulb Leaves and bulb juice are used
Batul pate glandulifera in gastric.
Asuro, Malabar Adhatoda leaves,

28 Decoction of plant is used for
Bhasak nut vasica flower, roots cough, chronic bronchitis.
Juice of fresh plant or the

decoction is mixed with
Cucuta Whole
29 Dodder Ghodtapre and kur kure that
reflexa plants
given to the patients of
Akash jeli jaundice and fever.
Golden
Rubus Fruits, Shoot paste is used in snake's
30 evergreen
ellipticus roots, shoot. bites. Root juice for fever and
Ainselu raspberry fruit for appetite.
Juice of bark is used in

Strap Loranthus
31 Aijeru, Li Bark, fruits wounds, menstrual troubles,
flower falcatus
so asthma and paralysis.
Lightning Juice of plants is used to cure

Dymaria Whole
32 for stomachic disorder and
weed diandra plants
Abijalo sinuses.

duration.
iii. Disturbances/ impacts on flora and fauna
179
Introduction of alien species and day to day mass movement at project site will fragment the
forest land and ecosystem diversity. Due to the high anthropogenic activities, loss of plant
diversity and fragmentation of habitat, the entire ecosystem and succession of species could be
impacted in the local area.
The terrestrial wildlife’s are noise sensitive. The increased mobility of people and construction
vehicles will drive away the terrestrial wildlife from the vicinity of construction sites. Increased
noise level not only drives away the terrestrial wildlife but also have impact on the breeding
behavior. The increase in noise level in general and high pitch noise during blasting is
envisaged to drive away the terrestrial wildlife of the valley even at considerable distance from
the construction sites. The monkeys and Ghorals, so commonly seen in the valley area, will
move away for the entire construction period only to return to the area after some period of
completion of construction activities.
Accidental spill of oils, lubricants and hazardous waste and direct disposal of diverse types of
construction wastes, camp wastes and construction spoils near the powerhouse into the water
body of Dudh Khola. The aquatic lives (flora and fauna) with limited range of tolerance along
the Dudh could be impacted severely.
The haphazard disposal of camp waste and other toxic wastes of construction is also envisaged
to have an impact on the night scavenging wildlife of the area. Food poisoning due to mixing of
toxic materials could be even fatal to the nocturnal wildlife.
duration.
iv. Illegal collection of forest products by the workforce/Increase Demand of Firewood and
Timber
The workforce and camp during the construction period could involve in firewood collection
illegally and timber collection for their personal. There might be project needs to save the cost
being using the cheap fuel for cooking, heating and cheap source of timber. This will further
decrease the forest and plant species from the area and vicinity.
During the construction phase, construction related workforce may involve for the illegal
collection of forest products. As of date, the local forest resources use was limited to the local
community consumption only under the supervision of ACA unit. With the access road opening
near to the forest at and start of the project construction, it is highly likely that the forest
resources of headworks area the chances of commercial exploitation of forest product in illegal
way could be envisaged. The envisaged impact is moderate, site specific and short term in
nature.
v. Loss of Rare and Endangered/Endemic Plant species
180
There is mobility of outside workforce and may be some illegal activities by these workforces
could affect the status of occurrence to the rare, endangered and endemic plant of the area as
identified in baseline study.
duration.
vi. Loss of Rare and Endangered/Endemic Wildlife Species
The project does not directly affect the conservation significance wildlife species of ACA
because of the loss of forest habitat. Outside the ACA, among the 10 identified wildlife species
of conservation category in the project region, none of the species uses the forest areas to be
affected by the project as breeding habitat. However, some of the conservation wildlife species
do visit the sites very rarely for feeding purpose. The loss of the feeding ground / bushy area
will have some impact on the wildlife, but is not envisaged to be significant. This is also
because of the high anthropogenic activities along the project area since the ancient time.
The impact is indirect in nature, low in magnitude, local in extent and short term in duration.
vii. Loss of Wildlife and Wildlife Habitats
Erection of project components will definitely have impact on the habitat connectivity of
wildlife species. Clearance of 3.57 ha forest area and 4.64ha of grassland of conservation area
will have impact on the habitat of wildlife of local area due to habitat fragmentation. Feeding
habitat and movement of short-range wildlife species will be impacted.
The terrestrial wildlife’s are noise sensitive. The increased mobility of people and construction
vehicles will drive away the terrestrial wildlife from the vicinity of construction sites. Increased
noise level not only drives away the terrestrial wildlife but also have impact on the breeding
behavior. The increase in noise level in general and high pitch noise during blasting is
envisaged to drive away the terrestrial wildlife of the valley even at considerable distance from
the construction sites. Illegal hunting and poaching of workforce will made escape to the local
faunal species. The monkeys and ghorals, so commonly seen in the area, will move away for the
entire construction period and return to the area after some period of completion of
construction activities. The envisaged impact is low, site specific and short term.
viii. Illegal Hunting and Poaching Activities and Illegal Trade
The project area is habited by comparatively small population. And their activity within the
ACA is monitored by the ACA staff from Ghandruk office and Area Conservation Office of ACA
at Nashong and local forest conservation Committees (Main committee and subcommittee).
Due to influx of construction labor and other staffs, there will be market of wildlife product
mainly; meat of Kalij and Ratuwa and so impact on wildlife due to poaching and trade of such
wildlife is identified. Likewise, demand of forest products such as firewood, timber, NTFPs and
some medicinal plant species is envisaged to be increased during the construction period due
to raise in the number of workforces.
181
Therefore, there will be impact on wildlife population and vegetation. Some ACA area along the
exact vicinity of both right and left bank of Dudh Khola around powerhouse area and quarry
site is envisaged to be impacted more than the other area. With the increase of people during
construction period, the existing ACA staff, local conservation comittees and local security
personals at Nashong RM ward no: 5,6 and 7 will be highly pressured to carry out effective
monitoring in the ACA. As a result, monitoring works will be below required level for
safeguarding the wildlife and biodiversity of the ACA from possible illegal wildlife poaching
activities, their trade, illegal collection of medicinal plants and NTFPs of the construction
workforce and other population attracted by construction works in the project. Uncontrolled
activities of people will have the impact on the wildlife of the ACA is envisaged to be very
significant.
The overall impact is indirect in nature, low in magnitude, local in extent and short term in
duration.
ix. Temporary Diversion of Water
River Diversion
The construction works at the stream bed at the headwork is limited to water diversion while
erecting the weir foundation. This activity will be of limited time period of about 1 month or so
in the dry season. About 30m of the river stretch will be affected by the water diversion and the
section may be dewatered.
Aquatic species phytoplankton and zooplankton will be affected in the section. Increase in
turbidity level during construction period will also affect the river stretch in the downstream
areas affecting the aquatic life.
During the Construction of Headworks
Freshwater flora and fauna of Dudh Khola will be affected due to accidental spill and leakages
of oils, lubricants, hazardous waste, explosives, and direct disposal of diverse types of
construction wastes, head work site construction wastes, spoils, mucks into the water body
which will be severely affected during the construction period. The tolerance limits of
freshwater species are limited during the extreme. Thus, the aquatic life will have severe
impact.
During the Construction of Powerhouse
Powerhouse construction site is located in the flood plain area of Dudh Khola. During the
construction of Powerhouse area accidental spill of oils, lubricants and hazardous waste and
direct disposal of diverse types of construction wastes, camp wastes and construction spoils
into the water body.
Overall impact is direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and short term in
duration.
xi. Disturbance to Aquatic Flora/Fauna
182
During the diversion of water from headwork drying the first phase of construction period
about 30 m section will be dechannelized. Aquatic flora and fauna in this section will be
impacted. During this stage the turbidity level of water will be increased. Thus, downstream
flora and fauna will also be impacted.
The impact is direct in nature, low in magnitude, local in extent and short term in duration
hence not significant.
xii. Impact of Forest Fire
The indicators of fire hazards in the base line information are vegetation, climate, and
settlement pattern including house types. The vegetation is mainly mixed hardwood forest and
presence of shrub land and ground vegetation is significant in the area. The settlement is in
cluster and houses are made of timber. There is fire hazard risk but it depends upon the
activities and their working area.
During the construction period, uncontrolled activities of labor force, accidental lighting to the
forest and grassland area at and around the project area could light the fire to the adjoining
forest basically during summer season. Both banks of the rivers have forests, the construction
is definitely going to affect the forest health.
Operation Phase
ii. Aquatic Flora and Fauna
Removal of river boulder for quarry, temporary diversion of the river, reduced flow along the
stream stretch will have adverse impact on aquatic life during operation phase.
The magnitude of impact is considered to be low; extent is local and duration is short term.
iii. Disturbance to wildlife habitat
The increased mobility of people and operational workforce will drive away the terrestrial
wildlife from the vicinity of project sites. The terrestrial wildlife is very noise sensitive. Thus,
increased noise level not only drives them away from the area but also have impact on their
breeding behavior. The increase in noise level in general and high pitch noise drive away the
terrestrial wildlife at considerable distance from the project sites.
iv. Disturbance to wildlife movement
The project has most of the component such as erected project infrastructures, weir, settling
basin, penstock pipe, powerhouse and project support facilities will act as barrier or disturb the
movement of wildlife in and around the project area. The electric light arrangement will also be
high in powerhouse and intake area, which will disturb movement of wildlife in surrounding
areas.
183
Movement of wildlife is limited along the area during the crop ripening time for the feeding
proposes. Furthermore, the hunting and poaching of visitor wild animals could be increased by
the workforce.
The impact is indirect in nature low in magnitude, regional in extent and short term in
duration.
v. Easy access to forest due to internal access road
The implementation of project will construct about 500 m internal access road. The area being
officially declared as ACA, the rules and regulation of ACA will prohibit such activities. With
the access road opening and start of the project operation, it is highly possible that the forest
resources of the area could be exploited commercially in illegal way in spite of being ACA.
The impact is indirect in nature low in magnitude, regional in extent and short term in
duration.
vi. Sudden Release of water to downstream
The project may have impact with regard to movement and safety of wildlife due to sudden
release of water in downstream area of intake during operation. Particularly the low flow area
downstream of intake site will have this kind of impact. Due to diversion of water the discharge
of stream between intake and powerhouse (5.2 km) will be change. There will be flow variation
downstream of the powerhouse due to release of water after power generation. The impact is
occasional and accident to wildlife is by chance or accidental.
Hence the magnitude of impact is considered to be low, extent is local and duration is short
terms.
vii. Reduction of Water Flow in the dewatered Zone
Reduction of water flow along 5 km stretch of Dudh Khola will have cumulative impact on
aquatic life such as fish in the lower section of stream. There will be very low impact on
phytoplankton, zooplankton and aquatic insects of this stretch of river.
The magnitude of impact is considered to be low; extent is local and duration is long term.
viii. Impact on ACA flora and fauna
The operational activity at headwork site has greater possibility of disturbances on flora and
fauna of nearby forests rather than to the powerhouse area. During the operation phase,
operator and workforce also their dependent could involve in illegal collection of firewood,
NTFPs, hunting and poaching activity and would trigger the status of adjoining flora and
fauna. This would further challenge the management of ACA and this most likely to be
impacted the forest patch nearby.
The magnitude of impact is considered to be low; extent is local and duration is long term.
ix. Forest Fire
184
The indicators of fire hazards in the baseline information are vegetation, climate, and
settlement pattern including house types. The vegetation is mainly mixed hardwood forest and
presence of shrub land and ground vegetation is significant in the area. The settlement is in
cluster and houses are made of timber. There is fire hazard risk but it depends upon the
activities and their working area.
The presence of small settlement area along the right bank and forest patch at right bank
downstream stretch, the fire pass throughout the water body is not envisaged.
Socioeconomic and Cultural Environment
The socioeconomic environmental issues of the project were studied in an exhaustive manner
during EIA study. The issues identified in the TOR were found to be the issues of concerns for
the project construction and operation.
Construction Stage
i. Acquisition of land and other private property the DKHP will acquire 14.8 ha of total land
which includes 3.25 ha of private land, ha of AC Forest Area and 2.15 ha of River and Flood
Plains area at different localities for the placement of project structure and facilities. The
different types of land proposed for the DKHP is shown in Table 51.
Table 51 Acquisition of Land of DKHP during construction phase
Land Types
S.N.
Cultivated Private River and Flood
ACA Forest Area Total
Land Plains Area
1 4.7 2.35 2.15 9.2

Of the total 3.25 ha of private cultivate land, 1.65 ha will be permanently used and the
remaining 1.65 ha will be temporarily used. The impact is direct in nature, moderate in
magnitude, regional in extent and long term in duration. (Annex III).
The total permanent and temporary private and barren land acquired by the DKHP is shown in
Table 52 accordingly land acquisition will be done from the local people.
185
Table 52 Total Acquisition of Private Land for the DKHP in ha
Land Type (ha)
Annapurna Conservation Area Private Land

Rural Total
S.N. Project Components Municipality Floo Cultivated Area
Othe
Ward No. Barr Non- (ha)
Grassla d r
Forest en cultivat
nd Plain Bar
land Khet ed
s i
1 Headwork
Diversion Weir Nashong-6,7 - - 0.15 - - - - - 0.15
Intake Nashong-7 - - 0.26 - - - - - 0.26
Desander Nashong-7 - - 0.23 - - - - - 0.23
2 Water Conveyance
Headrace Tunnel + - - - - -
Nashong-7,5 - 1.49 1.49
Adits
Surge Shaft Nashong-5 0.1 0.1 - - - - 0.2
Penstock Pipe - - - 0.4 - -

Nashong-5 0.98 1.4
2
186
3 Tailrace Nashong-5 - - - - 0.1 - - 0.1
4 Power House - - - 1.0 - -

Nashong-5 0.79 1.87
8
5 Internal Access Road Nashong 5, 6,7 0.7 0.3 - - - - 1
A Sub-Total 2.57 1.89 0.64 - 1.6 - - - 6.7
6 Camp Site -I Nashong-5 - 0.25 - - 0.5 - - 0.75
7 Camp Site-II Nashong-6 - - - - 0.7 - -

0.75
5
8 Construction Yard Nashong-7 - - - 0.4 0.4 - - 0.8
9 Stockpiling Site Nashong-7 - - - 0.8 - - 0.8
B Sub-Total - 1.6 -
0.25 1.2 3.1
5
TEMPORARY LAND REQUIREMENT
10 Disposal site Nashong-6 1.0 2.5 - - - - - - 3.5
11 Quarry sites Nashong-6 - - 1.5 - - - - - 1.5
C Sub-Total 1 2.5 1.5 - - - - - 5
A+B+C (Grand Total Area) 3.2 -

3.57 4.64 2.1 1.2 - 14.8
5
187
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The project had already bought its land from the local people (thirteen households). The detail
of this is shown in Table 53.
Table 53 Loss of Land of Project Affected Families for the project
Land area (
S.N ha)
Project Component RM/ Ward No Owners Name
.
Khet Bari
Permanent Land Requirement
Nashong RM/ Ward Dil Bahadur

1 Intake 0.1
No:9 Tamang
Approach to Settling Nashong RM/ Ward Dil Bahadur

2 0.05
Basin No:9 Tamang
Nashong RM/ Ward Iman Singh T

3 Settling Basin 0.1
No:9 amang
Nashong RM/ Ward Kamaan Singh T

0.2
No:9 amanag
Waterway/Headrace Nashong RM/ Ward

4 0.2 Khim Lal Tamang
canal No:9
Nashong RM/ Ward

0.2 Prem Thapa
No:9
Nashong RM/ Ward Sun Bahadur

5 Forebay 0.2
No:9 Thapa
Nashong RM/ Ward

0.1 Prem Thapa
No:9
6 Penstock
Nashong RM/ Ward Ram Bahadur
0.4
No:9 Gurung

7 Powerhouse 0.2
No:9 Gurung
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0.3
No:9 Thapa

8 Tailrace 0.1
No:9 Thapa
Substation/Switchyar Nashong RM/ Ward Sun Bahadur

9 0.1
d No:9 Thapa
Nashong RM/ Ward Dil Bahadur

0.15
No:9 Tamang
Nashong RM/ Ward Min Bahadur

0.25
No:9 Shrestha
Nashong RM/ Ward

10 Internal Access Road 0.15 Mailo Darji
No:9
Nashong RM/ Ward Badri Bahadur

0.2
No:9 Thapa
Nashong RM/ Ward Bhim Bahadur

0.25
No:9 Shrestha

0.1
No:9 amang
11 Camp Site
Nashong RM/ Ward
0.1 Jeevan Gurung
No:9
Nashong RM/ Ward Bashu Dev

0.2
No:9 Chhetri
12 Construction Y ard
Nashong RM/ Ward Badri Bahadiur
0.1
No:9 Thapa

0.1
Stockpiling of No:9 amang
13
construction materials
Nashong RM/ Ward 0.1 Jeevan Gurung
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No:9
Nashong RM/ Ward

SubTotal A 2.55 1.4
No:9
B. Temporary land ( Ha)
Nashong RM/ Ward Kamaan Singh

0.2
No:9 Tamang
Nashong RM/ Ward

14 Muck Disposal Area 0.25 Khim Lal Tamang
No:9

0.3
No:9 Gurung
SubTotal B 0.75
Total A+B*** 2.55 2.15

ii. Issues related to livelihood of affected families
The construction of DKHP will affect thirty-three HHs due to their nearest settlement within
the project area. The livelihood of these affected families will change by the project. These
families will cope with the positive as well as negative impacts due to construction of the
project.
iii. Loss of standing crops
The productivity of land was analyzed with the interaction of local people, PAFs and expert
judgment based on land productivity of the area and literature review of then Nashong Profile,
2069; VDC Land Productivity Section). The production of Paddy, wheat, Maize and MIllet in a
year is 1.2 Mt /ha, 1.8 Mt/ha; 2.1 Mt/ha and 0.9 Mt/ha respectively. The local people cultivated
paddy and wheat in Khet Land and Maize and Millet in Bari Land in a year.
The project will utilize 3.25 ha of Bari land during construction phase of the project. During
construction phase, the agricultural production losses of the local area by the project will be
3.06 Mt. of paddy, 4.59 Mt. of wheat, 4.515 Mt. of maize and 1.935 Mt. of millet in a year. The
production loss for agricultural production during construction phase is shown in Table 54.
term in duration.
Table 54 Production loss for agricultural production during construction phase
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Total Area Total Area

Crops Yield Mt/ha Production Mt.
Khet (ha) Bari (ha)
Paddy 2.55 1.2 3.06

Wheat 2.55 1.8 4.59
Maize 2.15 2.1 4.515
Millet 2.15 0.9 1.935
iv. Occupational health and safety hazard
Construction workforce, especially the laborers are susceptible to injuries and diseases.
Workforce involved in new slope cutting will be exposed to typical health hazards. Laborers
involved in structural works will also encounter risks. Personnel involved in handling of fuel,
lubricants and hazardous material have risks of facing health hazards. Working in dust, tree
felling, spoil tipping and quarry/crushers will also pose serious risk to the laborers. Poor
drinking water, lack of hygienic environment in labour camps, unmanaged work camps and
haphazard stockpiling are the major areas that will increase the chances of the workforce being
exposed to health risks. Potential impacts to health are respiratory diseases, eye infections,
dysentery, diarrhea and cholera. Increase in human trafficking, risk of increased prostitution,
STDs (HIV/AIDS) caused among others by the influx of outside and migrant labourers will
pose significant health risks for the public.
The impact is of direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and short term in
duration.
v. Increase in pressure on local health and sanitation facilities
The additional workforces of 220 people and their family from outsides to the local area may
increase the pressure on local health and sanitation facilities. Health condition of the local
people is good and no sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were reported. There is subhealth
post at Nashong-7. Nonetheless, few cases of STDs were reported and AIDS was not reported
from the project affected area.
duration.
vi. Human trafficking, exploitation, risk of increased prostitution and STDs
The increased number of outside workers in the project during construction phase will increase
the possibility of human trafficking of that local area. The outside worker will have greater
chance of exploiting the local innocent people especially young girls and women and also high
risk of increasing prostitution activities with in this area. This finally leads increment in
sexually transmitted diseases.
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duration.
vii. Increased economic facilities
This brings positive impacts in the society so it is irrelevant from project point of view.
viii. Pressure on community infrastructures and resources
During construction phase, DKHP will have major impacts on Dudh ghatt to Milanchowk (16
km) earthen road starts from 250 m downstream from proposed powerhouse sites, foot trails
from Dudh ghatta to proposed Intake Site (Ramche8) (approx. 5.0 km), two suspension
bridges; one is located at Ramche8 and which is at the distance of 500 m from proposed intake
site and another is located at Imu7 which is 300 m above the confluence of Dudh Khola and
Mardi Khola and about 200 m downstream from the proposed powerhouse sites.
In road network, we expect a flow of about 20 vehicles /day during the period of construction
period. The movement of workforce in foot trails from Dudh ghatta to proposed Intake Site will
not be disturbed by the implementation of the project. Rather the project will enhance the
mobility of the local people by constructing the new access road. The two suspension bridges
will not be affected in construction as well as operation phase.
Other resource such as drinking water resources will have not have any impact due to
construction of DKHP information because of the sources of drinking water quiet far from the
project components.
The impact is direct in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and short to long term in
duration.
ix. Impact due to conflict of interest
The influx of outside construction workers with different social and cultural background may
create tension and conflicts causing impact on existing law and order situation in the project
area. The antisocial activities such as alcoholism, gambling, prostitution and hooliganism may
provoke social disturbances.
The impact is of indirect in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and short term in
duration.
xi. Local employment
The construction of DKHP will produce new job to the local community so it has no any
negative impacts from the project point of view.
xii. Issues on law and order
The influx of 180 outside construction workers with different social and cultural background
may create tension and conflicts causing impact on existing law and order situation in the
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project area. The antisocial activities such as alcoholism, gambling, prostitution and
hooliganism may provoke social disturbances.
The impact is of indirect in nature, moderate in magnitude, local in extent and short term in
duration.
xiii. Issues related to gender and disadvantage groups
During project construction daily wages labor will be deployed for excavation, transportation of
construction materials and other construction related works. The contractor especially the
subcontractors may discriminate the women and disadvantage groups while hiring the
workers. In general, the employment opportunity will be more to men in comparison to women
in development projects implemented so far in Nepal and this trend may continue in this
project also.
The impact of the project construction is also expected on the poor and disadvantage people
who might be directly not affected by the project but affected in other ways such as price hike,
shortage of consumable goods, social inferiority and less opportunity of project related
benefits.
The impact is of indirect in nature, low in magnitude, site specific in extent and short term in
duration.
xiv. Issues of foot trails along canal alignment
The 5 km of foot trails from Dharapani, Nashoong RM to proposed intake site ward 6, Nashong
RM will have major concern during construction of canal alignment. But this is the foot trails
which will be further developed to access road by the DKHP. Hence, the issue related to foot
trails will be addressed.
xvi. Issues on houses and settlements near the penstock alignment
The penstock alignment is fixed in such a way that no any houses neither settlements will be
affected. Further, there will not be major blasting, use of heavy equipments that further
controls other constructioin related issues with in this alignment.
xvii. Impact on livelihood due to dependency in fisheries
The Dudh Khola is small runoff river. During the field visit, the study team found that the
local’s people livelihood was not affected by the declining of fishes from the Dudh Khola.
Further, the intake is design in such a way that fish can flow easily from the intake to
powerhouse. Hence, we can discard this issue from the study point of view.
Operation Stage
i. Decrease or withdrawal in economic activities
The project induced economic activities during the construction phase will come to an end
after the construction of the project. Significant numbers of workers will lose the project job
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and only few about 25 staff will remain during the operation phase. The withdrawal of
economic activities will drastically reduce the demand for local agricultural, dairy and meat
products resulting reduced income of the local communities of the area. This boom and bust
effects of the project may also have some impact on the lifestyle of the local people in terms of
their income and expenditure patterns.
The impact is of indirect in nature, low in magnitude, local in extent and short term in
duration.
ii. Occupational, health and safety hazards
Occupational Health and Safety aspect is one of the likely impacts to be experienced during the
operation and maintenance period of the project. Access to electricity may also bring some
hazard associated to electric shock. Similarly, lack of training on operation and maintenance
skill and unavailability of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) may also cause risks for
human live.
The impact is direct in nature, low in magnitude, local in extent and long term in duration.
iii. Reduction of agricultural land
The project will acquire 3.25 ha of private cultivated land (bari), 1.65 ha of Private Bari
permanently for the operation of the DKHP project. People normally cultivates paddy, wheat,
maize and millet in a year this shows the agricultural production losses by the project will be
3.06 Mt of paddy, 4.59 Mt. of wheat, 2.94 Mt of maize and 1.26 Mt of millet in a year in average
by the operation of the project. The detail production loss for agricultural production during
operation phase is shown in Table 55.
term in duration.
Table 55 Production loss for agricultural production during operation phase
Total Area Total Area

Crops Yield Mt/ha Production Mt.
Khet (ha) Bari (ha)
Paddy 2.55 1.2 3.06
Wheat 2.55 1.8 4.59
Maize 1.4 2.1 2.94
Millet 1.4 0.9 1.26
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iv. Sudden release of water downstream in the dewatered stretch on the people and wildlife
The sudden release of water from desanding basin flushing may sometimes hamper the local
people and livestock.
The impact is of indirect in nature, low in magnitude, site specific to local in extent and short
term in duration.
v. Issues arising due to Headrace canal and Penstock Alignment and project structures on
springs and water sources
There are no springs, neither any water sources where the intake sites, headpond area and
powerhouse sites are proposed. The headrace canal and penstock alignment don’t pass through
spring.
Some issues related to this will come in construction phase as we already discussed but in
opera tipon no any major concerned issues will be seen. Hence, this issue is relevant only in
construction phase. Also, for drinking water sources, these sources are in far distance from the
route of canal alignment so their will not be any long-term problem during operation phase
also.
vi. Dislocation / disturbance to foot trails along due to Headrace canal and penstock
alignment
The implementation of project will have no impact on existing access, foot trails and movement
of people during operation of the project. Hence, the movement of people will not be disturbed.
Rather the implementation of the project will enhance the local infrastructures.
This impact can be avoided from the mitigation point of view.
vii. Water Use Right
The Dudh Khola is not being used in drinking water supply schemes and irrigation purpose in
between the intake and powerhouse site as well as upstream of the intake site of the project.
But it is used for various household’s activities like bathing, washing and watering animal in
the stretch of proposed intake to powerhouse of the proposed project. Beside this, the
discharge from the project is not being used for watermill and any micro hydropower plant.
Existence of cremation sites are not recorded in dewatered zone of the proposed project. This
impact can be avoided from the mitigation point of view.
Issues raised during Public Hearing
Different issues were raised during Public hearing of DKHP. Some of the issues that may create
obstacles for construction and operation of project will be incorporated in the following
section:
i. Issues related to providing free electricity to Project Affected Wards and RM
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Local people have demanded to give free electricity from DKHP to affected wards and RM from
the project side.
Justification: This issue is irrelevant from the proponent side. The proponent is clear in this
matter that they are willing to provide free electricity in affected wards but not to the whole
RM. Other relevant issues raised by the local people during public hearing and focus group
discussion have been carefully followed during report preparation and proponent must follow
this during project construction and operation phase.
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6 ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS
Consideration of alternatives in EIA compares "No Action" option with the implementation of
proposed action option. "No Action" option represents the scenario of present situation which
means the condition without any intervention. "With Action" means the condition with some
intervention in terms of implementation of proposed action. Therefore, the following
description is focused on the comparison of both the options for consideration in Dudh Khola
Hydropower Project.
6.1 Implementation of DKHP vs Thermal Power versus Wind

Power vs Solar Power versus Atomic Power
As elaborated in the opening remarks, the various alternatives of electric power generation are
available and are being utilized all over the world depending upon the natural resource base of
the country in question. In the context of Nepal, the viability of alternative is related with
various aspects such as its resource base, technology at hand, capacity to handle tail end
pollution, and above all the economics and financial capacity. Among the above parameters for
energy project selection, the most important are resource availability in country and the
environmental effects of the selected projects which ultimately determines economical,
financial and sustainable capability of the project.
Hydropower does not involve fossil fuel burning and hence mitigates global warming. From the
environmental point of view, water-based energy generation may be the best feasible options
since it produces a very minor amount of air, water and soil pollution as compared to thermal
power plants. To generate electric power, thermal power plants utilize raw materials like coal,
oil, natural gas, biomass, waste, etc. Nepal lacks the resources needed for thermal power plants
like coal, oil, natural gas, etc. and needs to be imported at high price. In this situation, such
resources will be very expensive for power production. Biomass and waste are the other
potential sources that could be used for the generation of electricity in Nepal. However, the use
of biomass for the electricity generation is restricted by declining forest status and stringent
forest acts & regulations. Though the municipal waste and industrial waste could be the other
available options used for power generation, the volume of waste generated in Nepal is
insufficient enough to generate the calorific value required for electricity production, in turn, it
induce a vicious circle to obtain more waste for electricity production. Apart from these
constraints, the combustion process of coal, oil, natural gas, biomass, waste, etc. of thermal
power plants releases emissions such as carbon dioxides, sulfur dioxides, nitrogen oxides, and
particulate emissions, besides thermal emission creating high consequence of environmental
198
degradation. Thermal power plants are undesirable in the context of global warming as well.
Thus, the high cost of fuel & technology and environmental consequence reject thermal power
plant in Nepal.
Wind power plants are more beneficial than thermal power plants on environmental ground as
they don’t use fuel, and don’t emit air pollutants, greenhouse gases, or toxic wastes, and don’t
consume water or other scarce resources. However, the wind power plant requires regular
natural wind speed to be operated as reliable power supply system. The fluctuation in wind
speed from almost stagnant to very high speed in Nepal could prevent installation of wind
power plant at large scale for sustainable supply to meet national demand.
Although solar energy is effective on a small scale, it is not possible for large-scale development
purposes. The solar plant also has a number of disadvantages though being non-polluting
energy source. The limitations of solar plant are requirement of large area for energy collection,
high production cost, feasible for small scale application and unreliable source of continuous
energy supply. The solar energy is severely hampered in cloudy weather and rainy days
marking it as unreliable source of energy for uninterrupted supply. Solar battery used for solar
energy storage consists of hazardous substances that require proper disposal facilities. In this
backdrop, the solar energy is not considered as a suitable option to meet up the present energy
demand.
The atomic power requires high technology, sustainable atomic fuel supply, and has a risk of
radiation leakage to environment. Management of nuclear power plant including nuclear waste
management, control of thermal emissions requires very meticulous management system and
knowhow. Above all in the context of Nepal it is not an economically and environmentally
viable option.
Nepal is blessed with abundant water resources. The characteristics of the drainage network
and the available gradient make hydropower project most economical. Being a mountainous
country with deeply entrenched rivers with high gradients, the run off the river project is very
suitable in Nepal. As run off the river projects does not inundate large land area to cause
adverse land use and other socio-economic effects, they are environmentally least damaging to
the environment. For the above reasons, to meet the required energy needs and also for
commercial venture, hydropower projects are the best among other types of power alternative
projects in Nepal even if they have significant impacts on aquatic ecosystems. Another energy
option like biogas is popular in Terai and lower mid hills for producing energy required for
household cooking and lighting. However, biogas at any case cannot replace the commercial
energy value of hydropower projects.
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6.2 Technologies, Implementation Procedure Schedule and

Raw Material
Construction methodology will be based on intensive technologies of construction equipment

and maximum utilization of local resources to the extent possible. This is to ensure lowest
possible cost for project development and ensure quality in the works undertaken. Due priority
will be given for the recruitment of local people which will minimize the requirement of
temporary camp, reduce fuel wood and timber requirement, enhance local skill and economy
and develop better relationship between the project and local people. The surface blasting will
be conducted in day light by using detonator of limited capacity. This will minimize the impact
on local topography, structural damages in nearby settlement and unnecessary disturbances to
local community. Locally available materials with simple engineering structures will be used
for slope stability.
The estimated project construction period is 24 months from the date of commencement of the
work. The construction works are mainly of two types - surface construction works and
underground construction works. The surface construction works is to be carried out only in
dry season. But the underground structures such as tunnels can be constructed throughout the
year irrespective of weather and climatic conditions. All the outdoor works including
excavation and embankment works continue under daily precipitation less than 5 mm and
stopped under daily precipitation of more than 10 mm.
So far, the construction materials are concerned, stones, gravel and sand area locally available,
Cement should be transported to the project areas from nearby market. Other materials like
construction steel and metal works could be supplied from market. If not available in local
market, they should be imported from India.
The proposed site for quarry is selected based on the availability of required quality and
quantity of aggregate material. Since more than one site are proposed for quarry excavation
impact will be less.
Canal option is simply avoided because of unsuitable topography, elevated cost of land
acquisition, constructability problem for nearly 5.5 km headrace length and associated risk of
landslide in the steep terrain, potential water loss due to seepage and unauthorized tapping,
etc.
Before deciding between the two other options - tunnel and steel pipe, the merits and demerits
of each option have been considered below.
200
The merits of tunnel option compared to that of a pressure pipe option are as follows:
 Long-term stability
 Minimum land acquisition cost and reduced social problem
 Reduced maintenance needs and more reliable operation
 Less environment degradation
 The demerits of pressure pipe option compared to that of tunnel option are as follows:
 Increased environmental degradation
 Increased maintenance cost
 Additional cost of anchor & saddle blocks and expansion joints
 Advanced technology is needed for fabrication, erection and joining the pipes
After due consideration to above mentioned merits and demerits in the specific context of Sagu
Khola Hydropower Project, comparative cost of different headrace options calculated, it has
been concluded to construct 610 m long RCC low pressure conduit and 3,760 m long headrace
tunnel followed by nearly 1,200 m long penstock pipe.
6.3 No Action Option
Electricity is necessary for all round economic development in the process of modernization of
the country. At present the per capita consumption of electricity in Nepal is quite low where
only 15 percent of the Nepalese people have an access to electricity. Though the demand is
growing, country's economy and general public are suffering from severe shortage of electricity
supply. The present-day supply at present of 300 MW is far from adequate and an additional of
1200 MW is required to meet the domestic consumption of electricity by the year 2015 in
Nepal.
An addition of 65 MW of electricity is to be generated with the implementation of Dudh Khola
Hydropower Project which will have a significant effect to the national grid of Nepal. The
implementation of "No Action" option in regard to DKHP will have a series of negative impacts
in the economy of Manang/Nashong rural municipality region of Nepal in particular, and in
national economy in general. Therefore, the shortage of electricity which will result from not
implementing DKHP will have to be met either by importing electricity or establishing thermal
power plants. Importing energy from India will not be an easy task as it is very expensive and
North India itself is suffering from power shortage. Thermal power is not a feasible option
because Nepal will have to import fuel to run such a plant. In addition, thermal power
generates large amount of pollution.
201
Recently, hydropower potential of Nepal has become more important and attractive in terms of
its emitting of low quantity Green House Gas (GHG) in comparison to the electricity produced
through thermal power, and burning of coal. India and China, the two neighboring countries of
Nepal are generating a huge amount of electricity through burning of fossil fuel and as a
byproduct. They are producing a substantial amount of GHG, contributing to global warming
and ozone layer depletion. In future the generation of hydroelectric power in Nepal in large
quantity can be expected to export to China and India which will substitute the burning of
fossil fuel and help reducing GHG emission. Substitution of electricity generated through
burning of fossil fuel by electricity generated through hydropower would enable China and
India to comply with Koyto Convention on reducing the emission of ozone depleting gas.
According to the policy of NEA, 65 percent of the total revenue generated by selling the
electricity is to be utilized for rural electrification and social upliftment programs of the project
area. However, if DKHP is not implemented then such opportunities of development, for local
areas, will not be available. "No implementation of DKHP will also result in the loss of all other
beneficial impacts including employment and local development. The only advantage of "No
Action" option is the avoidance of negative impacts as outlined in Chapter (5), and most of
these impacts are not very significant for they are either sitespecific or local. The disadvantages
of "action option" are out weighted by the advantages of the implementation of DKHP.
6.4 Implementation of DKHP Option
For Nepal, there are a few alternatives that exist as an alternative to hydropower development.
Although, fuelwood and biomass are currently supplying about 90 percent of Nepal's energy
needs, it is widely acknowledged that excessive utilization of country's limited forest resources
in unsustainable, and the growth in energy demand can not be met by the expansion of these
resources. The use of solar power and biogas can be significantly expanded but they are still
unable to satisfy all the country's energy demand. Therefore, Hydropower is a clean form of
renewable energy resources. The geographical condition of Nepal generously favors the
implementation of cost effective hydropower schemes as hydropower is a most viable option of
meeting present and future demands of electricity.
Although, Nepal has potentials for small and large hydropower schemes, only a few schemes
have been studied to the feasibility level or beyond at present. As a result, there are only few
projects that can be implemented immediately. Many large scale projects have been studied to
the prefeasibility and feasibility stages and are in the process of finalization. The process of
implementing these projects includes preparation of detailed designs, and securing financial
support for construction and is very time consuming. Therefore, small to medium hydropower
projects are most viable option to meet the demands of Nepal's present energy needs.
Furthermore, the development of small to medium size hydropower project has the advantage
202
of being environment friendly, using maximum local human resources, spreading development
activities to many parts of the country and reducing dependency on one or few large projects.
It can thus be concluded that there are a very few alternatives that can match the advantages
provided by small scale runoff the river project like Dudh Khola Hydropower Project (DKHP).
Furthermore, DKHP is being strategically important and the implementation of this project
may help in reducing the regional disparity, provide opportunities for further development of
region such as industrialization and employment opportunities etc. The implementation of this
project would also help people to boost their economy in particular and would add a
substantial amount of energy to the national grid and in general help strengthening of national
economy.
6.5 Alternatives to Major Project Structures
The location alternatives

The project site has been selected to optimize the generation of power, remaining within the
boundaries prescribed in the survey license issued by MOWR. The dam site was primarily
selected on the basis of design, technical and economic aspects. The site has the narrowest
valley crosssection along the river. The average slope of present dam site is steeper. The
transformation of location towards upstream would increase the dam height creating more
problems during the operational phase in one hand and on the other hand, the two households
at Domain will have to be dismantled. Further, the location of powerhouse downstream is can
be moved 200 metres as there would be minimum adverse environmental impacts.
The Design Alternatives
The dam height for the project is considerably low; weir is designed as a free over type flow so
this won’t create more environmental problems within the intake site. No design alternatives
will be proposed in this case.
Tunnel may be considered as an alternative to tunnel for the diversion of water. The
construction of tunnel was proposed in the feasibility study as alternatives measures. However,
this was not feasible because of the surface geology, topography. Furthermore, this needs heavy
equipments, blasting likely to damage local people HHs and other properities. As the
construction of tunnel is very expensive in comparison to intake canal for a project like this,
hence headrace canal and penstock alignment needs to be considered for the development of
the project.
The location for the construction of surface powerhouse is more stable, involves minimum
slope cutting and do not require forest clearance. Underground power house can be considered
and an alternative to surface power house. The construction of underground powerhouse is
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more expensive and also entails the problems of dumping of large amount of muck resulting in
more environmental problems.
Access/Approach Road
There exists an alternative route to the proposed access road at the right bank of Dudh Khola,
which runs along the major settlements of the project such as Sidhin8, Ghipli8 and Ramche8.
In order to avoid and minimize possible loss of vegetation cover, and maintain the status of
habi tat/species diversity at Annapurna Conservation Area, the consideration of this
alternative route will be appropriate. This alternative alignment features some advantages such
as low vegetation cover, low biodiversity, less to none cases of landslide/landslip occurrence,
geologically more stable watershed and above all touch the major settlements with access
rioad. However, economically it may cost a construction of extra two motorable bridges and
compensation of private ownership lands.
Powerhouse Site
The proposed location of powerhouse is best suitable for the right bank of Dudh Khola near
Nashong 5. It is located at the private land and decreases further chance of degrading
/reducing near by forest area of ACA.
Staff Quarter Site
The proposed staff quarter site, will be at intake site and powerhouse site area. In intake site
AC FA is proposed while in powerhouse site private khet land is proposed. The cultivated
terraced land adjacent to the proposed powerhouse site is more suitable for staff quarter
construction. In this case, the adjoining hill is relatively stable with no fresh landslides and
issue of loss of biodiversity will be least. This will also add convenience for monitoring of power
production and transmission during the operation phase. The preferred criteria of selecting
suitable alternative will include, sites having rock/ geological stability, less prone to land slide
hazard, open barren area with low forest cover and cultivated lands and alignment of access
road to impart maximum socioeconomic benefits and minimum adverse environmental
impacts.
No forest Option
For the RoR projects, the existing topographic conditions and drainage network are
detrimental factor in locating the project diversion structures, layout of the water conveyance,
and powerhouse. Within the constraints, efforts were made to locate the dam, powerhouse to
minimize the loss of forested land.
Left bank option for water conveyance is more suitable due to suitable location of powerhouse
is also in the same bank. Aligning the water conveyance medium along right bank of Dudh
Khola would lead to the minimum loss of vegetation during the construction.
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Aligning the access road would lead the fringe project structure along the both banks.
Therefore, construction of access road is also best suitable along the right bank of Dudh Khola.
Selection of spoil disposal sites, quarry area has given due recognition to minimize the forested
land area. The spoil disposal sites are located in private land and barren forest area having low
vegetation cover forming part of barren rocky cliffs even if they are at community forest.
Operation Procedure
Operation of the project comprises of semiautomatic control system. A team of qualified staff
will run the project and adverse impact is anticipated to the local population or environment. It
would rather benefit the local community through increased employment opportunities,
communication facilities and supply for rural electricity. The project will be operated as per
requirement of INPS.
Acceptability of Risks during Project Implementation
The project layout planning has avoided the geologically vulnerable area for its various
structures and support facilities. The dam and powerhouse is designed with a maximum
allowable safety net to avoid the risk of dam and powerhouse structure failure. While designing
the dam, risk of failure and downstream affect has been given the highest priority. As the
project site lies in the potential seismic belt of Himalaya, the design has considered the seismic
failure risk also into consideration in its design.
Dam design is made on the basis of 25 years maximum flood in the dry season. The Tunnel
diameter, and construction strategy for example blasting, mocking, placing of support
structures, tunnel lining etc. have given due consideration for risk minimization. Fencing
provisions of vulnerable work sites are the result of the various alternative analyses to
minimize the risk to acceptable level during project implementation and operation.
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7 MITIGATION MEASURES
Adverse and beneficial impacts that are not identified or permitted during the study, if later
discovered during the construction and operation phases will be mitigated or enhanced by the
proponent. All the mitigation and enhancement measures proposed in the EIA report has come
as commitment from the proponents’ side.
7.1 Beneficial Impact Enhancement measures
Every project has its beneficial as well as adverse impacts on environment and society. The
selection of right mitigation measures may decrease its adverse impacts and the properly
planned management may augment and enhance the benefit improving the living condition of
whole society. This section of the report gives possible augmentation measures to enhance the
benefit.
Construction Stage
i. Employment opportunity to local people
> The first priority will be given to the Project Affected Family (PAFs) they are 33 in numbers
and local people accordingly who want to work in the project. At least one member of PAFs will
be employed in the project construction period. The employment will increase the income level
of the people.
> As project structure mostly lies in Nashong rural municipality; this is the most affected
rural municipality by the project. The next priority for the employment will be given to the
people of neighboring rural municipalities.
> The Project will include a binding clause in the contractor's agreement to give first priority
to them while hiring both skilled and unskilled labor forces and to give daily wages or monthly
wages equal to the district official rates. The project information will be disseminated through
pamphlets and other printed materials time to time. NRs 1,50,000 have been allocated for this
purpose.
ii. Increase in local skills in the relevant areas
The Project will launch training programs in specialized areas such as electromechanical works
of hydropower, house wiring and maintenance, road slope stabilization, spoil handling etc.
First priority will be given for the project affected people and local people to the extent they are
interested to get involved in construction activities. The Project has planned to trained more
than 15 local people in the hydropower construction related skills and the project has been
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allocated NRs 100,000 for the construction skill training. Skill training related to the
construction related works of the project will be carried out as a part of Environmental
Enhancement Program and will be carried out prior to construction works start.
iii. Enhance the economic opportunities (business, rental of houses and its impact on local
economy)
The Project will disseminate information regarding its demand local goods and agricultural
production. The Project will designate certain places, within the project area, for the operation
of tea stalls and grocery shops for selling only local products such as vegetables, rice, pulses,
eggs, milks, ghee, chicken, mutton etc. to the extent possible. The Project will encourage its
staff and construction workers to purchase local products in order to uplift the economic
condition of local farmers.
iv. Community development support programme in the project area
The Project will allocate certain fund for training of community’s local farmers and traders in
modern techniques of cash crop and livestock productions and in small enterprise
development activities suitable to fulfill likely demands from the work force. The experts from
concerned field will provide such trainings. Local people of Nashong RM will be encouraged to
take this types of training especially focus to marginalized groups, Dalits, women, Janajati,
indigenous groups etc. Such trainings people will be made aware to take benefit from the
project, project activities, and easy access to the area due to project related works, upgrading of
the access roads etc. These types of training will be once in the beginning of construction
phase. The project has been allocated NRs 10,00,000 for the income generating trainings.
Operation Phase
i. Promote Employment Opportunity to Local People
During the operation and maintenance phase, for the smooth operation of the project
components such as equipment, tailrace, headpond and powerhouse require about 15
permanent posts. Local people will be recruited for administrative and technical works
according to their qualifications and skills. Employment emphasis to the local people especially
PAFs will be given. These will give permanent income source to some of the local people. The
allocated amount for this purpose is NRs 15,00,000.
ii. Distribution of royalty for local development
The project has ensured the distribution of royalty for local development. The main concerned
will be for the equal distribution of the royalty in the RM.
iii. Retaining national expertise skills and transfer of technology
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The skilled manpower of the construction phase can work to the other projects of similar
nature. This will increase the national expertise and the knowledge gained during the
construction phase will transfer to the other parts of the country or region also. Thus, in
general the technical skill and knowledge will help to the development of the country.
iv. Improve health and sanitation
The establishment as well as standardization of health institution helps local people to improve
their health institution. Health and sanitation training to workers during construction phase
regarding occupational health to workforce further increase the health and sanitation status of
local people and the project area. In addition, project will provide training to the local person
that helps them to maintain good sanitation and improve better environment. The allocated
fund for this will be NRs 12,00,000.
v. Local area development and mainstreaming to the national economic activities
Under the corporate social responsibility DKHP has come out with numerous environmental
enhancement measures. Such measures will support to social institutions of the area. In
addition, support to social infrastructures will help to interact with center. Further increased
accessibility, increased tourism and other benefit from the project will help the area to interlink
with the national economic activities in better way.
vi. Tourism opportunities due to increased accessibility and project
Mustang district is already recognized for the tourist destination. The increased accessibility
helps tourist to reach the place more easily. After the establishment of DKHP, many numbers
of students and visitors is envisaged to visit the area annually. This will create the local people
for the tourism related business opportunities. Thus, it will focus for establishment of more
hotel and restaurant in this area and also encourage students and visitors to visit in this area.
vii. Rural electrification opportunities via national grid
Project area is already connected with the national grid. Therefore, due to DKHP operation
connection with national grid is not envisaged. However, erratic supply of electricity to the
local area will be minimized and flow of electricity in national grid will be increased. The
project will ensure the regular supply of electricity to the project rural municipality.
viii. Increase awareness to ACA official for the natural resource management
The project will manage different awareness programme in coordination with ACA officials for
the natural resource management. The awareness training will be according to the advice of the
ACA officials and cover the 5 ACA official members and 20 local people working in a
subcommittee of ACA from Nashong rural municipality. These 20 local people will be selected
by local community. Natural resource management experts or Environmentalist will provide
required training to them. Proponent itself will hire the freelancer expert to conduct awareness
training. It will be twice a year for two years. The allocated fund for this will be 18,00,000 NRs.
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This fund will be used to enhance the conservation related activities in Nashong rural
municipality.
ix. Awareness programme for workers
The project will allocate some awareness programmes for the workers that will be helpful to
upgrade their technical skills, to increase their social harmony in workers’s society, to increase
the level of knowledge for understanding safety and good environment etc.
x. Protection to climate change reducing the greenhouse gases emission
The project helps to protect forest from deforestation, after the production of electricity; people
may develop the habit of using rice cooker, heater that helps local people to save firewood.
Better access road also might help in to bring LPG dealer for the locals and thus furthering the
conservation of forests. Burning of firewood add greenhouse gases in the climate thus reducing
firewood helps to protect climate change.
The beneficial vs enhancement measures for DKHP are shown in Table 56.
Table 56 Beneficial Vs Enhancement Measures for DKHP
Impact Enhancement Measures

A. CONSTRUCTION PHASE
1 Employment opportunity to 220 Priority will be given to the PAFs and local
people accordingly
2 Increase in local skills in the affected Project will launch training programs in
RM specialized areas
3 Economic Opportunity Increment Enhance the economic opportunities
4 Community development support Trainings will be provided according on

programme in the project area gender basis and age wise in the
community.
B. OPERATION PHASE
1. Employment opportunity to 15 people PAFs will be given more emphasis
2 Government Royalty for local Equal distribution within PARM

development
3 Retaining national expertise, skills and Encourage skilled workers further in such
transfer to technology works
3 Electrocution Provide sign near the electric poles and

high voltage area
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4 Improve health and sanitation Provide occupational health related train-

ing to the local people
Improved in education, health, Numerous enhancement measures will

5 agricultural extension, transport and certainly improve local area development
communication, water supply and
sanitation structures etc.
6 Local Tourism development Encourage to establish more hotels, lodges
for developing tourism activities
7 Rural electrification Ensure supply of electricity to the project

RM
Project will manage different awareness
Increase awareness to ACA official and
8 programme in coordination with ACA
communities
officials for the natural resource manage-
ment
Project will further encourage local people
Protection to climate change reducing
9 to use electric goods thus reducing use of
greenhouse gases
firewood
Summary of Required cost for the Beneficial Impacts Enhancement Measures
The summary of enhancement cost for construction and operation phase is presented in Table
57. During the construction phase the project will allocate NRs. 275,000 for the enhancement
measures. Similarly, for the operation phase the project will allocate NRs. 300,000 for the
enhancement measures. This is total allocated cost during construction and operation phase.
This total enhancement cost will be additional cost to the environmental enhancement cost.
The allocated cost is one time cost.
Table 57 Enhancement cost for construction and operation phase
S.N. Enhancement Measures Cost (NRs.)
Construction Stage
1 Increase in Employment opportunity for local people 10,00,000
2 Increase in local skills in the relevant areas 10,00,000
3 Community development support in the project area 5,60,000
Total Cost for construction stage 25,60,000
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Operation Phase
1 Skill Training Program 15,00,000
2 Awareness Program about Royalty Disimburshement 16,50,000
2 Employment Generation 15,00,000
Increase awareness to ACA official and community forest

4 18,00,000
officials
5 Improve health and sanitation 12,00,000
6 Promote Tourism 10,00,000
Total Cost for operation stage 86,50,000
Total cost for construction and operation stage 1,12,10,000
Mitigation Measures
The report has tried to identify impacts to the extent possible and proposed mitigation
measures to each of the identified impacts. In addition, if there will have additional impacts or
damages due to the project activities, the project will mitigate and/or compensate accordingly
to the present legislation of the country.
Construction Phase
i. Land Use Change
Change in land use is the major significant impact of the project. The current land will be
converted to the built-up structure. The project will require 14.8 ha of land in total during the
construction phase. To minimize the impact permanent land acquisition will be minimized as
far as possible. The permanent structures like, head works, powerhouse, penstock alignment
permanent work camp site, project office and the access road will require all permanent land.
To these structures also, less productivity will be acquired as far as possible. Area required for
the other project activities and purpose such as contractor camp, labor camp, stock+pile area
for the construction materials, borrow area etc. will be taken on lease. The leased land will be
returned to the owner after the proper treatment/rehabilitation work. Most of the proposed
road alignment passes through less fertile land. All the spoil coming from the slope cutting will
be used in the landfill site.
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ii. Changes in Topography

To minimize the topographic changes in the major project components like headwork,
waterway and powerhouse, least land will be used. Landscaping of the muck and spoil disposal
sites will be carried out. Such land will be soon rehabilitated. Bioengineering and plantation to
such area will be done to stabilized land. Furthermore, the change in topography due to
erection of project component is residual in nature. Project will just try to minimize the impact
as far as possible.
iii. Potential land slide and soil erosion
The mitigation measures come together with the mitigation measures for the topography and
slope stability. As no such land slide areas were identified during the field survey, the land slide
may occur during the construction of different project structures including access road. Such
impact will be reduced by constructing gabion wall, retaining wall and the most effective way
bio engineering of unstable slopes. Gabion walls, retaining structures, bioengineering works
are essential along the access road and core project area such as headworks, settling basin,
penstock alignment and power house sites to stabilize geology of the area. Some river training
works is essential along the powerhouse, quarry sites and headworks of Dudh Khola. All
possible and active landslide areas due to the project activities will be identified and considered
for treatment. The following measures will be followed:
Pegging and flagging will be done at the landslide area boundary.
Slope will be maintained less than the angle of repose to the extent possible, mostly 45%
Both vertical and horizontal drains will be provided.
If a major structure such as powerhouse is very close (100m), then standard retaining
structures and or stability of the slopes by grouting, concreting, fixing rock bolts etc. measures
will be adopted.
No surface will be right exposed. Concreting will be done on steeper slopes. Bioengineering will
be prioritized as much as possible to the exposed slopes.
iv. Instability due to Blasting and excavation of construction activities
Blasting activities could have the impact on the existing topography and settlement. However,
these settlements are far from the area these need blasting action. Nepal army will be consulted
for the control blasting for the excavation of difficult terrain. Blasting activities will be carried
out as least as possible. The chemicals released from the explosive will be disposed safely.
vi. Stockpiling of Construction Materials
The main stockpiling of construction material will be carried out at 0.8 ha Land of ACA Forest
at the right bank of Dudh Khola. These lands will be for temporarily phase i.e. during
construction phase only. For intake site, the stockpiling of construction materials will be
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limited to these AC Forest Areas only whereas for powerhouse site, the stockpiling of
construction materials will be limited to Private Khet only.
Terms and condition will be enlisted in contract agreement with the civil contractor to
minimize the impact. The leased land used for stockpiling will be restored into original shape
to the extent possible.
vii. Solid waste Management generated from Camps/labors
Solid waste generated from the camp site will be collected in a safe location; segregated and
degradable waste will be made compost and handed over to the local farmers properly. Non
degradable wastes e.g. empty cement bags and containers, rejected materials, plastic, wooden
planks, drums etc. will be collected and recycled or reused and later it will be kept in safe
location. In case of no recycling, it will be stored out and kept separated instead of throwing
haphazardly elsewhere. Some material (cement bag, plastic drum etc) is proposed to sell at
local market while others (waste oil, lubricants and chemicals) will be reused or recycled or
disposed and later managed as per the suggestion of Environmentalist hired by the project.
Construction work forces induced liquid waste will be managed by use of soak pits and septic
tanks at safe distance from water bodies’ i.e more than 300 m. The open burning of
biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes is completely prohibited from the management
point of view.
viii. Top Soil Management
The importance of top soil for agriculture and forestry purpose cannot be overstressed.
Deposition of essential mineral such as Nitrogen, Potash and Phosphorus in the alluvium
consolidated by hundreds of years of geological process is a very important natural resource
and mustn’t be eroded away.
The top soil from the excavated places especially from temporary land will be collected in
permanent cultivated land near intake site of Tilche and near powerhouse of Dharapani and
reused after the completion of project work. The topsoil will be covered by plastic and
stockpiled over a drained area. To reduce siltation problem, the soil conservation activities will
also be implemented as per needed. Similarly, to minimize the soil erosion, site clearance will
be minimized. Gully controls, terraces formation and extensive vegetation of local species are
the preferred activities using local materials i.e. stones, bamboos, ropes and jute bags filled
with sand. In limited areas, gabion wires will be used for check dam construction purpose.
Replacement of top soil will be made at the site of same land clearance, at the top of muck
disposal area and plantation will be made. Such sites will be then treated by bioengineering
and plantation.
xi. Spoils Disposal
The project has mostly balanced cut and fill activities. During the entire construction process
about 573,985 m3 muck will be generated. Among the muck and spoil thus generated about
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30,000 m3 is top soil and rest is muck which will not have direct use as construction materials.
However, muck is required in headworks area for the land management to make it flat area. In
headworks among the muck generated about 60,000 m3 muck will be used for the land
management. Along the penstock alignment (917.61 m) filling is required in many sections.
On the other hand along the internal access road from Tilche to adit canal i.e. about 2,300 m3
muck will be used as filling materials. Thus, about 4,000 m3 spoil needs to be disposed from
the project. For, this about 1 ha of forest land at intake site and 2.5 ha of grassland at
powerhouse site has been allocated for the safe disposal of the muck generated from the
project. In general, the impact due to muck disposal in this project minimum considering the
project of similar sizes
The disposal sites are proposed in such a location that these sites are safe from landslides, and
other instabilities such as muck flow into the river or water bodies are strictly can be managed.
Furthermore the total disposable volume being low the problem is not serious in case of this
project particularly.
Prior to the disposal of muck dry gabion wall will be erected on the stream side or downhill at
headwork area. The thickness of muck disposal at powerhouse site will not exceed 7 m could be
applicable to all sites. Disposal of muck at other place than designated will be strictly
prohibited. The spoil disposal will not be thrown in the river; rather it will be safely deposited
in the stream gullies, ravines, depression and flood plains. The surface and slope of the
disposal area will have bioengineering treatment. The leased area will be properly levels and
finished for the reuse.
xii. Toxic and Hazardous Waste and other chemicals management
Toxic, Hazardous and Other chemicals waste will be safely handled as per the GoN Solid Waste
Management Act, 2068 (2011), National Health Care and Waste Management Guidelines, 2059
(2002). The following works will be carried out to minimize the impact due to toxic and
hazardous waste:
Concrete structures will be constructed around the oil and grease holding structure. Where oil
water contamination is possible, water will be passed through an oil water separator prior to
being discharged to the river.
All grease and mobile and unused or date expired toxic chemicals will be collected separately in
plastic drums and stored in a safe place under the shade. The contractor will be made
responsible for this and will be bonded with the contractor clause.
All empty containers of grease, mobile, and toxic chemicals will be punctured and stored in a
safe place under the shade. The contractor will be made responsible for this.
The unused chemicals, spent mobile, grease etc. will discharged only with the approval of the
project environmental officer approval and recommendation. The contractor will be made
responsible for this through contractual clauses.
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The petroleum bunkers are placed in a separate area in a concrete bonded area with a facility of
oil and grease separator. The contractor will be made responsible for this.
The wastewater from the mechanical yards is collected in a separate area. The water is treated
for the oil and grease and then released to the water bodies. The contractor will be made
responsible for the required treatment arrangements.
xiii. Air Quality
The following mitigation measures will be implemented to minimize the impacts on air quality:
Water spraying will be carried out in all the gravel and earthen roads two times in a day for
nine months in one year.
All vehicles belonging to the project i.e. consultants, owner, contractors, vendors will comply
national emission standards and regular (monthly) check up for maintenance of all vehicles
will be carried out every 3000 km.
Use of breathing mask and earplugs by the construction workers in the dust prone areas such
as crushing plant, batching plant, rock drilling areas etc. will be made compulsory.
Preventive measures will be taken to minimize the emission of dust from the dust prone area
such as crushing plants, batching plants etc. by spraying water or maintaining moisturization
in construction materials.
Road which are used by heavy vehicles will be black topped.
Enough nos. of tree will be planted near the campsite and office work as dust screens or
arrester. The average distance between the trees will be 5.0 m.
xiv. Water Quality
incinerated. Bathing, cloth washing, Water supplies to all camps for human use will be
disinfected through the process of filtration and chlorination. Water thus supplied should meet
the WHO guidelines with aspect to total dissolved solids, sulfur, sodium, potash etc.
All effluent discharges will be treated before discharging into the river or other water source.
Waste liquid from the batching plant and vehicle wash will be diverted to a settling basin for
treatment prior to discharge to the natural stream/river. The parameters that needs to be
controlled in the waste water before discharged into the natural surface discharge are coliform,
pH, ammonia and nitrate.
All solid and liquid wastages e.g. toxic chemicals, grease, oils, acids and other materials,
generated in the project will be disposed off in the land fill site. The contractor will identify the
landfill site in the early stages of project implementation
During the contractor bid preparation, the construction contractor will be made obligatory to
develop a waste management plan in which use, storage and disposal of toxic, solid and
sanitary waste and materials will be included. The storage sites will be enclosed by dikes to
contain the entire capacity of tanks with sufficient free board to prevent over flow. The storage
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area will be lined to reduce potential surface and ground water pollution in the event of spill.
The used oil and lubricants will be collected regularly into drums/barrels or tanks. The settling
basin should be used to collect the slurry for settling the heavy particles and other material,
which can be recycled or defecating and urinating in the river will be strictly prohibited to
project’s work force.
xv. Noise Level
The construction area will be fenced.
Ear guards will be provided to the construction workers in the noise prone areas. An estimated
400 pairs of ear guards would be required in the project.
Large noise producing engines such as air compressors will be fitted with noise reducing
mechanisms.
All vehicles in the construction area will be maintained regularly.
Surface blasting activities will be carried out at the day time only
Ventilators along the alignments will be fitted with the noise soaking device.
xvi. Operation of Quarry Sites
After the quarrying of construction materials land will be rehabilitate at the natural conditions.
Compressor will be used to stabilize the non-compact earthen materials. Gabion walls will be
constructed to check the mass flow from the uphill of Quarry site A. The quarried sites will be
revalidated where possible. To minimize the impact of quarrying activity following will be
done:
Quarrying operations in the flood plain will be stripping operation rather than forming a big
borrow pit at one location.
The quarry operation will not be carried below the flowing water level of the river
Excavation of aggregates from the river wet channel will be prohibited.
River flood plain quarrying will be carried out only in the dry season i.e from November
through May only.
The water discharged from aggregate washing plant will be collected in settling tanks/ponds at
a suitable location for sedimentation and treatment. The water will then be released to the
nearest water bodies. The contractor will be made responsible for the required treatment
arrangements through contractual clauses.
Masonry wall will be constructed to minimize the aesthetic aspect from the main access roads.
Preferably, less than 45° slopes will be maintained at the quarry sites.
Drained water will be discharged into the river after treatment.
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The muck from quarry sites will not be deposited into the river. The muck will be dumped in
the landfill areas.
Aggregates will be used crushing the rocks and rock fragments generated during excavation.
xvi. Change in River Morphology
All the activities within the riverbed will be planned properly during the construction stage.
The contractor will be allowed to take out materials from the riverbed from the excavation of
the weir foundation. Proper engineering design for sediment flushing will be done and
downstream protection by cut off wall and launching apron shall be design for minimizing the
adverse impact in the river morphology. The riverbed will be excavated only in the necessary
areas specified by the design drawings.
xvii. Impact on natural drainage, springs due to water conveyances
Water Conveyance and Penstock pipe will be anchored well so that impact on natural drainage
will be not anticipated in future. Along the penstock alignment, natural flow of water will be
maintained in a regular basis. If blocked by any reason, along the blocked location drainage
and safe handling of natural flow will be maintained. Such site will be further trained with
bioengineering, concrete retaining so that erosion from such site will be controlled. The
headrace canal will not have any impact on this due to underground structure will be made in
the stable geographic area.
xviii. Construction Yard
Since the area is limited, as far as possible construction yard of Powerhouse site will be used
more.
Base of construction yard will be PCC with proper drainage management provided with grit
chamber.
Yard will be fenced so that outsider couldn’t go easily with in the construction premises.
Drainage system will be maintained and treated with Narkat plant that will be planted before
the construction work starts so that the waste pollution created at yard won’t go directly to the
water bodies.
The yard will be constructing in specified location as in construction planning of EIA report.
The yard will be maintained regularly to reduce the pollution that could be generated from.
The cost required for the mitigation of impacts generated from the yard area has been
incorporated in the civil cost of the project. During the preparation of contract bid for civil
construction work, the provision will be made mandatory.
xix. Stockpiling of Construction materials
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The project proponent will make necessary arrangement for the proper storage and handling of
construction material to avoid environmental nuisance. Proper storage site will be managed for
the construction materials near to the construction site with making a safe house.
The stockpiling of construction material will be carried out in barren land or unused land to
prevent any impact on agricultural land and forest. If stockpiling were to be carried out in
private lands that are not compensated, the project would take the permission of land owner
and compensate for economic loss as well. This sort of terms and condition will be enlisted in
contract agreement. The leased land used for stockpiling will be restored into original shape to
the extent possible.
As far possible, the stockpiling of construction material will be carried out in temporarily
leased land which will be less productive. As much as low impact will be made on agriculture
production and soil pollution due to stockpiling of construction materials. The project will
compensate for such temporarily acquired land on the basis of current production ratio. After
the completion of project, the land will be evacuated and changed to the previous condition
and will be returned. This sort of terms and condition will be enlisted in contract agreement
with the land owner. The leased land used for stockpiling will be restored into original shape to
the extent possible.
The cost required for the mitigation of impacts generated from the stockpiling activities and
stockpiling area has been incorporated in the civil cost of the project. During the preparation of
contract bid for civil construction work, the provision will be made mandatory.
For the storage of petrochemical, the floor will be concrete and brims will be made to avoid the
overflow impact. Precaution and warning signs and firefighting equipment will be placed at the
storage areas. The private land to be used for the storage facilities will be compensated and
rehabilitated to its natural condition prior to return to the respective land owners. The
government land will be rehabilitated.
xx. Batching and Aggregate plants
The water discharged from batching and aggregate washing plant will be collected in settling
tanks/ponds at a suitable location for sedimentation and treatment. Plant species like Narkat
will be grown to soak such waste water. After the pure distillation only, the water will be
relleased to the nearest water bodies. The contractor will be made responsible for the required
treatment arrangements through contractual clauses.
The cost required for the mitigation of impacts generated from the batching and aggregate
plants area has been incorporated in the civil cost of the project. During the preparation of
contract bid for civil construction work, the provision will be made mandatory.
xxi. Seismicity Impact to the project
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No mitigation measures are proposed during construction phase for seismicity impact. Since
the planning phase, design phase and construction phase seismicity issue will be incorporated
in design of project and strength of project component will be maintained.
xxii. Dewatered Zone Impact
During the construction of headworks and operation of quarry site minimum time will be used.
Diversion work will be complete in short time as possible. The turbidity impact to downstream
will be minimized applying all the specified mitigation measures.
xxiii. Crusher Operation Impact
The sludge contained water will be from crusher plant will be collected in settling tanks/ponds
at a suitable location for sedimentation and treatment. Plant species like Narkat will be grown
to sock such waste water. After the pure distillation only, the water will be released to the Dudh
Khola. The contractor will be made responsible for the required treatment arrangements
through contractual clauses. Preventive measures will be taken to minimize the emission of
dust from the crushing plants by spraying water or maintaining moisture in construction
materials.
Operation Stage
After construction, the project enters operation and maintenance stage and power is regularly
generated from the powerhouse. During this stage, the following impacts are likely to occur:
Change in Hydrology and Sedimentation
The impact is residual in nature and could not be mitigated. To maintain and support to the
hydrology additional watershed management activities will be carried out. Watershed
management activity will be carried out as a part of environmental enhancement program.
The reservoir sedimentation is mainly contributed by the soil and rock in the catchments area.
Considering the risk associated with sediment flow the watershed protection works of the
Dudh Khola could be taken. Even if, the catchment conservation program will be launched, the
impact couldn’t be mitigated completely. The impact is residual in nature. Regular clearance of
the reservoir dam will be carried out during the operation phase. Thus, collected sediment will
be put safely.
Watershed management program will support to minimize the sedimentation rate during the
rainy season. To minimize the impact on microclimate mandatory release of 15% of average
monthly flow from the weir axis will be made. Conservation awareness programs to conserve
the micro watershed will be carried out so that the discharge from such springs will be
permanent and contribute to reduce the microclimatic impact of Dudh Khola.
ii. River flow and River Morphology
The project will release min. 15% of monthly flow will be released which will be enough for
bathing, washing and downstream of headworks. A system will be developed for warning or
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informing people before sudden release of water downstream like siren. Awareness program
will be conducted to educate local people about the importance of siren warning system,
possibilities of accidents and other possible impacts. However, the impact on river flow and
morphology is a residual impact after the diversion of the project and couldn’t be mitigated
completely.
iii. Scouring of river bed and river bank erosion
The anticipated impact on river bed of Dudh Khola bank erosion is unavoidable. No precise
mitigation measures have been proposed for this impact. However, along the vulnerable sites
of the stretch, gabion walls and bioengineering will be erected. The cost associated with the
erection of gabion walls at vulnerable places of the dewatered stretch has been included in the
project cost.
iv. Possible Slope Failure and Damage to the Project Structure
Annual monitoring of slope stability will be carried out along the water way, headworks and
powerhouse area. The vulnerable slopes which will have direct impact on the project operation
will be treated. Bioengineering works and concrete structures will be set up to stabilize the
landslide just upstream of the weir site for the landslide prone area.
v. Noise Pollution at Powerhouse
The noise produced from the powerhouse during the operation of the project will be reduced by
installing sound proof and noise acoustic system in powerhouse.
vi. Water Pollution
Water pollution during operation phase is envisaged due to continuous decanter
flushing/trapped gravel. This is a residual impact, but the impact will be minimized by
constructing a ditch to collect the sand and aggregate before reaching to the stream thus
reducing sand and aggregates to reach into the Dudh Khola. Further, the washing of vehicles in
Dudh Khola and leakage of liquid toxic chemicals from operating machines into Dudh Khola
will be completely prohibited.
vii. Possible Damage to Power Generation Turbines due to Sand Particles
Regular efficient flushing/trapping of sediments from settling basin will be carried out
periodically and regular maintenance of the equipments will be carried out to avoid the serious
damage to the plant.
viii. Leakage of Oil grease and other Chemicals
During the operation phase leakage of chemicals, oils, grease is most likely in powerhouse area
during the maintenance of powerhouse mechanical components. There is most likely pollution
in the Dudh Khola due to leakage of oil and chemicals. To minimize the impact, during the
maintenance period chemical socking materials will be put at the ground and then later such
used materials will be safely disposed or buried.
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ix. Requirement to Maintain Minimum Flow at the Downstream of the Weir Site
A minimum flow of 15% of monthly flow will be released from the weir site to the downstream
for aquatic life, fishes and for irrigation purpose. General passage to the aquatic animals will be
made at weir axis.
xi. Water Diversion and Change in Water Regime
Due to the diversion of water in to the intake, the water regime at the downstream of the weir
will be changed. To minimize the impact, 15% of average monthly flow of Dudh Khola will be
released. There is no Immediate downstream additional flow will be added in dewatered zone
of Dudh Khola during dry season.
xii. Seismicity
No mitigation measures are proposed for seismicity impact. Since the planning phase, design
phase and construction phase seismicity issue will be incorporated in design of project and
strength of project component will be maintained.
Project impacts on Biological environment are discussed in Chapter VI, section 6.4. In this
section pragmatic mitigation measures are described to avoid, minimize or compensate the
perceived impacts to acceptable levels. Table 7.7 summarizes the mitigation measures with
respective issues, and impacts in a matrix form to implement during the project
preconstruction, construction and operation periods.
The major environmental concern for the biological environment is the influence of the project
workforce and the allied people influx in the construction sites located close or adjacent to the
ACA. The other issue of concern is the loss of the forest area and standing forest. Though the
quality of standing forest outside ACA is not good, however, it is a resource base of the project
area.
Construction Stage
i. Loss of Forest and Vegetation
Efforts have been made to minimize the forest area and vegetation loss while planning the
project structures and facilities. However, avoidance of the forested areas and vegetation is not
possible due to the project key structural locations determined by geology and other design
parameters. The loss of the forested area and vegetation by the project structures and facilities
is unavoidable. However, to minimize the loss of forest area and vegetation following
mitigation measures will be implemented in the Project affected wards of rural municipality.
Compensatory afforestation, minimum site clearance by stripping and removal of trees only in
necessary areas will be focused by the project. The Proponent will also implement
compensatory measure for this loss. Based on the government's recent policy decision of 1:2
(i.e., plantation of 25 trees for each tree felled down for hydroelectric project, and management
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of plantation area for 5 years in this own cost and handover the plantation forests to the
community or the local forest office), at appropriate places in and around the Project area and
manage for 5 years in its own cost. With due consideration on possible survival rate of the
sapling to be planted, the Project will allocate necessary budget for replanting of necessary
seedlings.
As per the new policy of GoN, the proponent shall provide the replacement of the government
land that would be permanently used by the project. Project will be responsible to obey the
government rules.
Lease Compensation to the Forest Land Area: The project will allocate the budget to
compensate the used land of community forest.
Both permanent and temporary use of community forest land will be compensated until the
project will use these lands. Temporarily used community forest land will be also compensated.
The community will be encouraged to use the compensated amount for the further
strengthening of respective community forest.
Clearing of the forest vegetation and stockpiling the vegetation products before handover;
The standing forest resources such as timber, firewood, litter, fodder etc. has high value.
Haphazard clearance and lack of collection will make the cleared resources valueless to the
users and owners. Therefore, the project will clear the forest and stockpile the materials as per
the guideline of Forest Produces Collection, Sale and Distribution Guidelines, (1998) and will
be handed over to the respective community forest.
Cost has been allocated for the compensation of the lost pole, timber, firewood, and fodder.
The amount will be compensated to the respective Forest Conservation Committee (ACA).
Clearing of the forest vegetation will be done as to the requirement of project structures and
facilities only. Most of the project components are planned underground. So, within the
required community forest land, all the forest area as stated will not be cleared.
Technical and Financial assistance to the Affected Forest Conservation committee and ACA;
The User groups of the affected forest patch and ACA will be provided technical assistance for
the management of the forests. Financial assistance for NTFPs and plantation of local species
in the degraded forest area will be provided to upgrade the economic conditions of the user
groups and improve the ecological status of the existing forest areas under the group holding
Rare/Endangered/Endemic Plant.
Necessary budget for developing such site will be allocated by the Project. Efforts will also be
made to plant saplings in the core Project area. After 5 years, the project will continue to
manage it if it is within the project area. However, the plantation area outside the core Project
area will be handed over to the community or ACA.
ii. Loss of forest and Vegetation Due to Construction of Access Road
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Similar to the mitigation measures proposed in subsection 7.2.2.1 under Construction Stage
impact on Loss of Forest and Vegetation compensation to lost forest, vegetation will be carried
out. The loss has been calculated together as internal access road, quarry sites, batching areas,
and other major components are same hydropower components.
iii. Loss of Forest/ACA Area
For the loss of timber and fodder in the forests of ACA, the user groups (Forest Conservation
Sub Committee of Nashong rural municipality will be compensated terms of wood volume, fuel
wood and fodder.
Existing ACA policies and rules will be fully obeyed during the compensation process.
The land requirement from the ACA will be acquired following the prevailing laws, rules, of
forest section. Guidelines for handing over the forest area for the other purpose 2063 (2007)
will be followed. Furthermore, guidelines for the physical infrastructure development and
operation in the protected areas 2065 (2008) will be followed. The forest user groups will be
assisted for forestry enhancement programs. The cost for technical and financial assistance to
lease hold and community forest user groups above already incorporates the costs.
iv. Increase in demand of Firewood and Timber
In order to minimize the need of forest products central dining facility for the work force is
proposed. This will be run by the sub contractor and kerosene or LP gas will be used to meet its
fuel requirements. During the construction of temporary and permanent housing facilities and
other structures the use of timber will be minimized and the use of other construction
materials will be encouraged. Due priority will be given to local people so as to avoid building
of more huts and influx of labor force from outside.
Following measures will be carried out to minimize the impact:
Preference to the local for project employment so that no additional pressure of outsider to the
natural resource of local area could be anticipated.
Provision of kerosene/LP Gas to the workforce for cooking so that demand of firewood will be
reduced /minimize
Provision for camp lodging to the outside workforce with a common LPG cooking facility
Prohibition on the sale and purchase of the local NTFPs and fishes in the camps
Prohibition in roaming in the local forest area by the outside workforce
v. Harvesting of Non-Timber Forest Products and Medicinal Plants/Loss of Biodiversity
(Rare/Endangered/Endemic Plant and Animals)
Labor force will be prohibited for the collection of non timber forest products. Informative and
warning sign at centrally located construction site will be placed to create local awareness. The
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cost for the construction of information board about the awareness creation against illegal
activities will be allocated by the project.
The following measures/task will be implemented so that cumulative, direct and indirect
impact on forest resources, medicinal plants, NTFPs could be reduced:
Preference to the local for project employment:
Provision of kerosene to the workforce for cooking:
Provision for camp lodging to the outside workforce with a common LPG cooking facility:
Prohibition on the sale and purchase of the local NTFPs and fishes in the camps
Prohibition in roaming in the local forest area by the outside workforce:
Discourage the construction of huts/houses of the laborers.
Collect necessary information on timber and firewood demand of tea stalls, restaurants, and
lodges located within 1 km on all sides of the core Project area.
Encourage community people to operate firewood depot and/or kerosene depot near the
Project site for worker's use.
Keep records, monitor about the energy used by the construction workers, and document it in
the monitoring reports.
Instruct the contractor to discontinue worker’s service who involved in illegal collection and
sale of forest products.
Despite the above measures, there will be some residual ecological effects of forest clearance
for the structures and facilities and will remain as residual impact for a period of 20 to 30 years
till the afforested forest matures.
vi. Disturbance to wildlife movement due to construction activities
The project site is not a prime habitat of the wildlife not it is a movement corridor. However,
the site is used by wildlife for seasonal migratory route for the feeding purpose. Obstruction on
the movement and reproduction of wildlife due to establishment of project will remain as a
residual impact until the project operation.
During the whole project life, the major disturbances will arise due to the construction
activities to local people, wild or domestic animals, and vegetation. This impact could not be
prevented but will be minimized by using different precautions and methods like low noise,
erection of no horn sign in appropriate places, instruction to the drivers not to use pressure
horn in and around the forest area, use of regular road rout, dust minimization precautions,
etc. All the project activities will be regularized according to the prevailing legislation mainly
related to the forest acts, aquatic animal’s protection act, forestry regulation, etc. to avoid
illegal activities if any. The Project will inform the laborers, drivers, or other employed staff
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timely about the importance of conserving species by training, publishing and distributing "Do
and Don't Do" brochures or the code of conduct.
If any laborer or his/her dependents are found involved in chasing/harassing and/or trapping
the wildlife illegally, the Proponent will report to the ACA, office, or local management
committee of ACA for necessary legal action.
Despite the above measures, there will be some residual ecological effects of forest clearance
for the structures and facilities and will remain as residual impact for a period of 20 to 30 years
till the afforested forest matures.
vii. Habitat Fragmentation of flora and fauna
Implementation of project will have residual impact on flora and fauna of local area.
Conversion of 10.1 ha land area to the project erected structure will fragment the insitu habitat
of flora and fauna of the local area. To minimize the impact following consideration will be
made:
The plantation will focus the native species of the area. Micro watersheds of the area will be
given special attention for the restoration the natural habitat.
Plantation program will be conducted in close cooperation with ACA and it’s ordinary unit.
Watershed conservation will be as a part of enhancement measure encouraging local people for
the plantation, control to grazing, controlling illegal and unsustainable harvesting of forest
product. The governmentally protected flora and fauna that occur around the area will be
prime emphasis for the conservation and preservation.
Direct loss of wildlife and wildlife habitat is not envisaged by the project, as the project site is
not the core habitat. However, the residual impact will be remained until the project operation.
Forest and vegetation will be felled only to the required location by pegging the area and
numbering the trees
Surface blasting operations will be limited to only day time zone
No further measures as the direct loss of wildlife habitat and wildlife is not envisaged by the
project structural placement
viii. Illegal Hunting and Poaching Activities
The proponent will ensure that hunting and trapping of wildlife will not be taken place in any
circumstances. Further, informative and warning signs post will be placed at each construction
sites regarding protection of fauna. The construction contractor will provide special
instructions to all its staff and workforce on conservation issues. Purchasing and sale of
illegally hunted wildlife products will be strictly prohibited and the violators will be dismissed.
Prior awareness programme and warning programme will be made before the enrolment of
construction worker for the job. If any laborer or his/her dependents or project related people
are found involved in chasing/harassing and/or trapping the wildlife illegally, the Proponent
will report to the ACA office, or local management committee of ACA for necessary legal action.
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Despite the above measures, there will be some residual ecological effects on flora and fauna.
Forest clearance for the structures and facilities and will remain as residual impact for a period
of 20 to 30 years till the afforested forest matures.
ix. Temporary Diversion of Water
The river joining the Dudh Khola downstream to Marsyangdi will be affected during the
diversion of water at headworks. This will continue till one season at least. Implementations of
DKHP could not avoid this impact. During the EIA study none of such sensitive things/ objects
/components of biological and socioeconomic component were found. However, along the
right side the cutting of slope will trigger the stability of the area.
After the diversion of the water the area will be treated with gabion wall and concrete retaining
walls. No additional mitigation measures are required and proposed.
xi. Loss of Biodiversity (Floral and Faunal) in ACA
Direct loss of trees and pole will be compensated as it has been mentioned in subsection 7.2.2.1
Construction Phase no. i. Implementation of project will obviously have loss on floral diversity
of ACA and is unavoidable if project will be implemented.
To minimize the impact of loss of biodiversity in ACA, project will closely work with ACA and
its units. Watershed management program, encouragement program to local people for the
conservation etc will be lunched. The project will assist ACA for the conservation near to
project area. The program will be launched under the environmental enhancement program.
During the construction phase, major impacts envisaged in the biodiversity and habitat of ACA
is related with the offsite activities of construction workers. To minimize the impacts following
additional measures will be carried out:
Prohibition to the construction workforce to roam in the dense ACA forest and wildlife areas of
Dudh Khola.
Including the above provision in the labor force as a code of conduct and implementing the
provision with a penalty of dismissal from the construction job.
Employment of at least 1 person to monitor the offsite activities of the construction workforce
and other people involving in the illegal hunting, poaching of wildlife and collection of NTFPs
and MAPs.
Coordinating ACA and its local units, Divisional Forest Office and local police posts located at
Nashong rural municipality.
Providing the cooking and heating fuel support to the outside construction workforce from the
project cost so that pressure on local forest resource could be reduced.
xii. Impact of Workforce, Construction noise, spoils and other solid and liquid wastes on the
wildlife and aquatic life (flora/fauna)/Fisheries
The following measures and provisions will be made to minimize the impact:
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The outside construction workforce will be encouraged to live in the labor camps where
kerosene or LPG will be provided by the project for central cooking
Fuel wood will be strictly prohibited in the camps for cooking or any other purpose
Project will not purchase project required timber and other products from unauthorized local
person or business man
Disposal of the camp waste, redundant toxic chemical containers, spillage of toxic materials
will be prohibited in the unauthorized areas
Surface blasting operations will be limited to only day time zone
Discharge of spent oils, mobiles, slurry of batching plant, discharges, settling basins, aggregate
washing plants, untreated camp toiletry waste, mechanical yards will be prohibited to be
discharged directly into the river
Unauthorized spoil disposal in the river flood plain will be prohibited
Fishing will be restricted for the project staff and outside project workforce
Use of local fish as delicacy in the construction camp will be prohibited.
Disposal of the camp waste, redundant toxic chemical containers, spillage of toxic materials
will be prohibited in the unauthorized areas
Unless not required by the project structural placement, the riverbed will not be disturbed. The
impact is residual.
xiii. Fire Hazard
The grass species and Pine trees (Pinus roxburghii) present in project construction sites are
vulnerable to fire, especially during the dry season. Even a small fire in the form of cigarettes,
buds and match stick used by the construction crew could be a crucial factor for fire hazard.
Likewise, the leakage of fuel from vehicles could also be the cause of fire. The forest fire could
create a big fire hazard affecting the whole region Following mitigation will be carried out to
minimize the impact of forest fire:
Hoarding boards will be placed at critical location of the access road, headworks area, forebay
area and powerhouse areas as preventive actions to control the forest fire.
Public awareness programs will be launched to prevent the forest fires in the local area.
Project workers will be regularly informed not to throw lighted cigarette tips in the forest areas
and not to use forest area as picnic spots.
Regular monitoring of workforces and their activities will be carried out and they will be aware
time to time.
Operation Phase
i. Disturbance to Fish Migration
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Minimum Environmental release 15% of average monthly flow will be guaranteed all the time
year from the weir axis. However, just realizing the 15% release of driest flow, the entire impact
could not be mitigated and will remain as a residual impact until the project runs. In addition,
project will concentrate mentioned watershed management activities along the project, so that
immediately additional release can be made as replenished discharge.
ii. Aquatic Flora and Fauna
The impact is residual. However, to minimize the impact, the Dudh Khola habitat will be
maintained making the stretch favorable to aquatic flora and fauna. Big boulders will be put or
excavated and will be put on the surface of stream. This will create favorable habitat for aquatic
species.
iii. Destruction of Wildlife Habitat
Unnecessary movement of operation phase work force will be controlled. So that disturbance
on the movement of wildlife having local level migratory or movement range will not be
disturbed. Further, the impact is residual in nature.
iv. Disturbance to Wildlife Movement due to project structures
Disturbance to wildlife movement due to erection of project component/structures will have
residual impact as most of the project components are proposed to be on surface. To minimize
the impact afforestation will be carried out near the vicinity of the main project component so
that it will help for the habitat restoration of the local area. In addition at least 2 wooden bridge
or crossing will be placed so that wild animals can pass across the Dudh Khola stretch. No
additional measures are proposed for this impact.
v. Impact Due to Easy Access to Forest
The implementation of project will construct about 500m internal access road. The area being
officially declared as ACA, the rules and regulation of ACA will prohibit such activities. With
the access road opening and start of the project operation, it is highly likely that the forest
resources of the area could be exploited commercially in illegal way in spite of being ACA. To
minimize the impact on these forest patches regular monitoring will be carried out along these
patches. This is easy because headworks components are located near to these forest patches.
In addition, project will work in close coordination with the local Forest Conservation
Committee cell of ACA. Furthermore, ACA rules and regulations will automatically prohibit
illegal activities along the forest patches. No additional measures are required.
vi. Sudden Release of Water Downstream
Established siren along the Dudh Khola stretch along the dewatered section somehow will
reduce the impact but it is not a mitigation measure.
Siren will be blown 30 minutes before and at least 3 times the release of water from the dam by
the project staff. Therefore, it is hoped that wildlife will move from their location to safe place.
However, just installing and honking siren, impact on wildlife movement of both terrestrial
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and aquatic could not be mitigated all and will be remained as a residual impact. Further at
least 2 wildlife passage from either bank will be made along the dewatered section.
vii. Impact on microclimate in reduced flow zone
The microclimatic effect of the project in the dewatered and reservoir section could not be
mitigated with the selected project design. To minimize the impact, the project will further
release 15% of average monthly flow water even in dry month. In addition, project will
concentrate mentioned watershed management activities along the Dudh Khola, so that
immediately additional release can be made as replenished discharge. No additional mitigation
measures will be implemented to minimize the impacts of microclimate change and will
remain as the residual impact throughout the project life.
viii. Loss of Biodiversity of ACA
The same mitigation measures as applied during construction phase will be applied to reduce
the impact on biodiversity of ACA as more loss during operation phase is anticipated due to
smuggling of forest products, and encroachment to aquatic life basically fishing.
ix. Possible Smuggling of the Forest Product
In order to reduce the impact proponent will conduct trainer's training to, ACA local officials,
3people of the vicinity and nearby UGs members twice. This training will focus on the
sustainable use of forest products, usage of energy saving cooking utensils, energy saving
approaches, and ways to regulate illegal activities. Further, long term coordination with ACA,
district forest office and local security forces will be carried out.
Enforcement of Aquatic Animal Protection Act
Fish aggregate along powerhouse and 1 km downstream section o Dudh Khola will be
susceptible to legal and illegal harvest. The project management will develop some
enforcement mechanism in association with ACA, local administration, local society.
In addition, afforestation program and watershed management program will help to minimize
the residual impact created by the project placements which are described in above sections.
x. Fire Hazard
The grass species and Pine trees (Pinus roxburghii) present in project construction sites are
vulnerable to fire, especially during the dry season. Even a small fire in the form of cigarettes,
buds and match stick used by the operation crew could be a crucial factor for fire hazard.
Likewise, the leakage of fuel from vehicles could also be the cause of fire. The forest fire could
create a big fire hazard affecting the whole region Following mitigation will be carried out to
minimize the impact of forest fire:
Hoarding boards will be placed at critical location of the access road on the preventive actions
to control the forest fire.
Public awareness programs will be launched to prevent the forest fires in the local area.
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Project workers will be regularly informed not to throw lighted cigarette tips in the forest areas
and not to use forest area as picnic spots.
Project will work closely with the local Forest Conservation Cell of ACA.
Construction Phase
i. Private and Community Land Acquisition
The project requires 9.8 ha of total land for the construction of the project components
permanently and temporarily basis which includes 5 ha of forest of ACA area at different
localities for the placement of project structure and facilities.
All the private land loss will be compensated at the current market price. Negotiation and
mutual understanding method will be applied while compensating these lands.
Temporarily land will be taken as lease. The lease rent will be compensated by the proponent to
the respective owner.
Lease amount will be paid to the ACA area/forest and flood plain area to the ACA or
government. Guideline for the handing over of forest area for the other purpose 2063 B.S
(2007 AD) will be followed.
Temporarily used land will be later rehabilitated. The rehabilitation cost will be bear by project.
Direct loss of structures and utilities is not anticipated due to the project. Possible impact and
any dislocation of trekking routes will be compensated by rehabilitating them.
No direct loss of physical properties is recorded due to project during EIA study. If any
properties or structure will be later identified affected later will be compensated on the
bilateral negotiation.
If any loss will be identified later, the loss will be compensated. A separate contingency cost has
been allocated. Such loss will be compensated later, and cost will be determining by mutual
understanding.
ii. Impact on Agricultural Production
The agricultural production losses of standing crops will be compensated by the project. To
minimize the impact early notice at least one season will be made to the PAFs so that the loss
can not be anticipated. The compensation cost of the standing crops will be allocated by the
project.
iii. Impact on livelihood of PAFs
Though the project doesn’t have any severely project affected families (SPAFs). The fate of
PAFs after the land acquisition by the project will be seriously taken by the project. To increase
the livelihood status of the PAFs following measures will be applied:
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Production potential of the temporarily taken land will be compensated.
First priority of employment opportunity will be given to the PAFs.
Employment opportunity during the operation phase will be prioritized to PAFs.
Skill training to PAFs or their families’ member will be prioritized so that they can earn extra
income from the new skill. The skill training will be made under the environmental
enhancement program.
iv. Occupational Health and Safety Measures
The construction area will be cleared and fenced off and all the necessary precaution and
warning signpost will be placed at work sites. This area will be restricted for the entry of
unauthorized people. The contractor will be made responsible via contract clause for the
occupational health and safety measures. The project will provide Personal Protective
Equipment (PPE) such as hard hat, eye glass, safety boot, safety belt, gloves, firefighting
accessories, caution signals and other safety equipment as required at particular sites and work
areas.
Proper ventilation and air supply will be maintained in underground works.
Siren will be blown prior to the blasting activities and red flag will be placed in the blasting
spot. To avoid vibration impacts to the nearby houses, low capacity blasting will be carried out.
Regular monitoring of local spring nearby the alignment will be carried out. The project
proponent will compensate the damage to houses and infrastructures; and strengthen or
provide alternatives to the loss/ drying up of water from spring source used by the community.
Safety training will be implemented and any loss of life or injury will also be compensated as
per prevailing rules. The safety training for the project workers will be conducted prior to the
construction work. The training program will be of at least seven days that will include
practical class, use of safety equipments, first aid etc.
Camp site management and supply of primary health care facilities are the major measures to
minimize the impact on local health and sanitation facilities so that additional pressure on
health and sanitation couldn’t be envisaged due to project. To minimize the impact, the
contractor will be made responsible via contract clause for the primary health service (first aid)
and camp site management as described in the subsection 7.1.1.1 “Camp Site Management”.
The project proponent will make available the labors with potable drinking water, clean toilets
with adequate water facilities. Toilets will be made in temporary camps with the ratio of one
toilet for 10 people. First aid kits will be maintained for preliminary treatment in emergencies.
For serious injuries arrangement will be made to send the injured person to the nearest
hospitals. Health checkup of workers and documentation of health status will be made
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periodically. Priority will be given to the local people in project works to minimize the impacts
on health and sanitation. Support will be provided to local health post under CSR.
v. Impact due to increase Economic Activities
The Project will run an awareness program before the execution of construction works to tell
the local people that the cash flow will be stopped once the construction works will be
completed, so they should be very careful in spending. They will also be made aware of the
investment opportunities likely to generate due to the project and encourage them to exploit
the opportunities for long-term income source. Alcoholism, gambling and other social ill due to
increased economic activities will be controlled in close coordination with local securities and
social institutions of the area.
vi. Impact on Social Service Infrastructures
With the influx of the construction workers from outside, the demand on social service
institutions particularly educational facilities, health services, water supply systems,
administrative services, local law and order maintaining institutions, telecommunication
services, and local market increase. So, to have minimal impacts on the available resources,
following mitigation measures have been purposed;
The schools of the Nashong rural municipality which provide education to the children of
project staff and workers will be supported.
Establish a health service facility and support health workers within the construction camps
Establish water supply system for all the camp facilities within the work area and camp area
Establish self-standing communication facilities for the project staff and workers
Support to such social infrastructures will be as per the enhancement program of project and
will be operated under the Environment and Social Management Unit of the Project.
vii. Impact due to conflict of interest
Different people have different attitude toward the project and vice versa. To minimize the
conflict of interest project will facilitate the Project RM to formulate a Dudh Khola
Hydropower Concern Committee (DKHCC). The project management will deal with local
people with the help and coordination with that committee and vice versa. Conflict of interest
will be discussed well within the committee and project management unit.
viii. Impact on Sociocultural Practices
To minimize the impact on social and cultural practices of local communities, a strong code of
conduct will be enforced to the outside construction workers. The workers will be instructed to
act in responsible manners during and after the working hours, respecting the rights, property
and practices of the local people. Alcohol and gambling will be prohibited in camp area.
Priority will be given to the local people in project works.
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ix. Girls trafficking/Increase in Prostitution

Awareness program will be implemented by the project proponent. Awareness program will be
implemented to aware the people about the proper use of money, nature of job, project
activities and its roles in the local economy, etc. Besides, the awareness program will also
incorporate the problem associated with social and cultural disintegration and awareness
against girls trafficking and Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) including HIV/AIDS. Such
awareness program will at least be implemented at two (2) places covering the major
settlements. Organization of lectures, distribution of pamphlets, audio/ visuals, posters and
mobilization of local NGOs will be the methods to be adopted for conducting the awareness
program. Dudh Khola Hydropower Concern Committee will be consulted to minimize the
impact. The cost for the awareness program will be allocated by the project.
x. Impact on Law and Order Situation
The high number of workforces is likely to create pressure on local communities in a number of
ways. These may provoke the social disturbance among the settlements within administrative
boundaries of Nashong and other rural municipalities. The law and order institutions with the
available human resources might find difficulty in maintaining the security situation around
the project RM. So, to make the project area safe from the activities of incidents of burglary,
quarrels, stealing and safe environment, following measures have been proposed;
Regular ethical behavioral programs to outside workers before work session to respect local
people, their culture and traditions will be organized
Alcohol consumption in the public places outside the camp areas will be restricted
District Police Office will be requested to increase the police personnel to enhance the local law
and order. Financial assistance to the local police post will be provided for the construction of
additional residential facilities
The project personnel will be advised through special circulation that the illegal extraction of
floral and faunal resources of the ACA or dealing of the illegal extracted resources will be
punishable as per ACA rules
Coordination will be maintaining with the local and district level administrative units of GON.
The existing facilities of GON will be used to maintain the law and order in the project area as
required. The proposed awareness program will also have minimized this impact to some
extent.
xi. Local Employment
The tension that may create due to employment opportunity will be minimized by the priority
setting by the project. First priority will be clearly given to PAFs then to direct impact area
Nashong rural municipality ward no: 5,6 and 7. Dudh Khola Hydropower Concern Committee
will be consulted further requiting of local work force. Local manpower will be used as far as
possible. No technical man power supply is envisaged from the local area, so such manpower
233
will be recruited from other parts of country. As far as possible National workforce /manpower
/technical skill/equipment will be used as available.
xii. Gender and Disadvantageous Group
The project will ensure discrimination against the local people based on their gender, caste,
color and place of origin. Local women will be hired to the extent possible. Similarly, priority to
job opportunity will be provided to the people of affected indigenous, vulnerable and backward
group or families in the project area in order to raise their living standard.
Project will support the local indigenous Gurung and Tamang people by forming a separate
enhancement committee for the upliftment of indigenous people. Budget will be allocated to
aware local women and project will support them mainstreaming.
Participation of Dalit and women in Dudh Khola Hydropower Concern Committee will be
encouraged by the project. Special training to Women, Dalit (disadvantageous groups) and
Indigenous groups will be provided under the Environmental Enhancement Program.
xiii. Impact of Blasting Activities
Surface blasting activities will be carried out only at day time. People will restrict to enter the
blasting area. Army official will be used during the blasting activities to be carried out. Blasting
operation in this project is very limited. Prior to Blasting nearest Tiliche, Toche and Dharapani
will be pre-informed.
Therefore, so no additional mitigation measures are required.
Blasting and Its Impact on Physical Infrastructure
Direct impact to any local physical infrastructure is envisaged during the EIA study. However,
if such impact is identified later, it will be compensated in mutual understanding. A
contingency fund will be allocated under the environmental mitigation cost. The compensation
will be paid from this amount.
xiv. Expansion of Settlements
With the increase in the facilities of access road, health facilities and job opportunities people
are likely to start their own small business-like tea shop, hotels, fruits and vegetable shops
around the core area of the project. This will result in the development of new settlement and
expansion of the earlier settlements like Tiliche, Toche and Dharapani and many other
adjacent RMs is most likely to expand its settlement after the project implementation. The
space available in the area is limited.
Project has come up with the following measure to have the proper managements of the
settlements around the core area so that the settlements won’t disturb the ongoing
development of the project;
234
Local government will be advised of the expanding settlements and its environmental
consequences to step in for management. If planning is requested, local government will be
assisted.
xv. Impact of waterway alignment to the springs and water sources
Dudh and other small rivulets is the main two spring and water sources along the waterway
alignment. The project has design to cross this area via headrace tunnel. Therefore, no
additional mitigation measures are proposed. Drying up of such sources are not anticipated.
xvi. Scarcity of Drinking water to the Construction Workers
Drinking water supply will be provided to the main two camp sites of the project separately.
Headworks and Powerhouse site camp will be facilitated with the drinking water supply. The
sources of drinking water supply to these areas are locally available without any water use
conflict. The cost for the drinking water supply to camps has been allocated in the civil cost of
the project.
Project will solve the water demand of worker itself and no additional pressure on the existing
supply of the local communities will be made.
Operation Phase
i. Declining in Economic Activities Raised in Construction Period
The project will run counseling programs to tell the workers about the availability of works in
similar projects running elsewhere in Nepal demanding the skills they acquired from the
project. The local farmers, business people and traders will be made aware of the income
generating activities that could be operated by the availability of the electricity in their area. In
addition, skill training program as an Environmental Enhancement Program will be carried
out so that people can switch their occupation easily based on their skill and local availability of
resources.
ii. Occupation Health and Safety Hazards
Safety equipment required for the operation and maintenance of the headworks and
powerhouse will be provided. Personal Protective Equipments (PPE) and other safety
equipment as required during operation phase will be provided. Safety caution sign will be
posted at work places and nearby danger zones and such area will be well fenced.
Reduction of Agricultural Land
The impact is residual and couldn’t be revived. The temporarily used land will be rehabilitated
by project itself and handed over to the respective owner. PAFs of permanent land acquisition
will be given special agriculture enchantment training so that they can increase their
production from the remaining land. The area is under ACA. Crop safety due to wildlife is very
low; therefore, new crops which are safe from wildlife will be introduced with the help of ACA
and its local cell.
235
Further new skill training as environmental enhancement program will be launched so that
PAFs can switch their occupation.
iii. Risk of Sudden Release of Water
To make sure that sudden release of water from the dam downstream while maintenance of the
powerhouse, settling basin or waterway don’t have or no impact on the life and safety of the
livestock and peoples utilizing the river bed area for various purposes, following measures have
purposed:
Siren network will be established in the dewatered zone by the project
Siren will be blown 30 minutes before the release of water from the dam by the project staff
Local people will be given awareness training to safeguard their cattle from the flood plain area
after the siren is blown.
iv. Impact on livelihood of PAFs
Project does not have any severally project affected families (SPAFs). The fate of PAFs after the
land acquisition by the project will be seriously taken by the project since the construction
phase. The project will run an awareness program to the project affected people about the
proper use of Compensation money and money saved during the construction period involving
in working. The project will also run job-oriented training programs to the project affected
people who will be useful to the project both construction and operation phase. Project affected
people will be given a skill training under Environmental Enhancement Program.
To increase the livelihood status of the PAFs following measures will be applied:
Production potential of the temporarily taken land will be compensated.
First priority of employment opportunity will be given to the PAFs.
Employment opportunity during the operation phase will be prioritized to PAFs.
Skill training to PAFs or their families’ member will be prioritized so that they can earn extra
income from the new skill. The skill training will be made under the environmental
enhancement program.
v. Impact of waterway alignment to the springs and water sources
Dudh and other small rivulets are the major spring and water sources along the waterway
alignment. The project has design to cross this area via headrace tunnel. Therefore, no
additional mitigation measures are proposed. Drying up of such sources is not anticipated.
vii. Increased Tourism Activities
236
Increase in tourism during the operation phase will have some social adverse impact. Increase
settlement, population pressure, market expansion at powerhouse area at Dharapani and
Tiliche will be affected due to social illness, illusion of bad culture and others.
To protect the society local cultural groups will be promoted via cultural training; social
institutions will be made much strengthened. Locals will be aware to take positive benefit from
the increased tourism activities along the area.
Proponent's Commitment
Apart from the proposed mitigation measures in this chapter, the proponent will compensate
affected parties for the loss of lives or properties due to the project implementation as per the
prevailing law of Nepal. All the mentioned mitigation measures of identified beneficial and
adverse impacts will be fulfilled from the proponent sites. In additional, the relevant concerns
by the stakeholders during public hearing and interaction meetings will be addressed with
mutual understanding with local people. The formation of one single Dudh Khola Hydropower
Concern Committee that represents the voices of different people will be foremost things for
creating better environment for project construction. The monitoring unit will identify and
document the residual impacts. The Proponent is committed to mitigate to residual impact
from the project after implementing the proposed mitigation measures.
The construction contractor will be made responsible for undertaking all duties and works
assigned in the construction contract including all specified terms and conditions. The
construction contractor will work closely with the monitoring team, Project owner, advising
team and supervising consultant to ensure all works are performed to specified standards and
all mitigation measures are maintained. The invoice payment of the contractor will not be paid
until the proponent will be satisfied or ensured about the work done by the contractor to
specified norms.
237
Table 7-5: Summary of Environmental impact and mitigation measures of DKHP 65 MW
SN Issues Impacts Mitigation Measures Cost
Construction Phase
To minimize the impact permanent land

acquisition will be minimized to the
extent possible made for the structures
The land occupied by the project like, head works, powerhouse, headrace
infrastructures Including accessing tunnel, work camp site, project office
would be acquired permanently. and the access road. Area required for the
Change in land use Included in
Altogether the proposed project other project activities and purpose such as
i Patterns due to project project design
DKHP will acquire 14.8 ha. for the contractor camp, labor camp, stock pile
structures cost
project of which 9.8 ha is permanent area for the construction materials, borrow
and 5 ha is temporary which will be area etc. will be taken on lease. The leased
restored after construction phase. land will be returned to the owner after
the proper treatment/rehabilitation
work. All the spoil coming from the slope
cutting will be used in the landfill site..
The topographical changes will occur To minimize the topographic changes in Included in
ii Impact on Topography particularly in the headwork site; the major project components like project design
headrace tunnel, settling basin, intake headwork, waterway, and powerhouse, cost
pond, Surge tank, powerhouse area, minimum land as possible will be used.
238
quarry sites, spoil, debris & spoil Landscaping of the spoil/debris and spoil
disposal sites etc. At headwork disposal sites will be carried out. Such land
diversion weir will create a will be soon rehabilitated. Bio-engineering
backwater and this will create a and plantation to such area will be done to
small impoundment. The stabilized land. Furthermore, the
construction of other project change in topography due to erection of
components will change in project component is residual in nature.
landscape. In addition, construction Project will just try to minimize the impact
of access road will also have long as far as possible.
term effect on topography as
excavation and other earthworks area
needed. Camp facilities during
construction require housing, office
space and work areas. The
landscape will change at headwork,
water way, powerhouse area the
spoil, debris & spoil disposal sites and
along the access road, ground
elevation may be raised by 5-7 m than
the present level.
The project will maintain the During the construction of access road,
internal access earthern road of there is high possibility of mixing of
Issues related to 500m on its own cost. The debris and other construction wastes into Included in
iii construction of project associated impacts due to road the river. Such activities will be strictly project design
access road construction are temporary like controlled and monitored. Disposal of such cost
increase in turbidity of water, material will be done on prescribed site.
mixing of various wastes, air Vehicle will be maintained regularly so
239
pollution, visual pollution, debris there will be low noise produced by

into river water. These impacts are all vehicle. Use of horn should be strictly
temporary and only occur during prohibited. In addition, water sprinkling
construction of road. will be done prior to work in earthen
surface at least once a day.
A total of 3.25 ha private land will be Stockpiling sites will be properly fenced.
acquired for the storage of Side drains will be constructed. Mixing of
construction materials at stockpiling chemicals and explosives to the water body
sites and construction of camp house. and soil will be prohibited. Terms and
0.8 ha private land will be acquired condition will be enlisted in contract
for the storage of construction agreement with the civil contractor to
materials at stockpiling sites and 0.8 minimize the impact. The leased land used
ha land will be acquired for for stockpiling will be restored into original
construction of camp, in which 0.4 ha shape to the extent possible. Proper
Issues related to storage of storage site will be managed for the Included
will be permanently used and 0.4 in
construction materials, construction materials near to the project design
iv ha will be temporarily used. Leakage
construction and labor construction site with making a safe cost
of oil, grease, cements and other
camps house. For the storage of petrochemical
construction materials to the site
and adjoining area will have impact the floor will be concrete and brims will
on the soil quality of exact vicinity, be made to avoid the overflow impact.
pollutant source to nearby water Precaution and warning signs and
sources, dust and odor pollution are firefighting equipment will be placed at the
other envisaged impacts. This may storage areas. The private land to be used
also cause adverse impact on forest for the storage facilities will be
hindering growth of various flora at compensated and rehabilitated to its
the site. natural condition prior to return to the
respective land owners. The government
240
land will be rehabilitated.
Quarrying operations in the flood plain

will be Stripping operation rather than
forming a big borrow pit at one location.
The quarry operation will not be carried
Quarries for stone/aggregates and
below the flowing water level of the river.
sand will be extracted from natural
River flood plain quarrying will be carried
deposits and quarries. Part of
out only in the dry season i.e from
excavated materials from
November through May only. Quarry sites
excavation of roads, hydraulic
will be used as specific location. Maximum
structures and excavated materials
digging of quarry sites will not increase the
along penstock alignment route will
5 m depth. Vulnerable sites created by
be reused for construction purposes.
Change in river project along the Dudh Khola project Included in
Two quarry sites has been proposed
v morphology due to use of stretch will be maintained by project itself. project design
with total area of 1 ha. The operation
quarry site The spoil from quarry sites will not be cost
of quarry site will change the river
deposited into the river. The spoil will be
morphology. Scars like impact on
dumped in the landfill areas. Construction
landscape, change in elevation level
materials should not be quarried from
both horizontal and vertical, changes
only one site; rather it should be
in established natural drainage
distributed over the available area so that
pattern, unstable slopes and the
the impacts is disbursed and minimized.
hazards of landslide are the main
The project proponent will pay royalty for
environmental impacts.
using forests products (soil, aggregates of
sand, gravel, wood, firewood) of that area
to ACA according to the price mentioned
by forest regulation, 2051.
241
Penstock alignment has to pass All the activities within the riverbed will
through different gullies and kholsis. be planned properly during the
The construction of water construction stage. The contractor will be
conveyance system will affect water allowed to take out materials from the
drainage system as this will disrupts riverbed from the excavation of the weir
Issues related to river surface follow a which may further foundation. Proper engineering design for Included in
vi morphology and drainage increase the instability of slope and sediment flushing will be done and project design
pattern penstock alignment and other water downstream protection by cut off wall and cost
passing system at different length will launching apron shall be design for
have to cross dry gullies and kholsis. minimizing the adverse impact in the river
In these gullies soil erosion and morphology. The river bed will be
land instability will be increased excavated only in the necessary areas
due to blockage of natural drainage. specified by the design drawings.
The operation of crusher plant for the

The construction area will be fenced.
project may produce unnecessary
Crusher plant will be proposed far from the
noise in the locality and settlement
Issues related to operation settlement area. All vehicles in the
area near the crusher plant. For
of crusher plant (noise and construction area will be maintained Included in
the construction of crusher plant,
vii vibration, spoils from regularly. Spoil generated will be project design
surplus spoil may be produced due to
crusher, chances of land disposed only in disposal area. cost
the cutting. The disposal of surplus
instability) Bioengineering techniques will be
spoil can become issue. And due to
carried for the stabilization of unstable
cutting, the land stability problem
land.
may be induced.
viii Landslide & soil erosion Water has to pass through Headrace Pegging and flagging will be done at the Included in
tunnel, Surge tank Penstock Pipe and landslide area boundary. Slope will be project design
242
due to excavations works Tail Race. During the water maintained less than the angle of repose to cost
conveyance it passes along a kholsi, the extent possible, mostly 45%. Both
and unstable slopes. No major vertical and horizontal drains will be
geological hazards such as debris provided. If a major structure such as
flow, landslide, mud flows etc. powerhouse is very close (100m), then
Construction of headrace tunnel on standard retaining structures and or
the other hand will make the slope stability of the slopes by grouting,
vulnerable in weak geological concreting, fixing rock bolts etc. measures
features. The impacts may be more will be adopted. No surface will be left
serious during rainy or monsoon exposed. Concreting will be done on
seasons. This may cause landslides steeper slopes. Bioengineering will be
or rock fall and soil erosion prioritized as much as possible to the
exposed slopes.
During the entire project construction The disposal sites are proposed in such a
it is estimated that approximately location that these sites are safe from
volume of 973985 m3 spoils will be landslides, and other instabilities such as
generated. volume of spoil and debris spoil/debris flow into the river or water
will be generated from the entire bodies are strictly can be managed. The
project including the access road. It thickness of spoil/debris disposal will not Included in
Spoil disposal at project exceed 7 m could be applicable to all sites. project design
ix is estimated that there is about
area Disposal of spoil/debris at other place cost
386285 m3 surplus bulk volume of
muck; spoil mixed with stone will be than designated will be strictly
generated from the entire project prohibited. The spoil disposal will not be
including the access road. 30,000 m3 thrown in the river; rather it will be safely
volume of top soil will be generated deposited in the stream gullies, ravines,
from the entire project components. depression and flood plains. The surface
and slope of the disposal area will have
243
bio-engineering treatment.
Concrete structures will be constructed

around the oil and grease holding
structure. Where oil water
contamination is possible, water will be
passed through an oil water separator prior
The possibility of leakage of oil and
to being discharged to the river. All spent
grease and other liquid materials is
grease and mobile and unused or date
high. These oil if spilled easily spread
expired toxic chemicals will be collected
over ground producing eye sore. Near
separately in plastic drums and stored in a
Possibility of the water surface, the oil spill pollutes
safe place under the shade. All empty
contamination of soil and the water surface and the dissolved
containers of grease, mobile, and toxic
x water due to Leakage of oxygen content of the water body 1,050,000
chemicals will be punctured and stored in
oil, grease & other will be reduced. The oil leakage has
a safe place under the shade. The unused
chemicals detrimental impact on the aquatic
chemicals, spent mobile, grease etc. will
life. Dudh khola downstream from
discharged only with the approval of the
headworks and near the
project environmental officer approval and
confluence will be affected in such
recommendation. The petroleum bunkers
cases.
are placed in a separate area in a concrete
bonded area with a facility of oil and grease
separator. The water is treated for the oil
and grease and then released to the water
bodies.
Possibility of degradation Due to the construction activities There is no presence of any springs in the Included in
xi
of spring of the project component nearby project area. And in case of other water project design
244
the water resources especially the resources, all effluent discharges will be cost
spring which has been used by the treated before discharging into the river
local for different purposes, the or other water source. Waste liquid
condition of the springs may from the batching plant and vehicle wash
degraded and water availability may will be diverted to a settling basin for
be decreased. But there is no spring treatment prior to discharge to the
nearby the project area. natural stream/river.
Three camps site has been proposed Minimum land as possible will be used for
for the project as construction the camp. Camp sites will be made well
support facilities during the facilitated with toilets, (at least one for
construction period. During the each 10 workforce) drinking water facilities
construction period about 66 kg etc. The toilets with septic tank will be
(assuming 300 gram for 220 people constructed at least 300 m far from the
daily) of domestic waste which will be natural water body. Direct discharge of
generated by the workforces daily. If sewage to the water body will be band.
the domestic waste is dumped in the Solid waste generated from the camp site
xii Impacts of camp site streams, degradation of the waste will be collected in a safe location; 750,000
will cause depletion of dissolved Segregation of solid waste and recycling,
oxygen in water. This will adversely reduce and reuse system of solid waste
affect aquatic life in the streams. In management system will be strictly
addition, improperly disposed followed. During the preparation of
domestic waste will spoil the natural contract bid for civil construction work, the
beauty of the area, cause foul smell, provision will be made mandatory. Solid
and attract flies, rodents and other Waste Management Regulation of GoN,
scavengers which could produce 2070 will be strictly followed. Discipline of
public health concerns, for the work force will be maintained.
construction workers as well as the Unnecessary movement of workforce to
245
local people. farm land, cropped area, and river or forest

area will be prohibited. The cost
required for the mitigation of impacts
generated from the camp area has been in
corporate in the civil cost of the project.
During the preparation of contract bid
for civil construction work, the provision
will be made mandatory.
Project will incorporate seismicity

impact since design phase that Mitigation measures during the planning
could occur during operation phase. phase, design phase and construction Included in
xiii Impact due to seismicity Further, study also suggests the phase seismicity issue will be incorporated project design
design team to incorporate the in design of project and strength of project cost
seismicity impact since the design of component will be maintained
the project.
During the construction phase, there

will be lesser water flow on
dewatered zone due to temporary Diversion work will be complete in
river diversion for weir short time as possible. The turbidity Included in
Impact on Dewatered zone construction across the river. The
xiv impact to downstream will be minimized project design
stretchof Dudh Khola length of the dewatered zone is about applying all the specified mitigation cost
5200 m. Impact along the measures.
stretch due to contamination of
water quality has been discussed in
different section Change in Water
246
Quality, Release of toxic and

hazardous waste, spoil disposal etc.
Water use conflict, back water
conflict or overlapping of coordinates
is not anticipated with this project.
The construction area will be fenced. Ear

guards will be provided to the construction
The construction of the project
workers in the noise prone areas. An
would likely to exceed this
estimated 400 nos. of ear guards would be
threshold of noise level, affecting
required in the project. Large noise
human, wildlife and livestock's.
producing engines such as air Included in
Increased level of noise Intense vibration may produce
xv compressors will be fitted with noise project design
and vibration cracks in the existing livestock
reducing mechanisms. All vehicles in the cost
sheds, trigger rock falls in the
construction area will be maintained
unstable area in some cases, the high
regularly. Surface blasting activities will
intensity of vibration may even cause
be carried out at the day time only.
the nearby slope areas to collapse.
Ventilators along the alignments will be
fitted with the noise soaking device.
During the construction period, Water spraying will be carried out in all the
activities such as transportation and gravel and earthen roads two times in a
handling of construction material, day for nine months in one year. All
xvi Change in air quality excavation, drilling, blasting, use of vehicles belonging to the project i.e. 600,000
heavy equipment, and the use of consultants, owner, contractors, vendors
crushing and batching plant will will comply national emission standards
generate significant amount of dust and regular (monthly) checkup for
247
and vehicular emissions (suspended maintenance of all vehicles will be carried

particles, carbon monoxide, sulfured out every 3000 km. Use of breathing
oxide, hydrocarbons and oxides of mask and earplugs by the construction
nitrogen in ambient air). It will be workers in the dust prone areas such as
most severe at the sites of crushing crushing plant, batching plant, rock
plant, concrete mixing sites, along the drilling areas etc. will be made
access roads, in the spoil disposal compulsory. Preventive measures will be
area and in areas where major taken to minimize the emission of dust
construction activities will occur, from the dust prone area such as
such as at the weir and the crushing plants, batching plants etc. by
powerhouse site. The movement of spraying water or maintaining moisture in
heavy vehicle in project site is likely construction materials. Road which are
to increase in dust and vehicular used by heavy vehicles will be black
emissions. The topographical topped. Enough nos. of tree will be
condition of the site is a narrow planted near the campsite and office work
gorge, which will restrict, to a certain as dust screens or arrester. The average
extent, the dispersion of air distance between the trees will be 5.0 m.
pollutants. Settlement area Tiliche
and Dharapani are envisioned to be
affected.
Most of the construction activities All effluent discharges will be treated

will be located close Dudh Khola at before discharging into the river or other
xvi Change in water quality of Powerhouse area. Disturbance of the water source. Waste liquid from the
i Dudh khola river bed, construction of dams and batching plant and vehicle wash will be 600,000
the weir, disposal of unwanted diverted to a settling basin for treatment
materials on the river banks etc. will prior to discharge to the natural
increase the turbidity, with stream/river. All solid and liquid wastages
248
suspended and dissolved solids in the e.g. Toxic chemicals, grease, oils, acids and
stream/river. Quarry area has been other materials, generated in the project
proposed from confluence of these will be disposed off in the land fill site. The
kholas thus water body will bear storage area will be lined to reduce
the impact. This will have some potential surface and ground water
adverse impacts on the aquatic life. pollution in the event of spill. The used oil
However, the impacts of increased and lubricants will be collected regularly
turbidity and pollution will be into drums/barrels or tanks. The settling
medium. Liquid waste might occur as basin should be used to collect the slurry
a result from the construction for settling the heavy particles and other
activities and from the use of material, which can be recycled or
lubricants, paints, cleaning, incinerated. Bathing, cloth washing,
chemical and other aqueous and oil- defecating and urinating in the river will be
based materials. Some wastes might strictly prohibited to project’s work force.
occur as a result of leaks from
construction equipment, accidental
spills during materials transfer and
storage and also from improper and
inadequate management, as
lubrication and changing of oil are
the common practices in
construction equipment.
Loss of top soil i.e. 30,000 m3 is The topsoil will be covered by plastic and
Loss of top soil generated permanent and recovery chance is stockpiled over a drained area. To reduce Included in
xvi
during excavation of almost impossible. The clearing & siltation problem, the soil conservation project design
ii
project sites grubbing of vegetation from the activities will also be implemented as per cost
project area for construction related needed. Similarly, to minimize the soil
249
works like formation of new erosion, site clearance will be minimized.

alignment, borrow area, quarry sites Gully controls, Terrance formation and
increase loss of top soil from these extensive vegetation of local species are the
sites. Headworks area and facilities, preferred activities using local materials
headrace alignment and powerhouse i.e. stones, bamboos, ropes and jute bags
area will have greater impact due to filled with sand. In limited areas, gabion
loss of top soil. The losses of top soil wires will be used for check dam
decrease the fertility rate of the land construction purpose. Replacement of top
thus reducing agricultural soil will be made at the site of same land
production. clearance, at the top of spoil/debris
disposal area and plantation will be made.
Such sites will be then treated by
bioengineering and plantation
During the construction period, many

vehicles are used for transportation All vehicles in the construction area will be
for construction material in maintained regularly. Water spraying will
construction site of the project. The be carried out in all the gravel and earthen
vehicles will generate significant roads two times in a day for nine months
amount of dust and vehicular in one year. All vehicles belonging to the
Included in
Issues related to project emissions (suspended particles, project i.e. consultants, owner, contractors,
xix project design
vehicle transportation carbon monoxide, sulphur oxide, vendors will comply national emission
cost
hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen standards and regular (monthly) check-
in ambient air). These impacts on air up for maintenance of all vehicles will be
quality will, however, be of short- carried out every 3000 km. Road which
term in duration and mostly limited are used by heavy vehicles will be black
to the project site. It will be most topped.
severe along the access roads, project
250
component area and the powerhouse

site. The movement of heavy
vehicle in project site is likely to
increase in dust and vehicular
emissions.
Blasting for the construction of the tunnel

will be done in day time only. The
Blasting during excavation works may
petroleum bunkers will be placed in a
affect in the stability of the
separate area in a concrete bonded area
surrounding area and blasting may
with a facility of oil and grease separator.
affect the surrounding air and noise Included in
Issue of Blasting and The contractor will be made responsible
xx condition due to which the local project design
Bunker operation for this. The wastewater from the
people may be affected. Therefore, cost
mechanical yards will be collected in a
this is another serious impact
separate area. The water is treated for the
that will be anticipated during
oil and grease and then released to the
construction phase.
water bodies. The contractor will be made
responsible for the required arrangement.
The project uses diesel generator as

backup power during construction
phase. Noise, smoke, generated The generator will be used as minimum as
Included in
Impacts related to during running Diesel generator possible for emergency purpose only. The
xxi project design
Construction power may affect the surrounding area. generator will installed 1 km far from the
cost
The diesel spill may be other living area.
problem in the surrounding water
sources.
251
Sudden release of water during

maintenance and emergency from
the dam can cause river bed
scouring downstream of the dam. The
river bed may deepen significantly The project will construct stilling basin
by washing out the small particles and Energy dissipating structures for the Included in
xxi River bed scouring at
from bottom of the river. It will mitigation of downstream scouring of river project design
i downstream of the weir
increase the depth as well as speed of bed. These structure also the protects the cost
the river and further erosion may weir structure.
occur downstream of the river. Proper
mitigation measures is applied for the
protection of downstream scouring of
the river
Storage and handling of explosive is risky

and needs high level attention and help of
Blasting during excavation works may securities. One separate structure will be
affect in the stability of the constructed at construction yard for the
surrounding area and blasting may safe storage of explosives and detonators
affect the surrounding air and noise needed for the project. Such site will be Included in
xxi Issue of handling of
condition due to which the local established at Powerhouse site and the project design
ii explosive material
people may be affected. Therefore, required materials will be supplied to cost
this is another serious impact the necessary sites.
that will be anticipated during
construction phase. Storage area will be protected and
proper signage will be placed indicating
explosion risk.
252
Explosive substances should not be

carried outeither on the surface or
underground except in sound, unopened
cases of origin.
Detonators will not be carried about in
the same box or canvas sack as other
explosive substances.
Smoking should not be allowed during
handling of explosive materials.
Proper personal protective equipments
(such as safety glass, full face shield etc.,)
should use before handling explosive
materials.
Cases of explosives will only be
opened by means of brass or wooden
wedges and wooden mallets.
Formulation of Disaster Risk Reduction

During the construction of project Plan like minimum clearance of the trees
components, disasters like flooding, will be done. Along the flood plain areas
xxi Impacts of possible erosion, slides may occur due to the project components will be checked
v Disaster which the landscape may change and and regular Protection measures in the
these disasters may take many lives landslide prone areas and areas with risk
and loss of property. of floods and soil erosion. Engineering
techniques like bioengineering, gabion
walls, retaining walls, drainage
253
managements.
Total 3,000,000
Operation phase
The upstream of diversion weir

construction will drastically change
the river’s present morphology due to
change in the river bed elevation.
Within the diversion section,
between diversion weir & the
tailrace; there will be considerable Regular clearance of the settling basin will
reduction in the river discharge. The be carried out during the operation
river flood plain will be wider and phase. Watershed management program
Will be
will support to minimize the sedimentation
Changes in hydrology & chocked with boulders, cobbles, included in
i pebbles & sand. There is potential of rate during the rainy season. To
sedimentation project
colonization of the flood plain areas minimize the impact the project will
operation cost
by hygroscopic vegetation if not used further release of 15% of monthly flow i.e.
for animal grazing. In the monsoon 15% of monthly flow for Dudh Khola as
season, however, this stretch of the the riparian release.
river will exhibit characteristics of
river morphology similar to that of
the present, cobbles, pebbles &
sand. There is potential of
colonization of the flood plain areas
by hygroscopic vegetation if not
254
used for animal grazing. In the

monsoon season, however, this
stretch of the river will exhibit
characteristics of river morphology
similar to that of the present.
During the project operation, as

Diversion work will be complete in
water will be diverted for power
Possibility of change in short time as possible. The turbidity
generation, there will be only
river morphology and impact to downstream will be minimized Will be
environmental flow released from the
drainage pattern in applying all the specified mitigation included in
ii weir structure downstream in the
dewatered zone and few measures. To minimize the impact on project
Dudh Khola up to tailrace outlet (the
hundred meters upstream micro-climate mandatory release operation cost
dewatered stretch). The river flow
of weir minimum of 15% of monthly flow for Dudh
will be changed drastically in the
Khola as the riparian release.
dewatered stretch.
If river water will be suddenly To make sure that sudden release of water
released downstream due to the from the dam downstream while
accidental problem in mechanical maintenance of the powerhouse,
Issues of probable operation of the project, desander or tunnel don’t have or no impact Will be
catastrophe Due to sudden unexpected increase in river flow on the life and safety of the livestock and included in
iii
release of water in will occur to the downstream. Such peoples utilizing the river bed area for project
dewatered stretch release will have the high speed also. various purposes, following measures have operation cost
Similarly, due to heavy rain water, the purposed; Siren network will be
morphology of river will be changed. established in the about 5.2 km dewatered
This will affect human life, aquatic zone by the project. Siren will be blown 30
life & also wild life of the dewatered minutes before the release of water from
255
zone. Precautionary measures are the dam by the project staff. Local people
required to mitigate and minimize will be given awareness training to
such impacts. safeguard their cattle from the flood plain
area after the siren is blown
The water level will fluctuate due to

the change in river discharge and will
Along the penstock alignment, natural flow
affect in the stability of the riverbanks
of water will not be blocked. Along the
initiating the failure of slope. If the
blocked location drainage and safe Will be
Possibility of slope failure process is frequent, then the
handling of natural flow will be included in
iv at tunnel portals and possibility of slope failure is quite
maintained. Such site will be further project
penstock alignment high as dry and wet conditions
trained with bioengineering, concrete operation cost
immediately change the angle of
retaining so that erosion from such site
repose in the slope. Due to this
will be controlled.
phenomenon the sedimentation
problem will occur.
Due the heavy machine running for

every time for generating 65 MW of The noise impact from the powerhouse Will be
power, the sound pollution is during the operation of the project will be included in
v Noise and vibration
expected to be greater than 75 dB reduced by installing sound proof and project
which will be the major problem at noise aquatics system in powerhouse. operation cost
powerhouse site
Change in water quality The water quality of River in the Water pollution during operation phase is Will be
vi monsoon season even in the envisaged due to continuous desander included in
due to reduced flow
dewatered zone section (between flushing/trapped gravel. This is a residual project
256
diversion weir & tailrace) & below impact, but the impact will be minimized operation cost
tailrace will be similar to present. by constructing a ditch to collect the sand
There will be some minor changes and aggregate before reaching to the
in the water quality in the months stream. Thus collected sediment will be the
from October to June in the safely collected and transferred to the safe
dewatered stretch of the river place.
between diversion weir & tailrace
than the present. The water quality
will be slightly altered by the
variables of the tributaries even
though the greater share of the
water volume is contributed by the
residual environmental flow of the
Dudh Khola from the diversion weir.
The dissolved oxygen level will
slightly drop while the water
temperature will slightly increase
than the present. Suspended
sediment load in the river water
will however, significantly drop than
the present.
During the operation period During the operation phase leakage of

maintenance of mechanical chemicals, oils, grease is most likely in Will be
Leakage of oil, grease & equipments of powerhouse needs powerhouse area during the maintenance included in
vii
other chemicals chemicals and will likely to be leak of powerhouse mechanical components. project
during the maintenance work. While Due to the chemicals leakage Dudh Khola operation cost
sweeping such chemicals will directly is most likely to be polluted. To
257
mixed to the water body unless minimize the impact, during the
preventives will used. In addition, maintenance period chemical socking
these oil/chemicals if spilled easily materials will be put at the ground and
spread over ground producing eye then later such used materials will be
sore. Near the water surface, the oil safely disposed or buried.
spill pollutes the water surface and
the dissolved oxygen content of the
water body will be reduced. The oil
leakage has detrimental impact on
the aquatic life. Impact due to leakage
of oil, grease and other chemicals
however in the Dudh Khola during
the operation period seems
irrelevant.
Micro-climate change is expected to

occur in the dewatered section of the Due to the diversion of water from intake
river between diversion weir & of Dudh Khola to powerhouse, the water
tailrace. In the dewatered section, regime at the downstream of the weir will
the temperature might fall by about be changed. The river will have mandatory
release of 15% of monthly flow which will
Change in microclimate in 0.5⁰C in the winter season. In the hot
viii summer season (April – June), the be released downstream of Dudh khola 900,000
the dewatered stretch
temperature might rise by 0.5 to as the riparian release to maintain
1⁰C. In the monsoon season (July- minimum riparian flow from the project
October), no change in temperature site. This helps aquatic and wild animals
is expected. On the other hand of the ACA to maintain their habitat from
vegetation growth pattern along the enormous development.
the stream alignment will be altered
258
during the dry season.
Project will incorporate seismicity

No mitigation measures are proposed
impact since design phase that
for seismicity impact. Since the planning Will be
could occur during operation phase.
phase, design phase and construction included in
ix Impact of Seismicity Further, EIA study also suggest the
phase seismicity issue will be incorporated project
design team to incorporate the
in design of project and strength of project operation cost
seismicity impact since the design of
component will be maintained.
the project.
The effect of climate change on Climate change hazard is grossly a

hydropower is mostly influenced by dynamic phenomenon and unpredictable.
the change of the river runoff. The Dudh Khola have small catchment. Erratic
change of precipitation and rain, cloud burst landslide along the
temperature are the most driving catchment can occur. This will
factors. Increase of the extreme increase the sedimentation risk at Will be
Climate change hazard in climate events and enlarged headworks area. The impact is included in
x
project area erosion furthermore pressures the unpredictable. Therefore to minimize project
hydropower production. The increase the risk regular monitoring of catchment operation cost
of the temperature leads to an will be carried out. In case of emergency
intensification of the water circle on coping strategy project will be prepared
the regional scale; generally, dry since the design phase such as to control
areas will become dryer and wet areas sedimentation, to safely make flow of
wetter sedimentation etc.
xi Water Use and Right The field observation and 1,800,000

interaction with local community
259
has revealed that the water from

Dudh Khola has not been used by
locals for drinking, rafting,
professional fishing purposes or
for irrigation purposes within the
stretch of intake and tailrace of
DKHP. Thus, the issues of water
rights while operating this project is
non-existence at the time of this
study. The river water is not used for
any other proposes of water mill or
irrigation canal within the stretch
Total 2,700,000
Construction Stage
A total of 158 trees individuals of Compensatory afforestation, minimum site

average dbh 0.24 m from 12 different clearance by stripping and removal of trees
Loss of Forest and species, 837/ha seedling (Table 5.1 only in necessary areas will be focused by
i Vegetation (Plant and Table 5.2), 229/ha sapling will the project. The Proponent will also 2,565,000
Diversity) be lost during the construction implement compensatory measure for this
period. Introduction of alien species loss. Based on the government's recent
and day to day mass movement at policy decision of compensatory plantation
project site will fragment the forest of trees in 1: 25 ratio, 4688 seedlings of
260
land and ecosystem diversity. tree species will be planted as

Forest from ACA, Kankalink CF, compensation for lost of 158 trees and
Tameshwori Salleri CF and Tintale 4688 seedlings of tree species (1600
Syalaum CF will be affected. The seedlings/ha) will be planted in
loss is accounted for the project compensated land for using 2.93 ha
main component and necessary goverment land (used for hydroelectric
support facilities such as access road project and management of plantation area
from powerhouse to headworks, for 5 years in this own cost and handover
quarry site, crusher plant etc . the plantation forests to local forest office),
Implementation of the DKHP at appropriate places in and around the
requires falling down of about 12 Project area. With due consideration on
species of trees, 30 species of Non possible survival rate of the sapling to be
timber forest products plant. The planted, the Project will allocate necessary
highest loss is of Schima wallichi and budget for re-planting of necessary
Pinus roxburghii seedlings. In addition, Replacement
plantation will be done for those saplings
that will die within five years.
The workforce and camp during the Provision of kerosene/LP Gas to the
construction period could involve in workforce for cooking so that demand of
firewood collection illegally and firewood will be reduced Will be
Increase Demand of timber collection for their personal or /minimize.Provision for camp lodging to included in
ii project needs being the cheap fuel for the outside workforce with a common
Firewood and Timber project
cooking, heating and cheap source of LPG cooking facility. Prohibition on the operation cost
timber needs if any for the project. sale and purchase of the local NTFPs and
This will further decrease the fishes in the camps Prohibition in roaming
forest and plant species from the in the local forest area by the outside
261
area and vicinity. workforce
Prohibition on the sale and purchase of the

local NTFPs and fishes in the camps.
Prohibition in roaming in the local forest
Among the enumerated NTFPs and area by the outside workforce. Keep
medicinal plants 30 species of them records, monitor about the energy used
will be lost from their insitu habitat. by the construction workers, and
Due to the construction of project 30 document it in the monitoring reports.
Loss of NTFPs Medicinal species of plant species having Instruct the contractor to discontinue
iii 1,050,000
Plants medicinal value, and having local worker’s service who involved in illegal
use significance and even having collection and sale of forest products.
economic importance will get Despite the above measures, there will be
impacted due to site clearance during some residual ecological effects of forest
the erection of project structure clearance for the structures and facilities
and will remain as residual impact for a
period of 20 to 30 years till the afforested
forest matures.
The terrestrial wildlife’s are noise Low noise, erection of no horn sign in
sensitive. The increased mobility of appropriate places, instruction to the
people and construction vehicles will drivers not to use pressure horn in and
Disturbances/ impacts on drive away the terrestrial wildlife around the forest area, use of regular road 2,700,000
iv
flora and fauna from the vicinity of construction sites. rout, dust minimization precautions, etc.
Increased noise level not only drives All the project activities will be
away the terrestrial wildlife but also regularized according to the prevailing
have impact on the breeding legislation mainly related to the forest
262
behavior. The increase in noise level acts, aquatic animal’s protection act,
in general and high pitch noise during forestry regulation, etc. to avoid illegal
blasting is envisaged to drive away activities if any. The Project will inform
the terrestrial wildlife of the valley the laborers, drivers, or other employed
even at considerable distance from staff timely about the importance of
the construction sites. The monkeys conserving species by training,
and Ghorals, commonly seen in the publishing and distributing "Do and Don't
valley area along headworks and to Do" brochures or the code of conduct.
the hills of Bakundada along the
right bank of Dudh Khola, will move
away for the entire construction
period only to return to the area
after some period of completion of
construction activities.
Construction of project components

will definitely impact on the habitat To minimize the impact of habitat
connectivity of wildlife species. fragmentation following measures will be
Clearance of 5.67 ha forest area carried out: Shrub species which does not
Disturbance to wildlife (including Flood plain) of grow tall will not be cleared. As much as Will be
movement due to conservation area and 0 ha of possible forest will be avoided during the included in
v
consruction activities near Community forest including clearing time to minimize the damage on project
forest areas government flood plain will have forest. Restriction will be made to cut operation cost
impact on the habitat of wildlife of down of unnecessary tree. Only lopping
local area due to habitat and topping of the high growing or
fragmentation. Feeding habitat and potentially high growing trees and poles.
movement of short range wildlife
species will be impacted. In addition,
263
the operation of access road during

the construction period will also
disturb the wildlifes specially birds
If any laborer or his/her dependents or

Clearance of tall trees for the project related people are found involved
construction of project structures will in chasing/harassing and/or trapping the
fragment the forest into different wildlife illegally, the Proponent will report
compartments. Different alien and to the ACA office, CFUGs or local
invasive species like Ageratum management committee of ACA for
Habitat fragmentation of conyzoides, Lantana camara and necessary legal action. The proponent
flora and fauna due to other species may occupy such will ensure that hunting and trapping of
vi 1,500,000
project construction open grounds hindering the growth wildlife will not be taken place in any
activities of the other local species. Due to this circumstances. Further, informative and
the habitat of wildlife and vegetation warning signs post will be placed at each
found in the forest will get construction sites regarding protection of
fragmented due to which there may fauna. Purchasing and sale of illegally
be chance of loss of these valuable hunted wildlife products will be strictly
forest products. prohibited and the violators will be
dismissed.
Forest area within project area is The proponent will ensure that hunting
monitored by ACA staff, local ACA and trapping of wildlife will not be taken Will be
Poaching Activities and management committee and place in any circumstances. Further, included in
vii
Illegal Trade community forest management informative and warning signs post will project
committee. With better access road, be placed at each construction sites operation cost
there will be market of wildlife regarding protection of fauna. The
264
product mainly; meat of Kalij and construction contractor will provide

Ratuwa and so impact on wildlife due special instructions to all its staff and
to poaching and trade of such workforce on conservation issues.
wildlife is identified. Likewise, Purchasing and sale of illegally hunted
demand of forest products such as wildlife products will be strictly prohibited
firewood, timber, NTFPs and some and the violators will be dismissed. Prior
medicinal plant species is envisaged awareness programme and warning
to be increased during the programme will be made before the
construction period due to raise in enrolment of construction worker for the
the number of workforce. Therefore job.
there will be impact on wildlife
population and vegetation.
The construction works at the

stream bed at the headwork is
limited to water diversion while
erecting the dam foundation. This
Impacts of Temporary After the diversion of the water the area
activity will be of limited time period
viii Diversion of Water on will be treated with gabion wall and 1,200,000
of about 1 month or so in the dry
Aquatic ecosystem concrete retaining walls.
season. About 5.2 km of the river
stretch will be affected by the water
diversion and the section may be
dewatered.
Loss of The increased mobility of people and With the construction of project facilities Included in
ix biodiversity(floral/faunal) construction vehicles will drive away and structures, the threats on rare and compensation
in the ACA due to the terrestrial wildlife from the endangered /endemic plant species will plantation
265
clearance of forest and vicinity of construction sites. increase. To minimize the impact on such
project activities Increased noise level not only drives protected tree species project will
away the terrestrial wildlife but also plant 25 seedlings/saplings and rear them
have impact on the breeding up to 5 years. For other than tree species,
behavior. The increase in noise level project will plant and rear such species on
in general and high pitch noise during different suitable areas.
blasting is envisaged to drive away
To minimize the impacts, the proponent
the terrestrial wildlife of the valley will launch various awareness and
even at considerable distance from rehabilitation programs. People and
the construction sites. The wildlifes workers will be made aware, guidelines
found along headworks and along the will be developed for the handling and
bank of Dudh Khola, will move away managing as well as for protection of rare
for the entire construction period and endangered species.
only to return to the area after some
period of completion of construction
activities.
During the site clearance species with With the construction of project facilities
conservation significance will be and structures, the threats on rare and
impacted. Species like Diascorea endangered /endemic species will increase.
To minimize the impacts, the proponent
Loss of Rare and deltoid, Swertia chirayita and
Berginia ciliata will be affected which will launch various awareness and
x Endangered/Endemic
are under the conservation category rehabilitation programs. People and
Plant species
of government of Nepal. In addition, workers will be made aware; guidelines
the mobility of workforce and illegal will be developed for the handling and
activities could affect the status of managing as well as for protection of rare
occurrence to the Rare, endangered and endangered species.
266
and endemic plant.
Among the 11 identified wildlife

species of conservation category in
the project region, none of the species
uses the forest areas to be affected by The proponent will ensure that hunting
the project as breeding habitat. and trapping of wildlife will not be taken
However, some of the conservation place in any circumstances. Purchasing
Loss of Rare wildlife species do visit the sites very and sale of illegally hunted wildlife
xi Endangered/Endemic rarely for feeding purpose. The loss products will be strictly prohibited and Not required
Wildlife Species of the feeding ground will have the violators will be dismissed. Forest
some impact on the wildlife, but is and vegetation will be felled only to the
not envisaged to be significant. This is required location by pegging the area and
also because of the high numbering the trees.
anthropogenic activities along the
project direct impact area since the
ancient time.
During the diversion of water from Disturbance in the present faunal habitat
headwork drying the first phase of in the river due to silt during
construction period about30 m construction phase will be reduced or
Disturbance to Aquatic section will be dechannelized. Aquatic minimized as far as possible.
xiii Flora/Fauna in flora and fauna in this section will be Environmental Monitoring team during
downstrean impacted. During this stage the the construction will further monitor
turbidity level of water will be during construction and operation stage.
increased. Thus downstream flora The stipulated riparian release and the
and fauna will also be impacted. environmental balance required
267
downstream will be regularly released

along the Dudh Khola.
Hoarding boards will be placed at critical

During the construction period,
location of the access road, headworks
uncontrolled activities of labor force,
area, surge tank and powerhouse areas as
accidental lighting to the forest and
preventive actions to control the forest
grassland area at and around the
fire. Public awareness programs will be
project area could light the fire to
launched to prevent the forest fires in the
the adjoining forest basically during
xiv Impact of Forest Fire local area. Project workers will be regularly
summer season. Because of
informed not to throw lighted cigarette tips
presence of Dudh khola, the fire pass
in the forest areas and not to use forest
throughout the water body is not
area as picnic spots. Regular monitoring
envisaged. Proposed access road
of workforces and their activities will be
alignment is also envisaged to act as
carried out and they will be aware time to
fire protecting line
time
During the project construction, Unnecessary forest land will not be

clearence of the vegetation will be allowed for encroachment. The provision
done. In the coarse of will be made implemented via contractor
construction of project components, clause before granting contract award to
xv Encroachment of forest unnecessary and illegal cutting of the different contractor. Illegal clearing,
trees may happen. Due to easy access encroachment to forest area will be
in the forest, the possibility of strictly banned to the project and
forest encroachment by local people project workers. Clearing of the forest
and workers may increase in the vegetation and stockpiling the vegetation
project area in unnecessary forest products before handover will be carried
268
lands. The highly valued standing out. The standing forest resources such
forest resources such as timber, as timber, firewood, litter, fodder etc.
firewood, litter, fodder may be has high value. Haphazard clearance and
unneccesarily harvested. Haphazard lack of collection will make the cleared
clearance and overexploitation of resources valueless to the users and
NTFPs will make the cleared owners. Therefore, the project will clear
resources valueless to the users and the forest and stockpile the materials as
owners. per the guideline of Forest Produces
Collection, Sale and Distribution
Guidelines, (1998) and will be handed over
to the respective Conservation Area
Management Committee. Existing policies
and rules of ACA will be obeyed during the
compensation process.
Total 8,415,000
Operation Stage
To minimize the impact the General fish

Occurence of fish in Dudh khola and pass has been recommended . The release 1,00,00,000
Pegu khola is less in number. Due to of 15% of monthly flow as riparian flow will Construction
Disturbance to Fish construction of dam on Dudh khola made mandotary. Fish Fingerling of fish pass has
i
Migration will affect in the movement of fish different species such as Aasla, Katle will been
species upstream and down stream of be released in different section Dudh incorporated
dam.. khola to increase the survival rate and in design.
number of fish species in the river. In
269
addition, fish and aquatic life migration is

influenced by sediment, water
temperature, stream flow, dissolved
oxygen and other direct and indirect
factors which influence swimming
capabilities of the fish. Coordination with
Downstream project will be carried out
for the mitigation measures
implementation. Because this is cascade
scheme.
To minimize the impact, the Dudh Khola

habitat will be maintained making the
stretch favorable to aquatic flora and
fauna. Big boulders will be put or
Removal of river boulder for quarry,
excavated and will be put on the surface Will be
diversion of the river, reduced flow
of stream. This will create favorable included in
ii Aquatic Flora and Fauna along the stream stretch will have
habitat for aquatic species The river will project
adverse impact on fish and aquatic
have riparian flow of 15% of monthly flow operation cost
life during operation phase.
from Dudh khola that will be released to
the dewatered zone so that the aquatic
lives will not be hampered from the
project.
Disturbance to wildlife The increased mobility of people and Unnecessary movement of operation phase
iii operational workforce will drive work force will be controlled. So that 900,000
habitat
away the terrestrial wildlife from the disturbance on the movement of wildlife
270
vicinity of project sites. The having local level migratory or movement

terrestrial wildlife is very noise range will not be disturbed.
sensitive. Thus increased noise level
not only drives them away from the
area but also have impact on their
breeding behaviour.The increase in
noise level in general and high pitch
noise drive away the terrestrial
wildlife at considerable distance
from the project sites.
The project has most of the

component surface. Project
infrastructures, such as weir, settling
To minimize the impact afforestation will
basin, headrace tunnel, and
be carried out near the vicinity of the main
powerhouse and project support
Disturbance to wildlife project component so that it will help for
facilities will act as barrier or disturb
iv movement due to project the habitat restoration of the local area. In 750,000
the movement of wildlife in and
structure addition at least 2 wooden bridge or
around the project area. The
crossing will be placed so that wild animals
electric light arrangement will also
can pass across the Dudh Khola stretch.
be high in powerhouse and intake
area, which will disturb movement
of wildlife in surrounding areas.
Easy access to forest due to The implementation of project will To minimize the impact on these forest Will be
v construct 1 km internal access road. patches regular monitoring will be carried included in
internal access road
Construction of access road will have out along these patches. This is easy project
271
easy access to forest patch. The area because headworks components are operation cost
being officially declared as ACA, the located near to these forest patches. In
rules and regulation of ACA will addition project will work in close
prohibit such activities. With the coordination with the local Forest
access road opening and start of Conservation Committee cell of ACA
the project operation, it is highly and CFUGs members. Furthermore,
likely that the forest resources of the ACA rules and regulations will
area could be exploited automatically prohibit illegal activities
commercially in illegal way in spite of along the forest patches. No additional
being ACA. measures are required. Conservation
Area Management committee and CFUGs
will be strengthened to promote the
conservation.
The project may have impact with

regard to movement and safety of
wildlife due to sudden release of Siren will be blown 30 minutes before and
water in downstream area of intake at least 3 times the release of water from
during operation. Particularly the the dam by the project staff. Therefore it is
low flow area downstream of intake Will be
hoped that wildlife will move from their
Sudden Release of water to site will have this kind of impact. Due included in
vi location to safe place. However, just
downstream to diversion of water the discharge of project
installing and honking siren, impact on
stream between intake and operation cost
wildlife movement of both terrestrial and
powerhouse (5.2 km) will be aquatic couldn’t be mitigated all and will
change. There will be flow be remained as a residual impact.
variation downstream of the
powerhouse due to release of water
after power generation. The impact
272
is occasional and accident to wildlife

is by chance or accidental.
The reduction flow in the dewatered and

impoundment section could not be
mitigated completely with the stated
riparian release. To minimize the impact
the project will further release of 15% of
Reduction of water flow along 5.2 km
monthly flow for Dudh Khola so that the
stretch of Dudh Khola will have
aquatic lives in the dewatered zone will not
Reduction of Water Flow cumulative impact on aquatic life
vii be disturbed. This release will be sufficient 600,000
in the dewatered Zone such as along the lower section of
to maintain the aquatic ecosystem within
stream, impact on phytoplankton,
the dewatered zone. In addition Project
zooplankton and aquatic insects.
will concentrate mentioned watershed
management activities along the
Basin, so that immediately additional
release can be made as replenished
discharge.
The operational activity at headwork The same mitigation measures as

site has greaterpossibility of applied during construction phase will be
disturbances on flora and fauna of applied to reduce the impact on
Issues related to loss of nearby forests rather than to the biodiversity of ACA and CF as more loss 600,000
viii
biodiversity powerhouse area. During the during operation phase is anticipated due
operation phase, operation related to smuggling of forest products, and
workforce and their dependent encroachment to aquatic life basically
could involve in illegal collection of fishing. Forest encroachment, illegal
273
firewood, NTFPs, hunting and clearance of forest area, poaching

poaching activity would trigger the activities to the forest will be strictly
status of adjoining flora and fauna banned from project side i.e.by the
badly. This would further challenge project related people, workers and
the management of ACA activities.
Hoarding boards will be placed at critical

location of the access road on the
preventive actions to control the forest
fire. Public awareness programs will be
There is fire hazard risk but it launched to prevent the forest fires in
ix Forest Fire depends upon the activities and their the local area. Project workers will be 900,000
working area. regularly informed not to throw lighted
cigarette tips in the forest areas and not to
use forest area as picnic spots. Project will
work closely with the local Forest
Conservation Cell of ACA.
Total 13,750,000
Socioeconomic & Cultural Environment
Construction Stage
Acquisition of land, & The project will acquire 4.37 ha All the private land loss will be
i 42,667,925
other private property private land for permanent purpose compensated with reasonable price with
274
and 2.2 ha for temporary purpose. coordination & cooperation with local
people. Negotiation and mutual
understanding method will be applied
while compensating these lands.
Temporarily land will be taken as lease.
The lease rent will be compensated by the
proponent to the respective owner.
Temporarily used land will be later
rehabilitated. The rehabilitation cost will
be bear by project.
The construction of DKHP will affect

livelihood of settlement In Tiliche and
Dharapani bazar. The construction of
DKHP will affect the households of 27
All the private land loss will be
families due to permanent &
compensated at the current market
temporary land acquisition and Other
price. First priority of employment
20 families due to their nearest
opportunity will be given to the PAFs. Skill
Issues related livelihood of settlement within the project area.
ii training to PAFs or their families member
affected settlements The livelihood of these affected
will be prioritized so that they can earn
families will change by the project.
extra income from the new skill. The skill
These families will cope with the
training will be made under the
positive as well as negative impacts
environmental enhancement program.
due to construction of the project.
The acquisition of private and
governmental land required has
already been done.
275
The agricultural production losses

by the project will be 2.1 Mt. of
wheat, 2.5 Mt. of maize & 1.75 Mt. of The agricultural production losses of
millet in a year by the construction of standing crops will be compensated by the
the project (See Annex XII). project. To minimize the impact early
Loss of standing crops and Similarly, the loss of tree fodder will notice at least one season will be made to
iii 323,950
Private trees be 300 bhari per year and grass the PAFs so that the loss cann’t be
fodder will be 200 bhari per year. anticipated. The compensation cost of the
Similarly, for the implementation of standing crops will be allocated by the
the project, 42 trees will be cut from project.
the private land (29 poles and 13
trees).
Construction workforce, especially The project will provide Personal

the laborers are susceptible to Protective Equipment (PPE) such as hard
injuries and diseases. Workforce hat, eye glass, safety boot, safety belt,
involved in new slope cutting will be gloves, firefighting accessories, caution
exposed to typical health hazards. signals and other safety equipment as
Laborers involved in structural required at particular sites and work areas.
Occupational health & works will also encounter risks. Safety training will be implemented and
iv 1350000
safety hazard Personnel involved in handling of any loss of life or injury will also be
fuel, lubricants and hazardous compensated as per prevailing rules. The
material have risks of facing health safety training for the project workers will
hazards. Working in dust, tree felling, be conducted prior to the construction
spoil tipping and quarry/crushers will work. The training program will be of at
also pose serious risk to the laborers. least seven days that will include practical
Poor drinking water, lack of hygienic class, use of safety equipment, first aid etc.
276
environment in labour-camps,
unmanaged work- camps and
haphazard stockpiling are the
major areas that will increase the
chances of the workforce being
exposed to health risks. Potential
impacts to health are respiratory
diseases, eye infections, dysentery,
diarrhoea and cholera.
The project proponent will make

available the labors with potable drinking
water, clean toilets with adequate water
facilities. Toilets will be made in temporary
The additional workforces and their
camps with the ratio of one toilet for 10
family from outsides to the local area
people. First aid kits will be maintained
will increase the pressure on local
for preliminary treatment in
health & sanitation facilities.
Increase in pressure on emergencies. For serious injuries
Health condition of the local people
v local health & sanitation arrangement will be made to send the 600,000
is good and no sexually transmitted
facilities injured person to the nearest hospitals.
diseases (STDs) were reported. The
Health check-up of workers and
impact is envisaged to the public
documentation of health status will be
taps, sanitation facilities, and local
made periodically. Priority will be given to
market.
the local people in project works to
minimize the impacts on health and
sanitation. Support will be provided to
local health post under CSP.
277
Altogether about 371 people will be

deployed for civil & mechanical
works, which include 32 skilled, 40
semiskilled human resource. The
socioeconomic survey revealed that
major populations of the Project area
The local farmers, business people and
are willing to work in the project.
traders will be made aware of the income
Local people from nearby
generating activities that could be
settlements in Chame, Tiliche and
Increased economic operated by the availability of the
Dharapani. But the issues of
activities due to electricity in their area. In addition skill
vi biaseness in the employment may
implementation of project training program as an Environmental
arise among the locals. There will be
in nearby settlement areas Enhancement Program will be carried out
movements of outsiders in the area.
so that people can switch their occupation
So there will be increase in the
easily based on their skill and local
economy through the hotels, shops
availability of resources.
and lodges. So the way of income
generation will change and the local
may not adopt the old occupation
after the completion of the project.
This may affect the economic
activities of the project area.
In road network, we expect a flow The schools of the project affected wards
Pressure on community of about 25 vehicles /day during which provide education to the children of
vii
infrastructures & resources the period of construction period project staff and workers will be supported.
frequently. The movement of people Establish a health service facility and
along foot trails from to proposed support health workers within the
278
access road will not be disturbed by construction camps Establish water supply
the implementation of the project. system for all the camp facilities within the
Rather the project will enhance the work area and camp area. Support to such
mobility of the local people by social infrastructures will be as per the
constructing the new access road near enhancement program of project and will
to the same alignment. Other be operated under Environment and
resource such as drinking water Social Management Unit of Project.
resources will have not have any
impact due to construction of DKHP
information because of the sources of
drinking water quiet far from the
project components. But, additional
sources and pipe line if not installed
for the labor force the community
taps will not bear the pressure.
The influx of outside construction

To minimize the conflict of interest project
workers with different social and
will facilitate the Project wards to
cultural background may create
formulate Dudh Khola Hydropower
tension and conflicts causing impact
Impact due to conflict of Concern Committee. The project
on existing law and order situation in
viii interest between project management will deal with local people 600,000
the project area. The anti-social
workers and local people with the help and coordination with that
activities such as alcoholism,
committee and vice-versa. Conflict of
gambling, prostitution and
interest will be discussed well within the
hooliganism may provoke social
committee and project management unit.
disturbances.
279
Gurung and Tamang dominates the To minimize the impact on social and
project area .This makes the project cultural practices of local communities, a
area sensitive from cultural and strong code of conduct will be enforced to
religious point of view. If additional the outside construction workers. The
workforces from different caste workers will be instructed to act in
Impact on social, cultural
ix following different culture and responsible manners during and after the 750,000
& religious practices
religious came then there might be working hours, respecting the rights,
some problem with in this society, property and practices of the local people.
especially on cultural and religious Alcohol and gambling will be prohibited in
practices of Thami and Sherpa camp area. Priority will be given to the
community. local people in project works.
Altogether about 371 people will be

deployed for civil & mechanical
works, which include 47 skilled, 50
The project will ensure that local people
semiskilled human resources. Local
will be hired to the extent possible.
employment will be prioritized in the
Similarly, priority to job opportunity will
x Local Employment construction phase. But there may 150,000
be provided to the people of project
arise issues of biasness in selecting
affected families in the project area in
the labours like gender biasness
order to raise their living standard.
and selecting only own people. This
may create create conflicts between
the locals and project staffs.
The influx of outside construction Regular ethical behavioral programs to

xi Issues on law and order workers with different social and outside workers before work session to 600,000
cultural background will create respect local people, their culture and
280
tension and conflicts causing impact traditions will be organized. Alcohol

on existing law and order situation in consumption in the public places outside
the project area. The anti-social the camp areas will be restricted.
activities such as alcoholism, District Police Office will be requested
gambling, prostitution and to increase the police personnel to enhance
hooliganism may provoke social the local law and order. Financial
disturbances. The impact is of assistance to the local police post will be
indirect in nature, moderate in provided for the construction of
magnitude, local in extent & short additional residential facilities.
term in duration Tiliche, Dharapani,
Chame bazar settlement are most
likely to be affected.
During project construction daily

wages labor will be deployed for
excavation, transportation of Local women will be hired to the extent
construction materials and other possible. Similarly, priority to job
construction related works. The opportunity will be provided to the people
of affected indigenous, vulnerable and
Issues related to gender & contractor especially the
backward group or families in the project
indigenous vulnerable subcontractors may discriminate the
xii area in order to raise their living standard. 600,000
communities/groups of women and disadvantage groups. The
project area also dwells the Special training to Women, Dalit, Tamang
Project Area
indigenous group like Gurung and communities (Disadvantageous groups)
Tamang which may be discriminated and Indigenous groups will be provided
while hiring the workers. In general under the Environmental Enhancement
the employment opportunity will be Program.
given to all these groups and gender
depending on their skill level.in
281
development projects.
All effluent discharges will be treated

before discharging into the river or other
The construction of project
water source. All solid and liquid wastages
Issues arising due to component may affect the water
e.g. Toxic chemicals, grease, oils, acids and Included in
xiii headrace alignment on resources. But there are no other
other materials, generated in the project design cost
springs and water sources springs and water resources nearby
will be disposed off in the land fill site. The
the headrace alignment of the project.
contractor will identify the landfill site in
the early stages of project implementation.
Due to project implementation, major The project has design to cross this area via
portion of headworks and water headrace tunnel. Blasting should be
convenyance alignment minimum carried out for the construction work.
impact will be raised during Blasting for the construction of the tunnel
construction phase. During the will be done in day time only. The
construction of powerhouse and petroleum bunkers as well as explosive
Issues of blasting and powerhouse facilities settlement area bunkerwill be placed in a separate area in a
xiv other construction of bazar will bear disturbance due to concrete bonded area with a facility of oil Included in
activities noise, dust pollution, crowd, heavy and grease separator. The contractor will design cost
vehicle movement, etc. Though noise be made responsible for this. The impact
pollution will be major concern will be incorporated since the design phase
during construction phase. Noise of the project. The penstock passes
level above 65 dB(A) is not desirable. through some gullies and kholsies. Anchor
The blasting activities during blocks will protect the penstock pipe along
construction of would likely to exceed the difficult and sensitive terrain and also
this threshold of noise level. But, maintain the natural flow of water from
282
since settlement area are far from gullies. Blockage to the natural flow due to
project area, anticipated impacts is penstock alignment will be strictly
neglible to the settlements. However, prohibited. Drying up of such sources are
same impacts to the local wildlifes are not anticipated
anticipated.
Proposed DKHP does not cross any foot

Proposed DKHP does not cross any
trails and road alignment. 500 m internal
foot trails and road alignment. Hence,
access road will be constructed for the
Issues of foot trails along the movement of people will not be Included in
xv project which after completion of
due to project components disturbed. Rather the implementation design cost
construction will easily be used by local of
of the project will enhance the local
the areas. So specific mitigation measures
infrastructures.
are not given.
The professional peoples, students The tourist will not be allowed roaming
from different colleges and even other alone in the project area without any
Issues related to tourism big investors may visit the area to see personnel of the project. The materials
xvi
activity how the project is running in its needed for the tourist will be made
construction phase. This may create available as far as possible so that it does
problems in the local area. not pressurized the local resources.
The field observation and interaction The local people do not use Dudh river
with local community has revealed water for their daily domestic purposes. To
xvi that the water from Dudh Khola has Included in
Water use right minimize the impact of water use, the
i not been used by locals for drinking, design cost
project will further release of 15% of
rafting, professional fishing purposes monthly flow from Dudh Khola.
or for irrigation purposes within the
283
stretch of intake and tailrace of

DKHP. Thus, the issues of water
rights while operating this project is
non-existence at the time of this
study. Water use conflict, back water
conflict or overlapping of coordinates
is not anticipated with this project.
River water is not used for any other
proposes of water mill or irrigation
canal within the stretch.
Drinking water supply will be provided to

Due to the implementation of the the main three camp sites of the project
project, there will be influx of large separately. Headworks and Powerhouse
xvi Issue of scarcity of number of people from outside site camp will be facilitated with the
600,000
ii drinking water during construction period which drinking water supply. Along the penstock
may create water scarcity problem alignment area temporary water supply
and may also degrade water quality. will be provided to the camp area by
project.
Two types of solid wastes will be Minimum land as possible will be used for
generated by the project. They are the project. Solid waste generated will be
domestic and construction wastes. collected in a safe location; Segregation of
xix Impact of solid waste Improper handling and management solid waste and recycling, reduce and reuse
of these wastes can result in system of solid waste management system
production of unpleasant odours, will be strictly followed. During the
deterioration of water quality, visual preparation of contract bid for civil
284
impacts and public health hazards. construction work, the provision will be
The domestic waste will primarily made mandatory. Solid Waste
consist of organic food waste. They Management Regulation of GoN, 2070 will
are biodegradable and non- be strictly followed. The project sites will
hazardous, and can be easily be made well facilitated with toilets, (at
managed and will not be a significant least one for each 10 workforce) drinking
problem. However, if the domestic water facilities etc. The toilets with septic
waste is dumped in the streams, tank will be constructed at least 300 m far
degradation of the waste will cause from the natural water body. Direct
depletion of dissolved oxygen in discharge of sewage to the water body will
water. This will adversely affect be banned.
aquatic life in the streams. In
addition, improperly disposed
domestic waste will spoil the natural
beauty of the area, cause foul smell,
and attract flies, rodents and other
scavengers which could produce
public health concerns, for the
construction workers as well as the
local people
During the project construction, Unnecessary land will not be allowed for
clearence of the land will be done. In encroachment. The provision will be made
the course of construction of project implemented via contractor clause before
xx Land encroachment components, the possibility of forest granting contract award to the different
encroachment, encroachment of contractor. Illegal clearing, encroachment
barren land and river flood plain may to forest area will be strictly banned to the
occur. The highly valued standing project and project workers. Haphazard
285
forest resources such as timber, clearance and NTFPs collection will be

firewood, litter, fodder, NTFPs may checked. Existing policies and rules of ACA
be unneccesarily harvested. Similarly, will be obeyed during the compensation
encroachment of other type of land process.
form may increase the conflicts.
Total 135,125,625
Operation Stage
The project will run counseling programs

to tell the workers about the availability of
The withdrawal of economic activities works in similar projects running
will drastically reduce the demand for elsewhere in Nepal demanding the skills
local agricultural, dairy and meat they acquired from the Project. The local
products resulting reduced income of farmers, business people and traders will
Decrease or withdrawal in the local communities of the area. be made aware of the income generating
i 750,000
economic activities This boom and bust effects of the activities that could be operated by the
project may also have some impact on availability of the electricity in their area.
the lifestyle of the local people in In addition, skill training program as an
terms of their income and Environmental Enhancement Program will
expenditure patterns. be carried out so that people can switch
their occupation easily based on their skill
and local availability of resources.
ii Occupational Health and Safety Safety equipment required for the Will be
Occupational, health &
aspect is one of the likely impacts to operation and maintenance of the included in
286
safety hazards be experienced during the operation headworks and powerhouse will be project
and maintenance period of the provided. Personal Protective Equipments operation cost
project. Access to electricity may also (PPE) and other safety equipment as
bring some hazard associated to required during operation phase will be
electric shock. Similarly, lack of provided. Safety caution sign will be posted
training on operation and at work places and nearby danger zones
maintenance skill and unavailability and such area will be well fenced.
of Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) may also cause risks for human
live.
The temporarily used land will be

rehabilitated by project itself and handed
There will be reduction of agricultural over to the respective owner. PAFs of
land as projects acquire 3.25 ha. of permanent land acquisition will be given
Will be
cultivable and private land special agriculture enchantment training
Reduction of agricultural included in
iii permanently. So, the private land so that they can increase their production
land project
owners especially the family which from the remaining land. Crop safety due
operation cost
depend mainly on agriculture will be to wildlife is very low as the area is in ACA;
victim. therefore, new crops which are safe from
wildlife will be introduced with the help of
ACA and its local cell.
Sudden release of water The sudden release of water from Siren network will be established in the Will be
downstream in the settling basin flushing will sometimes dewatered zone by the project Siren will be included in
iv
dewatered stretch on the hamper the local people & livestock blown 30 minutes before the release of project
people & wildlife rearing downstream. The dewatered water from the dam by the project staff in operation cost
287
zone section is about 5.2 km, the case of emergency release, siren will be
impact could be more sever near to blown continuosly for 1 minutes or more so
the proposed powerhouse. that the locals will aware of the emergency
and can take the preventive measures.
Local people will be given awareness
training to safeguard their cattle from the
flood plain area after the siren is blown.
In the operation phase, the project

may need to shut due to problems in
the operation and in the project For mitigating the disturbace in the
components. Due to which the downstream project due to the shutting of
Will be
Impact to downstream downstream project may get the project, communication system will be
included in
v project during shutting of disturbed. The machine may be established for informing about the
project
the project getting get problem and drop down in condition of the project so that they can
operation cost
the energy production. Also, there regulate the water without and damage to
may be aeration problem in their the downstream project.
hydropower and may arise disputes
among the projects
The impact is relevant in operation Anchor blocks are proposed to cross the
Issues arising due to phase also. Along the 5.2 km long difficult Kholsis and difficult terrain. These
Penstock crossing & waterway has been proposed in this anchor blocks not only will protect the
vi penstock pipe along the difficult and 1,350,000
project structures on project. The headrace tunnel has
springs & water sources proposed along the gentle sensitive terrain but also maintain the
topography. Crossing of Kholsis and natural flow of water from gullies.
difficult terrain in some location is Blockage to the natural flow due to
288
challenging. Penstock alignment at penstock alignment will be strictly

will have to cross dry gullies and prohibited.
kholsies.
Implementation of project will have

no impact on existing access, foot
trails and movement of people during
operation of the project. Hence, the
Foot trails will be relocated and
movement of people will not be
reconstructed if possible. This impact will Will be
Dislocation/ disturbance to disturbed. Rather the implementation
be also be minimized with the included in
vii foot trails along headrace of the project will enhance the local
development of internal access road which project
alignment infrastructures. This impact can be
after completion of construction will easily operation cost
avoided from the mitigation point of
be used by local of the areas.
view. Furthermore, project access
road upto intake site will be asset for
the project area as development
structure
The professional peoples, students The tourist will not be allowed roaming
from different colleges and even other alone in the
big investors may visit the area to see
Issues related to tourism project area without any personnel of the
how the project is running in its
viii activity and its pressure on project. The materials needed for the
operation phase. This may create
local resources tourist will be made available as far as
pressure in the available local
resources creating problems in the possible so that it does not pressurized the
local dwellers. local resources.
289
The field observation and interaction

with local
community has revealed that the
water from Dudh Khola has not been
used by locals for drinking, rafting,
professional fishing purposes or for
irrigation purposes within the stretch
of intake and tailrace of DKHP. In As the intake of power of the _____ HEP
downstream of powerhouse there is is 300m downstream, the project doesn’t
intake of S______ Hydropower affect the water use for the hydropower. Will be
which is about 300m, so the project The local people do not use Dudh river included in
ix Water Use Right
doesent affect in water use in water for their daily domestic purposes. project
downstream hydropower. Thus, the To minimize the impact of water use, the operation cost
issues of water rights while operating project will further release of 15% of
this project is non-existence at the monthly flow from Dudh Khola.
time of this study. Water use
conflict, back water conflict or
overlapping of coordinates is not
anticipated with this project. River
water is not used for any other
proposes of water mill or irrigation
canal within the stretch.
During project construction daily Local women will be hired to the extent
Issues to indigenous and
x wages labor will be deployed for possible. Similarly, priority to job
vulnerable
excavation, transportation of opportunity will be provided to the people
communities/groups of
construction materials and other of affected indigenous, vulnerable and
290
Project Area construction related works. The backward group or families in the project
project area also dwells the area in order to raise their living standard.
indigenous group like Gurung and Special training to Women, Dalit, Tamang
Tamang which may be discriminated communities (Disadvantageous groups)
while hiring the workers. In general, and Indigenous groups will be provided
the employment opportunity will be under the Environmental Enhancement
given to all these groups and gender Program.
depending on their skill level.in
development projects.
Total 2,100,000
291
Cost Summary of the Environmental Mitigation Cost

The cost summary of the mitigation matrix has been presented in the Table 7.6 below.
Table 7-6: Cost Summary for the Environmental Mitigation
Mitigation
SN Environmental Domain Cost Remarks
Adverse Impacts Mitigation Measures
A Physical Environment
Other cost are included in civil desisgn

i Construction Phase 3,000,000 cost.
Cost are allocated under operation

ii Operation Phase 2700,000 and maintenance cost
Sub-total 5,700,000
B Biological Environment
i Construction Phase 8,415,000
ii Operation Phase 13,750,000
Sub-total 22,165,000
Socio-economic and Cultural

C Environment
i Construction Phase 135,125,625
ii Operation Phase 2,100,000
137,225,62
Sub-total 5
165,090,62
Total (NRs.) 5
Proponent's Commitment
Apart from the proposed mitigation measures in this chapter, the proponent will
compensate affected parties for the loss of lives or properties due to the project
292
implementation as per the prevailing law of Nepal. All the mentioned mitigation measures
of identified beneficial & adverse impacts will be fulfilled from the proponent sites. In
additional, the relevant concerns by the stakeholders during public hearing & interaction
meetings will be addressed with mutual understanding with local people. The formation of
one single Dudh Khola Concern Committee that represents the voices of different people
will be foremost things for creating better environment for project construction. The
monitoring unit will identify and document the residual impacts. The Proponent is
committed to mitigate to residual impact from the project after implementing the
proposed mitigation measures.
The construction contractor will be made responsible for undertaking all duties and works
assigned in the construction contract including all specified terms and conditions. The
construction contractor will work closely with the monitoring team, Project owner,
advising team and supervising consultant to ensure all works are performed to specified
standards and all mitigation measures are maintained. The invoice payment of the
contractor will not be paid until the proponent will be satisfied or ensured about the work
done by the contractor to specified norms.
293
CHAPTER VIII
COMMUNITY SUPPORT PROGRAM
Background
Local people of Ward 5, 6 and 7 of Nashong Rural Municipality is partially affected by the
project. Except for few households in the all project affected wards rest of the people of the
project area are farmers. Main livelihood of the majority of the household is based on the
subsistent agriculture and livestock. Irrespective of the ownership on land, the land around the
habitation is crucial for their livelihood. Grassland, shrub land, forestland and the river flood
plains are the common properties, which provide a number of production and services to the
local communities. The disadvantageous, poor and destitute people are dependent on these
land resources and any effects to these common lands have direct and indirect implications on
the livelihood of these people.
The mitigation measures detailed in Chapter VII Mitigation measures has an objective to
address the livelihood restoration of the affected people at least to the level prior to the project
implementation. The measures for resource restoration, though implemented take long time to
recuperate. The immediate loss of the community resources in any form affects the people at
the bottom of societal status and these are the people who are also economically deprived.
These people though they do not loose directly from the project are affected indirectly in
various ways and normally the development projects do not address their impacts. It is for this
reason the environmental programs have been framed to bring these people within the project
assistance programs while doing services to the community of the area as a whole. Thus,
mitigation enhancement measures are also incorporated by the environmental enhancement
measures.
The focus group discussions and community meetings conducted at various occasions during
EIA study reveal a number of development aspirations from the project area people (Table 8.1)
though provisioning of this development aspiration of the local people is the responsibility of
the government of Nepal. However, for various reasons the GoN is not able to provide these
development needs to local people. The proposed development project, as it is based on the
local water resources; the local area communities demand their development aspirations from
the developer of the project as an exchange for sharing their resource. Besides, many
development lending agencies and the non-governmental organizations also put emphasis for
such projects to contribute to the local development.
The programs designed for implementation, are certainly not going to meet all the aspiration of
the people, however will partially fulfill the aspiration within the limits of the project capacity.
The project intends to implement the environmental enhancement programs as a part of its
corporate responsibility and seek full co-operation from the local communities in the
implementation of the selected programs. The Environmental Enhancement program
formulated in the section below is developed by the proponent to address the various losses of
294
the development area communities and also to meet the development aspiration of the local
area communities. The environmental programs designed are more of thematic nature and
ensure to fund the thematic areas as specified in sections below. The programs will be fully
developed within the given budgetary limits in specific locations as identified by thelocal
people and proponent. The project envisages constitution of one Environmental Enhancement
Committee (EEC) combining the all stakeholder, formed in a democratic way by the local
people. The EEC of the affected settlement will have a responsibility to select the specific
program in the chosen thematic development sector. The project will provide support to on the
selected program through EEC.
To give a sense of local ownership to the programs to be implemented on the project support,
allocated funds will be matched with local contribution in cash and kinds. The EEC will have a
responsibility to arrange such matching funds from local contribution and will keep all
documents and accounts related to the supported programs. Such an approach is found to
work effectively in other areas, particularly in the program decision making by the local
community and in operating and maintaining the programs after the completion. To address
the development aspiration of the local people and community, the proponent has planned
various environmental enhancement programs. The programs planned here are basically based
on the outcome of various consultation meeting, focused group discussion and public hearing
carried out with stakeholder, local people and community in different phases of EIA study.
Such outcomes are focused and targeted as the local people are more familiar with the
pragmatic need for the development of their local area. However, some of the programs
proposed here are based on field level study by the EIA team as well.
The programs proposed here will help to accomplish the development requirements of the local
people of the project area located in rural setting in various ways. All these programs will be
developed as a part of corporate social responsibility with active participation of local people,
stakeholder and community incorporating their relevant need and requirement. The
enhancement programs are prioritized for Ward 5, 6 and 7 of Nashong Rural Municipality. The
proposed programs of environmental enhancement will help to support sustainable socio-
economic activities in the project area, improve the living standard of the local communities,
benefit local residents and encompass the atmosphere of trust to the project. All these will play
a key role in balancing environment, society and the corporate business. The programs will be
fully developed within the given budgetary limits in specific locations as identified by the local
area communities of the projects affected settlements, Apart from the above, the EEC will have
a function of monitoring of the project activities on behalf of the project area people and
provide inputs to the project Environmental and Social Unit (ESU) for better environmental
and social performance.
Table 8-1: Development Aspiration of the Local communities of the Project Area
Sector Ward 5, 6and 7 of Nashong Rural Municipality
295
Providing financial support to the schools of project affected area

to increase the educational staus of the ward 5, 6 and 7 of
Education Nashong Rural Municipality.
Providing financial support for buying land for health post

Health for Nashong Rural Municipality.
Road Upgrading of 10 km earthern road upto intake of the project
Water Supply Support for the safe drinking water
The project should give priority to local people for employments

in the proposed project based on their skill and capability. Thami
Employment and Sherpa and other minorities groups will be emphasized
Opportunity through employment opportunity.
Project share right will be given according to the existing law of

Project Share GoN
Formulate One Sarokar Samiti of DKHP immediately so that it is

Rapport Building easy to deal in local issues.
Sector Ward 5, 6and 7 of Nashong Rural Municipality Follow ILO 169

rules and regulation during construction and operation of DKHP
Coordination with local people during construction and operation
Others of the project is must.
Source: EIA study, 2018

Programs committed by the Project and allocation of Budgets
Support to the Schools & Education
The demand from local communities is financial support for the establishment of better
education in the local area. The project alone could not meet these needs, however, intends to
support them. The project will provide blackboards, furniture sets and sports materials. The
total cost estimated for support is NRs. 2,000,000. The project will play a positive role for
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establishing betterment of education in the area of Ward 5, 6 and 7 of Nashong Rural

Municipality. The project will coordinate with related line agencies for their support.
Table 8-2: Assistance to Schools of the Project Affected Area
Other building
AffectedWard Blackboards Sports and playground
s (NRs) Furniture (NRs) NRs) support (NRs) Total
Ward 5,6 and

7 of Nashong
Rural 6,000,00
Municipality 180000 1500000 210000 1500000 0
Assistance for improvement of the Health Facility

The public demand for providing financial support to health post for Nashong Rural
Municipality. The estimated money will be NRs. 1200000 for initiating improvement on local
health facilities.
Table 8-3: Cost estimate for the assistance for the improvement of health facilities
Health Financial Health Equipment

Affected Wards Awareness Support Support Total
Ward 5,6 and

7 of Nashong
Rural
Municipality 300,000 400,000 500,000 1,200,000
Assistance for the Safe Drinking Water Supply

The local people demand to support for the safe drinking water and provide financial support
for construction of water tanks at for the locals of 5, 6 and 7 of Nashong Rural Municipality. A
total of NRs. 1000,000 is allocated for the safe drinking water supply for the nearby settlement
area. The mobilization and selection of project to be contributed will be carried out with the
help of ECC during the support time.
Table 8-4: Cost estimates for the safe drinking water supply support
Source Support to User Infrastructure

Affected Wards Conservation Groups Support Total
297
Ward 5,6 and

7 of Nashong
Rural
Municipality 200,000 500,000 300,000 1,000,000
Assistance to the existing road improvement & new road construction within the Project wards
The project understands this aspiration of the locals of Ward 5, 6 and 7 of Nashong Rural
Municipality and will support the communities of these settlements on this regard. However,
the project support will be limited to the alignment survey of the rural roads, preliminary
design and cost estimations and provisioning of bulldozer for track opening for allocated
period of time only for establishment of new road. The EEC of the project affected wards will
be responsible for the selection of the road and request of bulldozer for the specified allocated
time to open the road corridor. The estimated budget for existing road improvement & new
construction of road in the affected wards is presented in Table 8.5. The project will not
contribute in cash to the EEC for any of the above support. The foot trail development however
will be support in cash to the EEC and no match fund is required.
Table 8-5: Cost Estimates for Rural Road Assistance
Establishment
Alignment Bulldozer Cash of
Affected wards survey (NRs) Support support drainage system Total
Ward 5,6 and 7

of Nashong Rural 2,000,00
Municipality 700,000 0 2,000,000 1,500,000 6,200,000
Training related to livelihood improvement

DKHP will also provide various training for improvement of skills related to various activities,
like hotel and hospitality, maintenance of electronic device, rearing of cash crops, skills related
to processing of NTFPs/MAPs, and other related training. The project will allocate NRs
1,000,000 for the trainings.
Training related to Disaster management and Emergency Preparedness
The project will manage to provide training for project-affected communities related to disaster
magement such as flood, fire, alarm warning system, landslide. 50 people will be given training
for 3 days in project area. The will allocate NRs 400000 for the training.
Empowerment of women and disadvantages groups
298
DKHP will launch various programs, training and campaign that will ultimately empowered
women and other disadvantages groups. The project will allocate NRs 1100000 for the
Empowerment of women and disadvantages groups.
Suppot for bridge construction
DKHP will support in the construction of brige The project will allocate NRs 1,000,000 for the
construction of Bridge.
Support to local community based organizations
DKHP will also support various local community organizations that are working on project
affected area. This will help in strengthening the capacity of local organizations. The project
will allocate NRs 2,500,000 for the support to the locals.
Support to members of CF
DKHP will also users of CF through activities like enhancement plantation, training related to
NTFPs, MAPs and their livelihood training. The project has allocated NRs. 1500,000 for this
programs.
Other activities for community development
DKHP will also help in overall development of settlements. These activities will be determined
on interaction of local and proponent of DKHP during its operation stage. The project will
allocate NRs 4,000,000 for other community developmental works.
Project Share
The porponent is also commited to provide the 10% paid share right to the local people.
Nashong Rural Municipality will be consulted before issuing the paid share right to local
people.
Cost Summary of Community Supprot Program
The cost summary for Community Supprot Program is summarized in Table 8.6
Table 8-6: Cost Summary for Community Support Program
Allocated Cost
SN CSP Program (Rs.)
1 Support to school 6000000
2 Support to health post 4800000
3 Drinking water support 3000000
4 Road and foottrail upgrading 18600000
299
5 Skill training 3000000
6 Disaster management trainning 1200000
7 Supprot in construction of bridge 3000000
9 Empowerment of women and disadvantages groups 3900000
10 Support to local community based organizations 7500000
11 Support to members of CF 4500000
12 Other activities for community development 12000000
Total 66,300,000
300
ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT
Background
Nashong Rural Municipality is the affected rural municipality because of the construction of
the project. As all the project components lies in Nashong Rural Municipality ward no: 5,6 and
7.
Main livelihood of the majority of the household is based on the subsistent agriculture and
livestock. Irrespective of the ownership on land, the land around the habitation is crucial for
their livelihood. Grassland, shrub land, forestland and the river flood plains are the common
properties, which provide a number of production and services to the local communities. The
disadvantageous, poor and destitute people are dependent on these land resources and any
effects to these common lands have direct and indirect implications on the livelihood of these
people.
The mitigation measures detailed in Chapter VII of the projects has an objective to address the
livelihood restoration of the affected people at least to the level prior to the project
implementation. The measures for resource restoration, though implemented take long time to
recuperate. The immediate loss of the community resources in any form affects the people at
the bottom of societal status and these are the people who are also economically deprived.
These people though they do not loose directly from the project are affected indirectly in
various ways and normally the development projects do not address their impacts. It is for this
reason the environmental programs have been framed to bring these people within the project
assistance programs while doing services to the community of the area as a whole. Thus
mitigation enhancement measures are also incorporated by the environmental enhancement
measures.
The focus group discussions conducted at various occasions during EIA study reveal a number
of development aspirations from the project area people (Table 8.1). Though provisioning of
this development aspirations of the local people is the responsibility of the government of
Nepal. However, for various reasons the government of Nepal is not able to provide these
development needs to local people. The proposed development project, as it is based on the
local water resources; the local area communities demand their development aspirations from
the developer of the project as an exchange for sharing their resource. Besides, many
development lending agencies and the nongovernmental organizations also put emphasis for
such projects to contribute to the local development.
The programs designed for implementation, are certainly not going to meet all the aspiration of
the people, however will partially fulfill the aspiration within the limits of the project capacity.
The project intends to implement the environmental enhancement programs as a part of its
corporate responsibility and seek full cooperation from the local communities in the
implementation of the selected programs. The Environmental Enhancement program
formulated in the section below is developed by the proponent to address the various losses of
301
the development area communities and also to meet the development aspiration of the local
area communities which is also CSR of the project. The environmental programs designed are
more of thematic nature and ensure to fund the thematic areas as specified in sections below.
The programs will be fully developed within the given budgetary limits in specific locations as
identified by the local area communities of the project affected RM. The project envisages
constitution of one Environmental Enhancement Committee (EEC) combining the all
stakeholders of the Nashong RM in a democratic way by the local people. The EEC of the
affected RM will have a responsibility to select the specific programme in the chosen thematic
development sector. The project will provide support to on the selected program through EEC.
To give a sense of local ownership to the programs to be implemented on the project support,
allocated funds will be matched with local contribution in cash and kinds. The EEC will have a
responsibility to arrange such matching funds from local contribution and will keep all
documents and accounts related to the supported programs. Such an approach is found to
work effectively in other areas, particularly in the program decision making by the local
community and in operating and maintaining the programs after the completion. To address
the development aspiration of the local people and community, the proponent has planned
various environmental enhancement programmes. The programmes planned here are basically
based on the outcome of various consultation meeting, focused group discussion and public
hearing carried out with stakeholder, local people and community in different phases of EIA
study. Such outcomes are focused and targeted as the local people are more familiar with the
pragmatic need for the development of their local area. However, some of the programmes
proposed here are based on field level study by the EIA team as well.
The programmes proposed here will help to accomplish the development requirements of the
local people of the project area located in rural setting in various ways. All these programmes
will be developed as a part of corporate social responsibility with active participation of local
people, stakeholder and community incorporating their relevant need and requirement. The
enhancement programme are prioritized for Nashong RM wad no 5,6 and 7 as all of the project
structures and facilities apart from weir, stockpiling and muck disposal area are situated in this
wards and these wards will be susceptible to direct adverse impacts of both project
construction and operation phase. The proposed programmes of environmental enhancement
will help to support sustainable socioeconomic activities in the project area, improve the living
standard of the local communities, benefit local residents and encompass the atmosphere of
trust to the project. All these will play a key role in balancing environment, society and the
corporate business. The programmes will be fully developed within the given budgetary limits
in specific locations as identified by the local area communities of the three projects affected
RM. Apart from the above, the EEC will have a function of monitoring of the project activities
on behalf of the project area people and provide inputs to the project Environmental and Social
Unit (ESU) for better environmental and social performance.
Table 81: Development Aspiration of the Local communities of the Project Area
302
Sector Nashong RM
Education Providing financial support for running new campus ,schools

especially focus for ward no 5,6 and 7of Nashong RM
Health Providing financial support for buying land for health post
especially focus for ward no 5,6 and 7of Nashong RM
Road Improvement of existing road from Saiti ghatta to Milan chowk

and formation of new road from Saiti ghatta to Ramche of
Nashong RM
Water Supply Support for the safe drinking water and provide financial support
for construction of water tank at for the locals especially focus for
ward no 5,6 and 7of Nashong RM
Infrastructures Financial support for establishment of Nashong RM Office in

Nashong RM Construction of community building especially
focus for ward no 5,6 and 7of Nashong RM
Employment The project should give priority to local people for employments
Opportunity in the proposed project based on their skill and capability.
Project should provide special focus for Dalits, Janajatis and
other marginalized people of Nashong RM for employment
opportunity and other project benefit schemes.
Project should provide them with paid share right for local people
Project Share as well as Dalits.
Sarokar Samiti Make a provision for compulsory presence of Dalits in Sarokar

Samiti.
During the establishment of Sarikar Samiti, the presence of PAFs
must be maximum in comparison to others.
Make sure the presence of more than 50% local people of PAFs in
Sarokar Samiti
Others Follow ILO 1609 rules and regulation during construction and
operation of DKHP
Coordination with local people during construction and

operation of the project is must.
303
The previously made agreement with local people from Dudh

Khola Hydropower Project (65 MW) must be first fulfilled before
implementation of the proposed DKHP.
Programs of Local Aspirations

One of the issues discussed in the focus group at the community level is the development need
of
the people in the local area context (Table 9.1). Though the prioritization of the development
needs differ from community to community, the following are the key programs aspired by the
local communities for project assistance:
1. Assistance to construction of new campus and upgrade the schools of the ward no 5,6 and 7of
Nashong RM
2. Assistance to establishment of the Health Care Facility of the Nashong RM
3. Assistance for the safe drinking Water Supply of the Nashong RM
especially focus for ward No: 9
4. Assistance to the existing road improvement and new road construction within the Project
RM especially focus for ward no: 9
5. Assistance for establishment of Nashong RM Office and construction of community building
at ward no: 9 of Nashong RM
Considering the aspiration of the local communities the project has formulated following plan
with costs for the affected RM in the aspired sector of development.
Assistance to the construction of new campus and upgrade the schools of the Nashong RM
The demand from local communities is to help for financial support for the establishment of
Shree Shankar Higher Secondary School at Tokro 8 of Nashong RM and providing financial
support for upgrading infrastructure and additional teachers to Shree Shiva Shankar Primary
School and Saraswoti Pre Primary School of Ramche8 and Sidhin 8 of Nashong RM. The
project alone could not meet these needs, however, intends to support them. The project will
provide blackboards, furniture sets and sports materials for all these schools. The total cost
estimated for support is NRs. 700,000. The project will play a positive role for establishing the
new Shree Shankar campus and for upgrading Shree Shiva Shankar Primary School and
Saraswoti Pre Primary School in the Project affected RM. The project will coordinate with
related line agencies for their support.
Table 82: Assistance to Schools of the Project Affected Area
304
School Blackboards Furniture Sports

RM (NRs) (NRs) NRs) Total
Machha Shree Shiva Shankar

puchre Primary
50000 400000 50000 500000
School
Saraswoti Pre
Primary School 20000 50000 20000 100000
Gauri Shankar Higher

Secondary School 20000 50000 20000 100000
Grand Total 700,000

Assistance for establishment of the Health Care Facility of the Nashong RM
There is no permanent building for Health post office within Nashong RM. The public
demands for providing financial support for buying land for health post for Nashong RM.
However, the project couldn’t take a guarantee for this demand but will provide certain amount
of money to help them. The estimated money will be NRs. 600, 000 for initiating buying land
for health post of Nashong RM.
Assistance for the Safe Drinking Water Supply of the Nashong RM
The local people demand to support for the safe drinking water and provide financial support
for construction of water tanks at for the locals of the Nashong RM ward no: 5,6 and 7. A total
of NRs. 1,000,000 is allocated for the safe drinking water supply for the Nashong RM. The
mobilization and selection of project to be contributed will be carried out with the help of ECC
during the support time.
Assistance to the existing road improvement and new road construction within the Project RM
(Nashong RM)
The project understands this aspiration of the project affected RM communities and will
support the project affected RM communities on this regard. However, the project support will
be limited to the alignment survey of the rural roads, preliminary design and cost estimations
and provisioning of bulldozer for track opening for allocated period of time only for
establishment of new road. For the upgrading of existing road from Saiti ghatta to Milanchowk
of NashongRM, the project will support for establishment of drainages system within this road
section. The EEC of the project affected RM will be responsible for the selection of the road and
request of bulldozer for the specified allocated time to open the road corridor. The estimated
budget for existing road improvement and new construction of road in the affected RM is
presented in Table 8.3. The project will not contribute in cash to the EEC for any of the above
305
support. The foot trail development however will be support in cash to the CEC and no match
fund is required.
Table 83: Cost Estimates for Rural Road Assistance
Alignment Establishment
Bulldozer
Affected RM survey Cash support of drainage Total
Support
(NRs) system
NashongRM
(Upgrading
road from Saiti 2,000,00
2,000,000
ghatta to 0
Milanchowk
NashongRM)
Saiti ghatta to
Ramche (es-
200,000 10,0000 100,000 1,300,000
tablishment of
new road)
3,300,00
Total
0
Assistance for establishment of Nashong RM Office and construction of community building at

ward no 5,6 and 7of Nashong RM
The local people demand for the establishment of Nashong RM office and construction of
community building at ward no 5,6 and 7of Nashong RM. The project didn’t expect such a big
demand still try to cooperate with the local people. A total of NRs. 1,225,000 is allocated for it.
1. Cost Summary Environmental Enhancement Programs
The cost summary for Environmental Enhancement Programs is summarized in Table 8.4.
Table 84: Cost Summary for Environmental Enhancement and Beneficial Impacts
Enhancement Program
S.N. Environmental Enhancement Program Costs (NRs.)
1 School and Campus support 700,000
2 Health Care Facility Support 600,000
3 Safe Drinking Water Supply Support 1,000000
306
Upgrading and establishment of Road

5 3,300,000
Development
6 Infrastructures support 1225000
10 Cost for Beneficial Impact Enhancement measures 750,000
Beneficial impact enhancement cost from ( Table

11 575,000
7.1)
Total 8,150,000
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ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Background
This Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared for the DKHP to set out
environmental management requirements and to develop procedures to ensure that all
mitigation measures and monitoring requirements specified in this Environmental Impact
Assessment (EIA) study report will be carried out in subsequent stages of project development.
This plan covers structures of the Environment and Social Unit (ESU) of the Project
Management Office (PMO) and main roles and responsibilities of the parties involved in all
phases of project viz., preconstruction, construction, post construction or operation.
This EMP is based on the experiences of previously constructed hydropower projects of similar
nature, and findings of the EIA study, and review of other EMPs prepared for the
environmental management and Government of Nepal Act, Regulations and Guidelines
relevant to the hydropower projects particularly “A Guide to Environmental Management Plan
of Hydropower Projects” published by MoPE.
Objectives of the EMP
The basic objectives of the EMP are to:
Formulate project management activities in particular the implementation of EMP;
Formulate a monitoring program for baseline, impact and compliance monitoring; and
Formulate an environmental auditing program to be implemented after project construction.
Statutory Requirements
Environmental Legislation
The Environmental Protection Act, and Environmental Protection Rules is the main umbrella
Act and Rules in Nepal, which covers environmental aspects of the project. The MOPE is the
lead agency, which administers the environmental matters emphasizing on environmental
conservation and management through internalizing environmental assessment, pollution
control and prevention, conservation of natural heritage sites, compensation for environmental
damages etc. However, there are several other policies, guidelines, acts and rules which relate
to construction and operation of DKHP and should comply with the provisions by the involved
parties during the period. Some the important relevant Government of Nepal legislation and
government policies and guidelines affecting and applicable to the project are listed below:
Environmental Protection Act, 2053 (1997)
Environmental Protection Regulation, 2054 (1997)
National Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2050 (1993)
EIA Guidelines for Forestry Sector, 2052 (1995)
Draft EIA Guidelines for Water Resources Sector, 2052 (1995)
308
Forest Act, 2049 (1993) and Forest Regulations, 2052 (1995)

Forestry Sector Policy, 2054 (1997)
Soil and Water Conservation Act, 2039 (1982)
Aquatic Animals Protection Act, 2039 (1982) and Amendment, 2055(1999)
Electricity Act and Regulations, 2050 (1992)
Land Acquisition Act, 2034 (1977)
Water Resources Act, 2049 (1992)
Water Resources Regulations, 2050 (1993)
Local Self Governance Act, 2055 (1999) and Regulations, 2056 (2000).
Explosives Act, 1961;
Vehicle and Transportation Management Act, 1992;
Labor Act, 1991;
Hydropower Development Policy, 2001
Electricity Development and Management Act 2062 (2005)
National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Act, 1973 and Wildlife Reserve Rules
Guideline for the Physical Infrastructure Development and Operation in the Protected Areas
2065 (2008)
Guidelines to permit forest land for other purpose, 2006 (Forest Guideline 2006)
Key Project Features
13.3 Summary of project feature
The most significant environmental impacts that are likely to result from Project Construction
and operation are summarized below. These provide the focus of the EMP:
Land Use Change:
River Hydrology: Water Regulation for power generation will alter downstream hydrology.
This can be mitigated by means of the recommended re-regulating structure to be constructed
downstream.
Land Stability: Yearly water fluctuation of around 30m in the reservoir is likely to invite
reservoir shore erosion and rim failure risks.
River and Aquatic Ecology: Nearly 5.3 km of Dudh river will be affected by the DKHP. It is
sure to bring change in ecology from lotic and lentic. The project structure will affect the fishes
and the benthic invertebrates. Downstream, the hydrological changes daily will destabilize the
aquatic ecosystem.
309
Terrestrial Ecology:
Social:
Environmental Standards
There are very few environmental standards endorsed by MoPE and other GoN line agencies.
Except for vehicular emissions standards and tolerance limits for inland effluent discharge,
most of the environmental pollution standards, are in the formulation process. Considering the
above situation following environmental standards are proposed for DKHP construction and
operation. These environmental standards shall be treated as other acts and regulations until
GoN enforces standards in the specified sector for the project environmental compliance
propose.
Table 9-1: Standards for Effluents Discharged into Inland Waters from the Construction Sites
and Camps

1. Total Suspended solids, mg/L, Max 30-200
2. Particle size of total suspended particles
Shall pass 850-micron Sieve.
3. Ph 5.5 to 9.0
Shall not exceed 40 degree C in any
4. Temperature
section of the stream within 15 meters
downstream from the effluent outlet
5. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) for 30-100
5 days at 20 degree C, mg/L, Max
6. Oils and grease, mg/L, Max 10
7. Phenolic compounds, mg/L, Max 1
8. Cyanides (as CN), mg/L, Max 0.2
9. Sulphides (as S), mg/L, Max 2
10. Radioactive materials:
11. a. Alpha emitters, c/ml, Max 7 OCT
12. b. Beta emitters, c/ml, Max 8 OCT
13. Insecticides Absent
14. Total residual chlorine, mg/L 1
15. Fluorides (as F), mg/L, Max 2
16. Arsenic (as As), mg/L, Max 0.2
17. Cadmium (as, Cd), mg/L, Max 2
18. Hexavalent chromium (as Cr), mg/L, 0.1
Max
19. Copper (as Cu), mg/L, Max 3
20. Lead ( Pb), mg/L, Max 0.1
21. Mercury (as Hg), mg/L, Max .01
310
22. Nickel (as Ni), mg/L, Max 3

23. Selenium (as Se), mg/L, Max 0.05
24. Zinc (as Zn), mg/L, Max 5
25. Ammonical nitrogen, mg/L, Max 50
26. Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L, Max 250
27. Silver, mg/L, Max 0.1
Source: Standards adopted from MoPE
Table 9-2: Drinking Water Quality Standards for Construction Camps and Construction Sites
S.N. Parameters Desirable Lim- Maximum Tolerable

its Limit
1. Color, Hazen units, Max 10 15
2. Odour Unobjectionabl
e
3. Taste Agreeable
4. Turbidity, NTU, Max 5 10
5. Total Dissolved Solids, mg/l , Max 500 1500
May be relaxed up to 5.5
6. pH value 6.5 - 8.5
on the lower and up to 9
on higher side.
7. Total Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l, 250
Max
8. Calcium (as Ca), mg/l, Max 75
1 Value for turbidity is 5 in FAR (for mineral water), PFA, BS, WHO
S.N. Parameters Desirable Lim- Maximum Tolerable

its Limit
9. Magnesium (as Mg), mg/l, Max 30
10. Copper (as Cu), mg/l, Max 1 may be extended upto
11. Iron (as Fe), mg/l, Max 0.3 1.5
12. Manganese (as Mn), mg/l, Max 0.1 may be extended upto
13. Chlorides (as Cl), mg/l, Max 250 0.5
14. Sulphate, (as SO4), mg/l, Max 1502
15. Nitrate (as NO3), mg/l, Max 45 No relaxation
16. Fluoride (as F), mg/l, Max 1.5
17. Phenolic compounds, (as 0.001 May be relaxed upto
C6H5OH), mg/l, Max 0.002
18. Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, Max 0.001 No relaxation
19. Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, Max 0.01 No relaxation
311
20. Selenium (as Se), mg/l, Max 0.01 No relaxation

21. Lead (as Pb), mg/l, Max 0.01 No relaxation
22. Arsenic (as As), mg/l, Max 0.05 No relaxation
23. Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, Max 0.05 No relaxation
24. Chromium (as Cr6+), mg/l, Max 0.05 No relaxation
25. Residual free Chlorine, (as Cl), 0.2
mg/l, Min
26. Ammonia, mg/l, Max 1.5
27. Aluminum, mg/l, max 0.2
28. Boron mg/l, max 0.3
29. Nickel, mg/l, max 0.02
30. Hydrogen sulphide, mg/l, max 0.1
31. Zinc, mg/l, max 3
Source: Standards adopted from Department of Water Supply and Sewerage
Table 9-3: Ambient Air Quality Standards in the Project Area
Parameters Units Averaging Time Concentration in

Ambient Air, maximum
TSP (Total Suspended gg/m Annual -
Particulates) 24-hours* 230
PM10 gg/m Annual -
24-hours* 120
Sulphur Dioxide gg/m Annual 50
24-hours* * 70
2 Value for Sulphate BS:200, FAR (for mineral water) and PFA:250
Parameters Units Averaging Time Concentration in

Ambient Air, maximum
Nitrogen Dioxide gg/m3 Annual 40
24-hours* * 80
Carbon Monoxide gg/m3 8 hours** 10,000
15 minute 100,000
Lead gg/m Annual 0.5
24-hours -
Benzene gg/m Annual 20****
24-hours -
Source: National Ambient Air Quality Standards adopted from MOPE
312
*Note: 24 hourly values shall be met 95% of the time in a year. 18 days per calendar year the
standard may be exceeded but not on two consecutive days.
**Note: 24 hourly standards for NO2 and SO2 and 8 hours standard for CO are not to be
controlled before MOPE has recommended appropriate test methodologies. This will be done
before 2005.
***Note: If representativeness can be proven, yearly averages can be calculated from PM10
samples from selected weekdays from each month of the year.
****Note: To be re-evaluated by 2005.
Table 9-4: Emissions Standards for ‘in-use’ Vehicles
Fuel Wheelers Type Manufacturing Date Emissions

4.5% CO
Four-Wheelers Up to 1980
1,000 ppm HC*
3.0% CO
Four-Wheelers After 1981
1,000 ppm HC*
Petrol Three-Wheelers Up to 1991 4.5% CO

7,800 ppm HC*
3.0% Co
Three-Wheelers After 1991
7,800 ppm HC*
Two-Wheelers 4.5% CO
7,800 ppm HC*
Diesel - Up to 1994 • 75 HSU
After 1994 • 65 HSU
3.0% CO*
LPG/CNG All categories
1,000 ppm HC*
Source Nepal Gazette, BS 2054-9-8, Ministry of Works and Transport' Nepal Gazette, BS
2057-7-7, Ministry of Population and Environment
CO - carbon monoxide; HC - Hydrocarbon; HSU - Hertridge Smoke Unit
Table 9-5 : Proposed Noise Exposure Limits for the Work Environment
SN Noise Exposure (dBA) Permissible exposure (Hours and

1. 85 Minutes)
16 hrs.
313
2. 87 12 hrs. -18 min.

3. 90 8 hrs.
4. 93 5 hrs - 18 min.
5. 96 3 hrs.-30 min.
6. 99 2 hrs. - 18 min.
7. 102 1 hr. - 30 min.
8. 105 1 hr.
9. 108 40 min.
10. 111 26 min.
11. 114 17 min.
12. 115 15 min.
13. 118 10 min.
14. 121 6.6 min.
15. 124 4 min.
16. 127 3 min.
17. 130 1 min.
(Adopted from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). Source: Marsh, 1991.
Table 9-6: Proposed Average Equivalent Sound Levels Recommended to Protect the Public
Health and Welfare of the Project Site Communities
To Protect Against Activity In-

S.N. Land Use Measure
terference and Hearing Loss
Effects (dBA)
1. Residential including farm Leq (24) 55
residences
2. Commercial Leq (24) 70
3. Hospitals Leq (24) 55
4. Industrial Leq (24) 70
5. Educational Leq (24) 55
6. Recreational Areas Leq (24) 70
7. Farmland and general Leq (24) 70
unpopulated land
Source: U.S, Environmental Protection Agency, 1974

Note: Leq (24)= Equivalent Sound Level in decibels for 24 hours.
Environmental Permits and Approvals
Permits and Approvals relevant to the DKHP are presented in Table 9.7 below.
314
Table 9-7: Permits and Approvals Required
Issues Authority Approval and

permits
Environmental Impact Assessment Ministry of Environment,
Approval
Reports and Environmental science and Technology
Management Plans
Ministry of Water Re- Approval and
Construction License
sources and Department License
of Electricity
Tree clearing and Government Ministry of Forests and
Development Approval and
owned land Soil Conservation permits
Divisional forest Office,
Tree clearing in Community Forest Forest User Groups Approval
Relocation of archaeological , Village Development
Approval
cultural and religious sites Committee and
Department of
Works on private land and property Landowner
Archaeology Approval
Relocation or disturbance to Respective user commit-
infrastructures such as irrigation tees/Village Approval
canals, water supply, foot trails and Development Committee
tracks, suspension bridges, etc. and Ward Office
Project Environmental Management Framework

Project Environmental Management Plan Structure and Stakeholders Responsibility
The Project Environmental Management Framework of DKHP is prepared to shows linkages
with different parties to be involved directly or indirectly during the different phases of project
development and operation in compliance with the existing Act and Rules.
Overall project environmental management is the responsibility of DKHP, Project
Management Office (PMO). Key stakeholders including DKHP, to be involved for project
environmental management in the hierarchy order are:
Ministry of Forest and Environment (MOFE);
Department of Environment (DOE)
Ministry of Energy (MOEn);
Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation (MOFSC)
Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC)
Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA)
315
Department of Electricity Development (DOED);

Department of Forest (DOF) and its line Divisional forest Office (DFO)
The Proponent and its line offices
Environmental Scientists
Supervising Engineers (SE);
Construction Contractor (CC);
Affected Village Development Committees/ District Coordination Committee/ Environmental
Enhancement Committees etc.
Non-government Organizations (NGOs), Community Based Organizations (CBOS),
Community Forest User Groups (CFUG), Irrigation User Groups (IUG) (if any), Water Supply
User Groups (WSUG) (if any) etc.
Project Affected Families (PAFs)
Environmental Management Plan structure for different phases of project development and
implementation are depicted in Figure 9.1.
Figure 9-1: Project Management Plan Structure
Design Phase
MOPE DDCs
MOEn DKHP RM
MOFSC NGOs
DNPWC CBOs
ACA DKHP Project UGs (CFUG,
Management IUG, WSUG
DOF
Office etc)
DOED
PAF
DFO Environmental Scientist
Construction Phase
316
MoPE
Environment
DKHP Department
MOEn
MOFSC
Project Management DOED
Office
DOF
DNPWC
ESU ACA
RMs
DFO
ESISU ESMSU
CBOs
NGOs
CONTRACTOR UGs (CFUG, IUG,

WSUG)
Project Operation Phase
MOPE DDCs
MOEn DKHP RM
MOFSC NGOs
DNPWC CBOs
ACA DKHP Project UGs (CFUG,
Management IUG, WSUG
DOF
Office etc)
DOED
PAF
DFO Environmental and Social
Scientists
317
The main roles and responsibilities of different part lie in the various phases of project development are briefly presented in
Table 9.8.
Table 9-8: Roles and Responsibilities of the Stakeholders
S.N Stakeholder Roles and Responsibilities Time Schedule
Final approval of the EIA report as per the provisions of

Prior to proposal
Act and Rules
implementation
Review of project monitoring reports during

Asand when required
construction and operation phases and give comments
construction and operation
for corrective measures
phases
MoFE/
1 Environment Auditing of project general performance during
Department After two years of operation
operation phase.
phase
Review and comments on EIA for Final approval of EIA

Prior to EIA approval
Licensing and give permission for Project Im-

After approval of EIA
plementation
318
Review project design and contract documents,

Before contract bidding
against approved EIA measures and national
environmental standards and give comments for
corrective actions As and when required
phases
Review of monitoring reports of project construction and
operation and give comments for corrective actions Prior to EIA approval
MoEn/
2
DoED Review and comments on EIA for Final approval of EIA
After approval of EIA
Give approval and permission for forest clearance of the

national forest land or ACA land Preconstruction phase
Assist proponent in pegging, measuring and evaluation Before construction starts

of the forest resources of the affected forest stretch
319
Prior to EIA approval

operation and give comments for corrective actions After approval of EIA Pre-
related to forest and ecology construction phase
Give approval and permission for forest clearance of the As and when required
national forest land or ACA forest. construction and operation
MoFE phases
DNPWC
3 Assist the proponent in identification of compensatory
ACA /DoF afforestation areas as per the plans of the district and As and when required
DFO reserve areas construction and operation
phases
Advise and assist the proponent in the forestry awareness

programs As and when required
phases
320
Ensure that the EIA measures are incorporated in the Prior to contract award
final project design and tender documents of project
Acquire necessary permits and approval for project Before construction

Ensure that the project construction and operation

activities are in accordance with EIA and other GoN During construction, and
legislative requirements as well as international standards operation phase
Proponent and
Monitoring and record keeping regarding environmental During
4. its institutional line measures and impacts. construction, and
offices operation
Ensure public participation and involvement in project
implementation and operation.
During construction, and
operation
Compilation of environmental monitoring and
performance report and dispatch for review through
proponent to stakeholders Every 2 months during
construction
Compilation of Environmental monitoring and

performance report of construction activity and dispatch
for review through proponent to stakeholders Once within 3 months of
construction completion
321
Compilation of Environmental monitoring and

performance report of operation activity and dispatch for
review to stakeholders
Once in three months for the
first two years of operation
322
Supervision, baseline, compliance and impact

Daily, weekly, monthly,
monitoring of construction contractor's activities as per
responsibilities in the contract document and advise the three monthly
proponent and Supervising engineers for needed actions
at the site in regular environmental management
meetings. Regularly during construction
phase
Monitoring of implementation of the socio-

Regularly during construction
economic physical, cultural, chemical and bio- phase
Environmental
logical environmental responsibilities of the proponent
5. Monitoring, not included in the contract document and advise the
proponent for needed actions Bi-monthly during
Engineers construction and after three
months of the project
Provide needed corrective action as per the field
requirements to minimize the impacts construction completion
Prepare environmental monitoring report of

the project construction and forward to the proponent
for review to the stakeholder
phase
Construction Supervise the construction works as per the provisions of

6 EIA and direct construction contractor in consultation
Supervising with the environmental engineers for the environmental
323
Engineers improvement

7 Implement mitigation measures as specified in EIA or Daily during construction phase
as instructed by supervising engineer
Monthly during construction
Construction Regularly during construction
First hand monitoring and record keeping of phase
Contractor
environmental
Preside monthlymitigation measures
Environmental implemented and
Management
their performance
and Health and Safety Meetings of the supervising Regularly during construction
engineers, contractors and Environmental Engineers and phase
maintain
Implementtheanyrecords foractions
corrective implementation
specified bystatus and
supervising
needed corrective
engineers actions time
within specified
First 1 years of operation phase
Provide training to operator
8 District Coordination Provide recommendations to the proponent
324
Committees with comments and suggestions and assist proponent in Prior to proposal
the project implementation implementation
Assist in public consultation awareness building During construction and

organized by the proponent Operation
Assist and provide suggestions to the proponent

in the matters related to community mobilization During construction and
Operation
Assist MoPE in the proposal audit
operation and give comments for corrective actions Operation As and when
required
Ensure that transparency in the project activities are construction and operation
maintained by all the concerned stakeholders as per EIA phases
report and commitments

and
operation

325
9 Affected Rural Provide recommendations to the proponent Prior to proposal

Municipality with comments and suggestions and assist proponent in implementation
the project implementation
Assist in public consultation awareness building

organized by the proponent
During construction and
Assist and provide suggestions to the proponent Operation
in the matters related to community mobilization
During construction and
operation
Assist MoPE in the proposal audit
Review of monitoring reports of project construction and Operation

operation and give comments for corrective actions
As and when required
Form Environmental Enhancement committees construction and operation
in each of the Nashong RM a public franchise process to phases
select and assist to implement the programs of
Environmental Pre-construction and as
Enhancement and when required during
326
Ensure that transparency in the project activities are

maintained by all the concerned stakeholders as per EIA

and operation

Provide recommendations to the proponent Prior to proposal
implementation 327
with comments and suggestions and assist proponent in

the project implementation
Assist in public consultation awareness building During construction and
organized by the proponent operation
Assist and provide suggestions to the proponent During construction and
in the matters related to community mobilization operation
Assist MoFE in the proposal audit Operation
Review of monitoring reports of project construction and As and when required

operation and give comments for corrective actions construction and operation
phases
10 ACA, NGOs ,CBOs, Assist stakeholders to form
WUG, CFUG, IUG, Environmental communities in each of the Enhancement Pre-construction and as and
committees in each of the Nashong RM through a public when
PAF required during
franchise process to select and assist to implement the construction and operation
programs of Environmental Enhancement
Ensure that transparency in the project activities are Regularly during construction
maintained by all the concerned stakeholders as per EIA and operation
328
Project's Environmental Management Office

As per the Nepalese Environmental Protection Rules, environmental management of the
project is the responsibility of the proponent. For DKHP the proponent’s Project Management
Office (PMO) has the responsibility of Project's Environmental Management.
Hence to ensure that the EIA recommended mitigation and monitoring actions are duly
implemented, monitored, assessed, evaluated and disseminated to the stakeholders for
feedback and improvement, the DKHP. PMO should establish a separate Environmental and
Social Unit (ESU) of its own. The proposed ESU has four major roles to play. First it will
implement and administer land and property acquisition/ leasing, compensation of affected
parties. Second it will implement and administer the program in the project-affected areas.
Third it will disseminate information to the project's stakeholders and co-ordinate with the
different line agencies. Fourth it will monitor the environmental and social measures and its
performance as per EIA and EMP.
The ESU will comprise of two sub-units, namely Environmental and Social Implementation
Sub-Unit (ESISU) and Environmental and Social Monitoring Sub-Unit (ESMSU) Figure 9.2.
The former sub-unit will have the responsibility to implement environmental provisions not
included in the contract documents of the contractor and liaison with the other governmental
and non-governmental organizations. As these works require official responsibilities, the
members of this sub-unit will be the regular members of the proponent organization with past
experience in the implementation of environmental provisions and also in the operation of
Public Information Centre (PIC) and grievance handling.
Figure 9-2: Organization Framework of ESU

The ESMSU, on the other hand will be managed by the consultants with experience in
environmental monitoring of the hydropower projects in the past. As the project envisages a
third party monitoring during construction, the experienced consultants, will be contracted to
fulfill this requirement. They will work in close co-ordination with project ESU coordinator and
ESISU and will report directly to Project ESU coordinator. The ESMSU, once in three months
will carry out a participatory monitoring of the project involving personnel of Environment
Enhancement Committee (EEC), elected body from the project affected RM.
329
The project ESU shall be established at least six months before the project's civil construction
award. The ESU shall function directly under the Project Manager but the ESMSU will have a
responsibility to co-ordinate with the project's Supervising Consultant, Whereas ESISU will
coordinate with ESU coordinator and stakeholders of the project such as Local RM, DDCs,
NGOs, CBOs, affected parties, DoED, MOEn, MoPE and Environment Department.
The organizational framework of the ESISU for project pre-construction and construction
phase and its staffing is presented in Figure 9.3 and 9.4.
Figure 9-3: Organization Chart for ESISU
330
Figure 9-4: Organization Chart for ESMSU

Administrative and Management Cost for ESU
Office for the ESU shall be established in the engineer's camp as a part of the civil construction
workforce. Administrative and management cost is estimated based on the assumption that
most of the persons shall be hired by the project as project regular staff in case of ESISU and as
consultants for ESMSU. The above costs are included in the project management costs.
Complain Handling and Grievance Redress
ESMC of the project is the primary cell developed to work in coordination with the locals.
Environmentalist/Safeguard Specialist will be the legalized officer appointed for the
compliance recording and monitoring during preconstruction, construction and post
construction stage of the DKHP. Local peoples and stakeholders are allowed to drop their
written comment at site office of the project and at its central office. All the comments will
firstly have addressed by the Officer of ESMC. The officer will coordinate with the stakeholders
and bring out the effective solution of the complaint or if complicated will coordinate to link
with the NEA and local stakeholder.
Complain Handling
The Environmental Officer will maintain a “Complaints Register”, recording all complaints
received from individuals or groups within the community, either written or verbal, providing
the following details.
The name of the complainant;
The time and date the complaint was received;
An explanation of the specific complaint;
The signature of the complainant;
331
The signature of the environmental officer recording the complaint;

The project management officer or the contractor assigned to manage resolution of the
complaint;
The response action taken to resolve the complaint;
The outcome; and,
All complains received by the contractor with the details specified above will be submitted to
the Environmental officer within 24 hours of the receipt of complain.
Grievance and Redress Measures
A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be established to receive and facilitate the
resolution of affected people’s concerns, complaints, and grievances on social and
environmental issues. The GRM aims to be proactive and accessible for an effective way to
address their concerns. The GRM will have three levels with time-bound schedules to function,
as noted below.
First level of GRM: The project site office will be the first level of intervention to address the
grievance. Many grievances can be resolved by providing correct and complete information.
The environmental officer will listen and provide information to Affected People and resolve
their issues. The environmental officer will fully document the complaint, including: (i) name
of the person; (ii) date the complaint was received; (iii) nature of the complaint; (iv) location;
and, (v) how the complaint was resolved. These reports will be submitted to the management
officer every month.
Second level of GRM: Should the grievance remain unresolved; the environmental officer will
forward the complaint to the project management officer. The person filing the grievance will
be notified by the officer that his/her grievance was forwarded to the project management
officer. Grievances will be resolved through on-going interaction with the affected persons,
with the project management officer answering queries and resolving grievances regarding
various issues such as social and livelihood impacts and environmental issues. The project
management officer will undertake corrective measures at the field level for environmental,
social and livelihood issues. The project management officer will fully document the following
information: (i) name of the person; (ii) date the complaint was received; (iii) nature of the
complaint; (iv) location; and, (v) how the complaint was resolved.
Third level of GRM: If the grievance remain unresolved, the issue will be referred to the
Grievance Redressal Committee (GRC). The GRC will be headed by Project management
officer and shall consist of members of the concerned Rural Municipality, affected persons,
NGOs and the environmental officer. The affected person can present his or her
concerns/issues to the GRC. All relevant costs of GRC will be borne by the project. The GRC
will meet, as necessary, when there are grievances to be addressed. The GRC will suggest
corrective measures at the field level and assign clear responsibilities for implementing its
332
decision in a timely manner as decided. The environmental officer will be responsible for
processing and placing all papers before the GRC, recording decisions, issuing minutes of the
meetings, and taking follow-up action to ensure that formal orders are issued and decisions are
carried out.
If each of the above measures fails, the affected person can seek legal redress of the grievance
in the appropriate courts, which is the formal legal court system as outlined in the
Environment Protection Rule.
Disaster Risk and Emergency Preparedness Management Plan
All possible disaster prone areas due to the project activities will be identified and considered
for treatment. The following measures will be followed:
Formulation of Disaster Risk Reduction and coping team in project.
Disaster prone areas such as landslide hazard zone, river flood plain areas, etc will be
identified.
Along the flood plain areas, the project components will be checked and regular maintenance
will be done.
Protection measures in the landslide prone areas and areas with risk of floods and soil erosion.
Engineering techniques like bioengineering, gabion walls, retaining walls, drainage
managements.
Alraming and Training to task group will be given to cope with disasters and emergency.
Occupational Health Safety and Environmental Safety will be made strict for the
implementation.
Environmental Mitigation Management Plan
The environmental mitigation measures described in chapter VII will be implemented in
different phases of proposal implementation. Environmental management actions to be
undertaken and to be adopted for the realization of mitigation measures for Pre-construction,
Construction, Post Construction and Operation Phases are presented in the Table 9.9, 9.10,
9.11 and 9.12. The Environmental Mitigation Management Plan briefly describes impacts,
description of mitigation action required, individual or agency responsible, national standards
and guidelines, timing of actions, responsible authority, and tentative financial requirements.
333
Table 9-9 : Mitigation Management Plan Pre Construction Phase
National Competen
Individuals Standards or Timing of t Mitigation Costs
S.N Mitigation Measures Authority/ (NRs)
responsible Guidelines Actions
Approved agency
Approval from the ACA to use the

3 months
ACA area as stipulated in the Project
A.1.1.1 EIA prior Proponent 0
development plan at least 3 months Manager
construction
before the start of the construction
Approval from the Divisional forest 3 months

Project
A.1.1.2 Office of the forest areas required for EIA prior Proponent 0
Manager
the project construction
Completion of compensation for the

3 months Cost
private land and community land at Project
A.1.1.3 ESISU EIA prior incorporated in
least 3 months before the start of the Manager
construction compensation
construction works
Handing over the land required for 2 months

Project Included in
A.1.1.4 construction at least 2 months before EIA prior Proponent
Manager contract bid
the construction works to contractor construction
Written agreement between the

contractor and the private land Prior to land ESMSU/S Included in
A.1.1.5 owners submitted to the proponent Contractor EIA
occupancy E contract bid
engineers prior to the occupancy of
the temporary land
334
Contractor submit the construction

camp arrangement plan (contractor,
and labor camps and other camps) for
Prior to ESMSU/S Included in con-
A.1.1.6 approval to the engineers before Contractor EIA
construction E tract bid
construction and get approval from
engineers prior to the start of
construction
Contractor submit the quarry, burrow

pit excavation and rehabilitation plan
to the engineers for approval before Prior to ESMSU/S Included in
A.1.1.7 Contractor EIA
construction and get approval from construction E contract bid
engineers prior to the start of
construction
Contractor submit the spoil disposal

and rehabilitation plan to the
Prior to ESMSU/S Included in
A.1.1.8 engineers before construction and get Contractor EIA
construction E contract bid
approval from engineers prior to the
start of construction
Contractor submit health and safety

operation plan to the engineers for
Prior to ESMSU/S Included in
A.1.1.9 approval before construction and get Contractor EIA
approval from engineers prior to the
start of construction
A.1.1.1 Contractor submit the emergency Prior to ESMSU/S Included in

0 preparedness plan to the engineers Contractor EIA
before construction and get approval
335
from engineers prior to the start of

construction
The contractor submit overall

environmental management plan of
A. the construction works within the Prior to ESMSU/S Included in con-
Contractor EIA
1.1.11 premises of the construction area to construction E tract bid
the engineers and get approval prior
to the start of construction works
The engineers examine the plans in

the context of approved EIA and give
A.1.1.1 Prior to ESMSU/S Included in
approval with or without ESMSU/SE EIA
2 construction E ESMSU /SA
modification prior to the start of
construction works to the contractor
336
Table 9-10 : Mitigation Management Plan Construction Phase
National
Standard
s Competen
Individual
s /Agency Or Timing of t Mitigation Costs
S.N Impact Mitigation Measures Authority/ (NRs)
respon- Guideline Actions
sible s/ agency
Approved
Documen
ts
I. Adverse Impacts Physical and Chemical Environment (Construction Phase)
Impacts on The private land has Private Land was

Land Use due to already bought by the already bought so no
project project from local people price will be
structure allocated for this
Loss of cultivated land private land. Price
Before
has been taken seriously Project ACA, will be allocated for
A.1.1.1 EIA Constructi
and must be minimized to Proponent DNPWC the ACA
Land use of 14.8 on
will be changes the extent possible (Incorporated the
because of Re-establishment of land price in
construction use type at quarry and socioeconomic
phase muck disposal site. environment)
Impact on As minimum as possible Contracto Progressive Included in Project

A.1.1.2 land will be used where r EIA ly during ESMSU
Topography Civil cost
topographic changes had constructio
337
Topographic occurred. n
changes at
headwork,
about 5.2 km Landscaping of the muck
water and spoil disposal sites
conveyance will be carried out.
way,
powerhouse
Such land will be soon
sites quarry
rehabilitated.
sites, spoil and
muck disposal Bio-engineering and
sites etc plantation to such area
will be done to stabilized
land.
Construction materials
will be stored in Intake
sites and powerhouse
For the lease land
sites in temporarily leased
price will be
land.
allocated.
Progressive
Storage of
Contracto ly during
A.1.1.3 construction EIA ESMSU
Appropriate r constructio
materials (Incorporated the
compensation will be n price in
provided for the land
socioeconomic
The leased land used for environment)
stockpiling will be
restored into original
shape to the extent
338
possible.
The Government land will
be rehabilitated.
Constructing gabion wall

(3m), retaining wall and
bio engineering will be
carried out to minimize
unstable slopes.
Enforce establishment of
Landslide and
runoff drainage. During
soil erosion due Contracto (Included in Project
A.1.1.4 EIA constructio ESMSU
to excavations r civil cost)
n
works Prohibit side casting of
the excavated material
down the slope.
Bioengineering at the
vulnerable slopes.
Solid waste generated

Solid waste from the camp site will be During
Contracto (Included in Project
A.1.1.5 generated from collected in a safe r EIA constructio ESMSU
civil cost)
camps location; segregated and n
degradable waste will be
339
made compost and

handed over to the local
farmers.
But for non-
biodegradable, if possible
3R (reused, recycle and
reduce) will be
implemented
Prohibition of spoil
disposal in the
unauthorized areas.
Preparation of spoil
management plan and
approval by the
competent project During
Muck/spoil personnel which beside Contracto EIA (Included in Project
A.1.1.6 constructio ESMSU
disposal other shall include the r civil cost)
n
followings.
Dry gabion wall of about

0.5 m shall be erected on
the river side before
deposition of the spoils in
the river bank to avoid toe
erosion of the spoil in the
340
monsoon
All spent grease and

mobile and unused or
date expired toxics will be
collected separately in
plastic drums and stored
in a safe place under the
shade. The TOR will be
made responsible for this
and will be bonded with
the contractor clause.
All empty containers of
grease, mobile, and toxic
Leakage of oil, During
chemicals will be Contracto (Included in Project
A.1.1.7 grease and EIA constructio ESMSU
punctured and stored in a r civil cost)
other chemicals n
safe place under the
shade. The contractor will
be made responsible for
this.
The unused chemicals,

spent mobile, grease etc.
will discharged only with
the approval of the project
environmental officer
approval and
recommendation. The
341
contractor will be made

responsible for this
through contractual
clauses.
The petroleum bunkers
are placed in a separate
area in a concrete bonded
area with a facility of oil
and grease separator. The
contractor will be made
responsible for this.
Strip mining of the

aggregate materials on
Burrow pots
Change in river
During
morphology due Contracto Included in Project
A.1.1.8 EIA constructio ESMSU
to use of quarry Restriction on mining r Civil cost
from the wet River n
site
channels.
Diversion work will be
completed in short time.
Impact on The penstock alignment

natural of length 917.61 m crosses During
A.1.1.9 drainage due to through main Dudh Contracto EIA constructio ESMSU
Included in project
water Khola. Along the r n
civil cost
conveyance alignment, natural flow of
during water will be trained in a
342
construction regular basis. If blocked

phase by any reason, along the
blocked location drainage
and safe handling of
natural flow will be
maintained.
Such site will be further
trained with
bioengineering, concrete
retaining so that erosion
from such site will be
controlled.
The underground
structure of headrace
tunnel of length 4336.31
m will not have any
impact due to stable
geographic area.
Construction camp will be

RCC with proper drainage
well fenced, Private land
During
Construction will be allocated the for Contracto Included in Project
A.1.1.1 camp sites EIA constructio ESMSU
construction of camps r Civil cost
0 n
and proper allocation of
fund is provided for the
camp construction
343
Emergency drills will be

conducted in regular
During
A. Impact due to basis. Contracto No any mitigation
EIA constructio ESMSU
1.1.11 seismicity Adequate training will be r cost
n
provided to the workers to
act in case of emergency.
Impact on Diversion work will be During

A.1.1.1 Contracto
Dewatered zone completed in short time EIA constructio ESMSU
2 r
stretch as possible, n
Ear guards will be

provided to the
construction workers in
Increased level the noise prone areas. During
A.1.1.1 Contracto (Included in Project
of noise and Large noise producing EIA constructio ESMSU
3 r civil cost)
vibration engines such as air n
compressors will be fitted
with noise reducing
mechanisms.
Water Sprinkling along

During 1,200,000
A.1.1.1 Change in air the exposed dusty area. Contracto
EIA constructio ESMSU (Included in Project
4 quality Masks will be provided to r n civil cost)
the workers.
A.1.1.1 Change in water Safe handling of spoils, Contracto During 800,000

EIA ESMSU
5 quality toxic, hazardous wastes. r constructio (Included in Project
344
Proper management of n civil cost)

camps
Filtering the waste water
from batching plant,
crusher and aggregate
washing areas prior to
mixing with natural water
bodies.
Collecting top soil in safe

location and covering the
collection by plastics,
later the soil will be used
while reclaiming the
areas.
During
A.1.1.1 Minimize top soil Contracto EIA Included in project
Loss of top soil constructio ESMSU
6 clearance in the camps, r civil cost
n
mechanical yards,
batching plants and
storage.
Sites.
Reuse top soils.
345
Total (Construction Phase cost) for Adverse Impacts of Physical and Chemical Environment = NRs.
3,000,000
II. Operation Phase for Physical and Chemical Environment Adverse Issues
The cost for

regular clearance
Regular clearance of the reservoir of the reservoir
Changes in dam will be carried out. and watershed
hydrology Progressive management will
A.1.1.1 Watershed management activity will Propone
and EIA ly during ESMSU be under project
7 be carried out. nt
sedimentati operation civil cost
on Awareness program to protect the
watershed. For awareness
program 500,000
will be allocated
The structures that will have

major impacts is penstock
Impact on alignment. It passes through
natural Dudh Khola. Along the penstock
drainage due alignment natural flow of water Will be
Progressive
to water will be maintained in a regular included in
A.1.1.18 Proponent EIA ly during ESMSU
conveyance basis. If blocked by any reason, project
along the blocked location operation
during operation cost.
operation drainage and safe handling of
phase natural flow will be maintained.
Such site will be further trained
with bioengineering, concrete
retaining so that erosion from
346
such site will be controlled.

For managing underground and
geology of the project area due to
headrace tunnel, the area will be
carefully monitored, natural
water flow of the area will be seen
if any decrease on it have
happened or not. The vegetation
program will be carried out near
to the area
Reduced by installing sound

proof and noise controlled system
in powerhouse.
Maintenance of the construction
vehicles and equipment.
Sound proof
Noise and Restriction on the uses of Horns.
Progressive and noise
Vibration in
A.1.119 Proponent EIA ly during ESMSU controlled
power house Procurements of low noise
equipments. operation system will be
area
installed
Control in blasting charge.
Prior notification to the

communities with regards to the
noisy activities.
Scheduling of works based on
347
noise potentials.
Constructing a ditch to collect the

Change in sand and aggregate before
Progressive Included in
water quality reaching to the stream. Thus
A.1.1.20 Proponent EIA ly during ESMSU project civil
due to collected sediment will be the
operation cost
reduced flow safely collected and transferred to
the safe place.
To minimize the impact, during

Leakage of the maintenance period chemical
Progressive Included in
oil, grease socking materials will be put at
A.1.1.21 Proponent EIA ly during ESMSU project civil
and other the ground and then later such
operation cost
chemicals used materials will be safely
disposed or buried.
Change in
microclimate Progressive
Residual Impacts, project cannot No mitigation
A.1.1.22 in the Proponent EIA ly during ESMSU
do anything for it cost
dewatered operation
stretch
Planning phase, design phase and

Issues construction phase seismicity Progressive Included in
A.1.1.23 related to issue will be incorporated in Proponent EIA ly during ESMSU project civil
seismicity design of project and strength of operation cost
project component will be
348
maintained in operation no
mitigation measures are given.
Regular monitoring of catchment

Issues will be carried out. In case of
related to emergency coping strategy Progressive Incorporated in
A.1.1.22 climate project will be prepared since the Proponent EIA ly during ESMSU the project civil
change design phase such as to control operation cost
hazard sedimentation, to safely make
flow of sedimentation etc.
Total (Operation Phase cost) for Adverse Impacts of Physical and Chemical Environment = NRs. 2,700,000
II. Adverse Impacts Biological Environment (Construction Phase)
Loss of forest Minimum site clearance as

and possible selection of land for the The Economic
Prior to
vegetation compensatory afforestation for Loss of tree
A.1.2.1 ESISU EIA land ESMSU
cover due to the lost government forest with species
occupancy
site the co-operation of DFO. (720,000 )
clearance Compensatory afforestation,
minimum site clearance as
possible Plantation of 25 trees for
each tree felled down for
hydroelectric i.e. 2675 trees will
be planted for 107 felled trees. 500,000
project, and management of area
for 5 years in this own cost and
handover the plantation forests
to the community or the local
349
forest office
Technical and Financial
assistance to the affected
community forests and ACA
Loss of forest
and
During Mitigation cost
vegetation
A.1.2.2 Same as above ESISU EIA constructio ESMSU already
due to
n included above
construction
of access
Increase in
During
demand for Encourage to use kerosene or LP
A.1.2.3 ESISU EIA constructio ESMSU 500,000
firewood and gas to meet its fuel requirements
n
timber
The collection of NTFPs are

Issues of strictly prohibited.
NTFPs and Informative and warning sign at Contracto Soon after
A.1.2.4 EIA ESMSU 600,000
Medicinal centrally located construction site r damage
plant will be placed to create local
awareness.
Disturbance Use of low noise, erection of “No

to wildlife Horn” sign in appropriate places,
A.1.2.5 movement instruction to the drivers not to NA NA NA NA 150,000
due to use pressure horn in and around
construction the forest area.
350
activities
The project activities will be
regularized according to the
prevailing legislation mainly
related to the forest acts, aquatic
animal’s protection act, forestry
regulation, etc. to avoid illegal
activities
Purchasing and sale of illegally

hunted wildlife products will be
strictly prohibited and the
violators will be dismissed.
Prior awareness program and
Illegal warning
A.1.2.6 hunting and NA NA NA NA 200,000
poaching program will be made before the
enrolment of construction worker
for the job.
Trapping and translocation of the
wildlife of conservation
significance.
About 5.3 km stretch of Dudh

Temporary Khola will be affected during the Constructi Included in
A.1.2.7 diversion of diversion of river from intake, ESISU EIA on ESMSU Project civil
river The implementation of Dudh period cost
Khola cannot avoid this impact
351
Prohibition to the construction

workforce to roam in the dense
ACA forest and forest areas on
the bank of Dudh Khola.
Loss of Coordinating ACA and its local Constructi
biodiversity units, DFO and local police posts on Included in
A.1.2.9 ESISU EIA ESMSU
(floral/fauna located at Nashong RM. contract bid
l) in the ACA period
Trapping and translocation of the
wildlife of conservation
significance.
Discharge of spent oils, mobiles,

slurry of batching plant,
discharge of sediments, settling
basins, aggregate washing plants,
untreated camp toiletry waste,
mechanical yards will be
Disturbance prohibited to be discharged During
Contracto Included in
A.1.2.10 to aquatic directly into the river. EIA constructio ESMSU
r contract bid
flora Awareness program to the local n
fishermen and other
stakeholders.
Disposing material in the river
flood plain will be prohibited.
Disposal of the camp waste,
toxic chemical containers, batch
352
of toxic materials will be buried

in the unauthorized areas
Disturbance During
Contracto Included in
A.1.2.11 to aquatic Same as above EIA con- ESMSU
r contract bid
fauna struction
Hoarding boards will be placed at

critical location of the access
road, headworks area, and
powerhouse sites as preventive
actions to control the forest fire.
Public awareness programs will

be launched to prevent the forest
fires in the local area.
During Included in
Contracto
A.1.2.12 Forest Fire EIA constructio ESMSU Project Civil
Project workers will be regularly r n cost
informed not to throw lighted
cigarette tips in the forest areas
and not to use forest area as
picnic spots.
Regular monitoring of workforces

and their activities will be carried
out and they will be made aware
time to time.
353
Removal of the cleared forest

litters from the forest area.
Total ( Construction Phase Cost) for Adverse Impacts of Biological Environment

8,415,000
NRs.
Operation Phase for Biological Environment
Minimum Environmental release

of 15% 0f monthly available flow
guaranteed all the time year from
the weir axis Project will
concentrate mentioned 500,000 for
Disturbance watershed management activities During regular
A.1.2.13 to Fish near the basin so that Proponent EIA constructio ESMSU maintenance of
migration immediately additional release n water shed of
can be made as replenished this area
discharge in additional weir is
designed as a free over flowtype.
Fish Habitat Protection Plan in
the EMP.
To minimize the impact, the

Aquatic Dudh Khola river habitat will be Progressive
Propone Included in
A.1.2.14 Flora and maintained making the stretch Operators EIA ly during
favorable to aquatic flora and nt operation cost
Fauna operation
fauna. Big boulders will be put or
excavated or put on the surface of
354
stream
Disturbance
Unnecessary movement of Progressive
to habitats of Propone Included in
A.1.2.15 operation phase work force will Operators EIA ly during
wildlife nt contract bid
be controlled. operation
habitat
To minimize the impact

afforestation will be carried out
Disturbance near the vicinity of the main
to wildlife project component so that it will
help for the habitat restoration of Progressive
movement Propone
A.1.2.16 Operators EIA ly during 200,000
due to the local area. nt
operation
project In addition at least 2 wooden
structure bridge or crossing will be placed
so that wild animals can pass
across the Dudh Khola stretch
These forest patches regular

monitoring will be carried out
along these patches.
Project will work in close
Issues easy coordination with the local Forest Progressive
Included in
A.1.2.17 access to Conservation Committee of, ACA Proponent EIA ly during ESMSU
contract bid
forest rules and regulations will operation
automatically prohibit illegal
activities along the forest patches.
No additional measures are
required.
355
Issues
Siren will be blown for 30 Will be
sudden Progressive
minutes and at least 3 times included in
A.1.2.18 release of Proponent EIA ly during ESMSU
before the release of water from project
water operation
the dam by the project staff. operation cost.
downstream
Project will release 15% of

monthly available flow. In
addition project will concentrate
Reduction in mentioned watershed
river flow in management activities along the Progressive Included in
A.1.2.19 the catchment area so that Proponent EIA ly during ESMSU project civil
downstream immediately additional release operation cost
zone from different rivulets can be
made as replenished discharge.
Long term coordination with

ACA, divisional forest office and
local security forces will be
Issues carried out to stop possible
related to smuggling of forest products Progressive
ly during Propone Included in
A.1.2.20 loss of Enforcement of Aquatic Animal Operators EIA
nt operation cost
biodiversity Protection Act. operation
in ACA
Afforestation program and
watershed management program
will help to minimize the residual
impact created by the project
356
placements.
Establish “Catch and haul”
program.
Hoarding boards will be placed at

critical location of the access road
on the preventive actions to
control the forest fire.
Public awareness programs will
be launched to prevent the forest
fires in the local area.
Project workers will be regularly Progressive
Possible Propone
A.1.2.21 informed not to throw lighted Operators EIA ly during 800,000
Forest Fire nt
cigarette tips in the forest areas operation
and not to use forest area as
picnic spots.
Project will work closely with the
local Forest Conservation Cell of
ACA.
Removal of the Cleared forest
litters from the forest area.
Total ( Operation Phase

for Adverse Impacts of Biological Environment = 4,350,000
Cost )
III. Adverse Impacts Socioeconomic and Cultural Environment (Construction Phase)
A.1.3.1 Acquisition Compensation at the market ESISU EIA 3 months ESMSU The project had
357
of land, and price of the lost assets by mutual prior to already bought
other private understanding constructio the private land
property n

compensated at the current
market price.
Issues Negotiation and mutual

related to understanding method will be At the time For acquisition
A.1.3.2 livelihoods applied while compensating these ESISU EIA of land ESMSU of land already
of affected temporarily taken land. occupancy cost is allocated
families Employment opportunity will be
given to the PAFs.
Employment opportunity during
the operation phase will be
prioritized to PAFs.
Compensation to the lost

standing crop at the market price.
Soon after NRs. 384,255 (
Loss of Priority employment in the See detail in
A.1.3.3 standing project and other rehabilitation ESISU/ EIA
the start of
ESMSU
contractor con- Annex
crops support.
struction III)
A.1.3.4 Issue in Camp site management and ESISU EIA During ESMSU Included in
358
pressure on supply of primary health care Con- project civil

local health facilities are the major measures struction at cost
and to minimize the impact. the time of
sanitation blasting
facilities
The project proponent will make
available the labors with potable
drinking water, clean toilets with
adequate water facilities.
Toilets will be made in temporary

camps with the ratio of one toilet
for 15 people.
Availability of first aid kit will be

made mandatory for preliminary
treatment in emergencies
Health check-up of workers and

documentation of health status
will be made periodically.
Priority will be given to the local
people in project works to
minimize the impacts on health
and sanitation.
Control on the opening of the
359
illegal brothels.
Distribution of free condoms and
free regular health checkup.
Aware of the investment During

Increased opportunities likely to generate Constructi
A.1.3.5 economic due to the project and encourage ESISU EIA on at the ESMSU 200,000
activities them to exploit the opportunities time of
for long-term income source blasting
Establish a health service facility

and support health workers
within the construction camps.
Establish water supply system for

Pressure on During
all the camp facilities within the
community Constructi
work area and camp area.
A.1.3.6 infrastructur ESISU EIA on at the ESMSU 600,000
Establish self-standing
es and time of
communication facilities for the
resources blasting
project staff and workers.
Establishment of separate
services for the camps and
construction sites.
360
Assistance to the existing service

infrastructure facilities at the
construction sites.
To minimize the conflict of

interest project will facilitate the
Project RM to formulate a Dudh
Khola Hydropower Concern
Committee.
Project management will deal During

Impact due with local people with the help Constructi
A.1.3.7 to conflict of and coordination with that ESISU EIA on at the ESMSU 450,000
interest committee and vice-versa. time of
blasting
Conflict of interest will be

discussed well within the
committee and project
management unit.
361
The workers will be instructed to

act in responsible manners
Impact on during and after the working During
hours, respecting the rights,
social, Constructi
A.1.3.8 cultural and culture and religious practices of ESISU EIA on at the ESMSU
the local people.
religious time of
practices blasting
Relocation of cremation sites and
structures.
First priority will be clearly given

to PAFs. Then direct impact area The cost is
Nashong RM ward no 5,6 and 7, During included in
Local
A1.3.10 Hydropower ESISU EIA Constructi Environmental
employment Dudh Khola
Concern Committee will be on period Enhancement
consulted further requiring of Cost
local work force.
Alcohol consumption in the

public places outside the camp
areas will be restricted.
District Police Office will be Prior to
Issues on law Cost is included
A.1.3.11 requested to increase the police ESISU EIA land ESMSU
and order in project cost
personnel to enhance the local occupancy
law and order.
The project personnel will be
362
advised through special

circulation that the illegal
extraction of floral and faunal
resources of the ACA or dealing
of the illegal extracted resources
will be punishable as per
ACA/GoN rules
Local women will be hired to the

extent possible.
Similarly, priority to job
opportunity will be provided to
Issues the people of affected indigenous,
related to vulnerable and backward group Prior to
A.1.3.12 gender and or families in the project area in ESISU EIA land ESMSU 500,000
disadvantage order to raise their living occupancy
groups standard.
Policy of no gender
discrimination.
Campaign against child and girl
trafficking.
Surface, blasting activities will be

Issues due to carried out only at day time.
blasting and During The cost is
A.1.3.13 other People will restrict to enter the ESISU EIA Constructi ESMSU included in
construction blasting area. Army official will on period design cost.
activities be used during the blasting
activities to be carried out.
363
Blasting operation in this project

is very limited. Prior to Blasting
nearest settlement of Birauta and
Pokhareba- gar will be pre-
informed.
Establishment and maintain the
safety signs in all construction
sites and camps.
Issues
arising due
During
to canal The mitigation is proposed in
Con- Included in civil
A.1.3.14 structures on construction phase, it is more or ESISU EIA ESMSU
struction cost
springs and less similar
period
water
sources
Issues of foot Progressive

No foot trails will be destroyed
trails along Contracto ly during
A.1.3.15 during the construction and the EIA ESMSU No cost
canal r constructio
operation phase of the project.
alignment n
Issues due to The settlement lie at the right

houses and bank of Dudh Khola and
settlements penstock alignment proposes During
A.1.1.16 near the along the right bank and also in ESISU EIA con- ESMSU No cost
penstock some distance. struction
alignment/a Due to the proposed model of
xis project components no impact on
364
these settlement due to waterway

is envisaged and hence no
mitigation measures are
proposed
Total (Construction Phase Cost ) of Adverse Impacts for Socioeconomic and Cultural Environment = NRs. 2,034,255
Adverse Impacts Socioeconomic and Cultural Environment (Operation Phase)
The project will run counseling

programs to tell the workers
about the availability of works in
similar
projects running elsewhere in
Nepal.
The local farmers, business

Declining in people and traders will be made During
Contracto
A.1.3.17 Economic EIA Operation ESMSU 550,000
aware of the income generating r
Activities phase
activities that could be operated
by the availability of the
electricity in their area.
In addition skill training program

as an Environmental
Enhancement Program will be
carried out so that people can
switch their occupation easily
365
based on their skill and local

availability of resources.
Administrative controls
OHS Training to the
Construction Workforce
Provision of First Sid Station
Establish and maintain the safety
sighs in all construction sites and
camps.
Establish and maintain
firefighting equipments in all
Occupation construction sites and camps Will be
Progressive
Health and Propone included in
A.1.3.18 Periodic Health Checkups Operators EIA ly during
Safety nt project
operation
Hazards Provisioning of personnel operation cost.
protective equipments
Provisions of field hospitals and
ambulance
Supervision and monitoring of
the occupational safeguard
practices at work sites.
Emergency preparedness and
response in case of accidents or
major construction risks.
A.1.3.19 Reduction of The temporarily used land will be Contracto EIA During ESMSU Include in
366
agricultural rehabilitated by project itself and r Operation operation cost

land handed over to the respective phase
owner.
PAFs of permanent land

acquisition will be given special
agriculture enchantment training
so that they can increase their
production from the remaining
land
Siren network will be established

in the dewatered zone by the
Sudden project
release of Mutually
water During
downstream Siren will be blown 30 minutes
Contracto Constructi Propone Included in
A.1.3.20 in the before the release of water from EIA
r on and nt operation cost
dewatered the dam by the project staff
stretch on Operation
the people phase
and wildlife Local people will be given aware-
ness training to safeguard their
cattle from the flood
Issues Sufficient anchoring and support Progressive

arising due will be provided for the safety of Proponent EIA Included in civil
A.1.3.21 ly during ESMSU
to canal headrace pipe. cost
operation
crossing and
367
project
structures on Therefore, no additional
springs and mitigation measures are
water proposed.
sources
Drying up of such sources are not
anticipated.
Dislocation
Issue already addressed in
/disturbance Progressive
construction phase no additional Included in civil
A.1.3.22 to foot trails Proponent EIA ly during ESMSU
impacts during operation phase cost
along canal operation
so no additional mitigation
alignment
To protect the society local

cultural groups will be promoted
via cultural training; social
institutions will be made much
Increased strengthened. Progressive
A.1.3.23 tourism Proponent EIA ly during ESMSU 800,000
activities operation
Locals will be aware to take
positive benefit from the
increased tourism activities along
the area
Minimum land will be used as far Progressive

as possible ly during
A.1.3.24 Loss of Land Proponent EIA ESMSU No cost
For the loss of permanent land operation
appropriate compensation will be
368
given
The acquisition of land is only

Acquisition done not the acquisition of Already
of land and private property Progressive provided in
other private ly during land acquisition
A.1.3.25 Those families whose land will be Proponent EIA ESMSU
property cost of
(operation acquired they will be given first operation construction
phase) priority for employment phase
opportunity.
Dudh Khola is not used for

bathing, recreation, irrigation, Progressive
Water Use water supply sources and there is ly during No cost
A.1.3.26 Proponent EIA ESMSU
Right no any future project that allocated
hampers the water use rights of operation
Dudh Khola
Total (Operation Phase Cost ) of Adverse Impacts for Socioeconomic and Cultural Environment = NRs. 2,100,000
369
Environmental Monitoring Management Plan

The environmental monitoring plan designed for the project has three main objectives;
To ensure that the project baseline conditions were adequately documented such that a
comparative assessment of the project baseline before and after the project could be made
objectively for impact evaluation
To ensure that the mitigation commitments to minimize the predicted adverse impacts and
maximize the beneficial impacts including the environmental enhancement programs were
actually complied and implemented in time and with sincerity by the project.
To verify that the project impacts were within the limits of the EIA impact prediction or some
unforeseen impacts also occurred during project development and what measures were taken
to minimize the unforeseen impacts
Taking into account of the above objectives, three types of monitoring are envisaged in the
plan, namely: Baseline Monitoring, Compliance Monitoring and Impact Monitoring. Since the
required databases for the environmental baseline (except for air and noise) are already
collected by the EIA study, the project is not envisaged to require Baseline Monitoring in other
environmental sectors except for ambient air and noise levels.
The compliance monitoring comprises two parts, the first is the compliance to the mitigation
management plan as depicted in Table 9.9 (Pre-construction phase), 9.10 (Construction
phase), 9.11 (post construction phase), and 9.12 (operation phase) including the corrective
actions issued by the ESMSU and other stakeholders, the second part comprises of the legal
standards and guideline issued by the government of Nepal and the approval and permit
conditions as given in section 9.3 of this management plan.
The impact monitoring comprises monitoring of the key baseline indicators whose pre-project
baseline is well documented for a comparative environmental assessment in various stages of
project development.
Table 9.11, 9.12, and 9.13 presents the baseline monitoring plan, compliance monitoring plan
and impact monitoring plan in a matrix format showing monitoring indicators, monitoring
methods, frequency of monitoring, responsible parties along with the required cost estimates
Table 9-11: Baseline Monitoring Plan
S. Individua Financial
Indicator ls Methods Frequency/Time Place commit-
N
ment
responsib
Ambient air le High volume 24 hrs/ once Near (NRs.)
1 quality for ESMSU air sample prior to start of Headwork, 200,000
TSP/PM10 /Low volume construction Adit and
(ug.m3) air sampler Powerhouse
sites
370
Noise Level 15 minutes for Near

2 Noise Level ESMSU Meter/ four different Headwork, 7 5,000
zones Adit and
Docimeter
Powerhouse
sites
371
Table 9-12: Compliance Monitoring, Pre-construction, Construction, Post construction and Operation Phase construction
Financial
Individuals Frequency/Ti
S.N Provisions for compliance Methods Place commitment
responsible me
(NRs.)
A. Pre-construction Phase
Approval from the ACA to use the

ACA area as stipulated in the Included in
1 development plan at least 3 ESMSU Approval Document Once Site office construction
months before the start of the management
construction
Included in
Approval from the Divisional
2 forest Office of the forest areas ESMSU Approval Document Once Site office construction
required for the project management
Completion of compensation for Included in

Progressively
the private land and community Compensation
3 ESMSU during pre- Site office construction
land at least 3 months before the documents
construction
start of the construction works management
Handing over the land required Included in

for construction at least 2 months
4 ESMSU Handing Document Once Site office construction
before the construction works to
contractor management
372
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
Written agreement between the

Included in
contractor and the private land
5 owners submitted to the ESMSU agreement documents Once Site office construction
proponent engineers prior to the management
occupancy of the temporary land
Contractor submit the

construction camp arrangement
Included in
plan (contractor, and labor camps
6 and other camps) for approval to ESMSU Submission documents Once Site office construction
the engineers before construction
management
and get approval from engineers
prior to the start of construction
Contractor submit the quarry,

burrow pit excavation and
Included in
rehabilitation plan to the
7 engineers for approval before ESMSU Submission documents Once Site office construction
construction and get approval
management
from engineers prior to the start of
construction
8 Contractor submit the spoil ESMSU Submission documents Once Site office Included in
disposal and rehabilitation plan to
373
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
the engineers before construction construction

and get approval from engineers management
prior to the start of construction
Contractor submit health and

safety operation plan to the Included in
engineers for approval before
9 ESMSU Submission documents Once Site office construction
construction and get approval
from engineers prior to the start of management
construction
Contractor submit the emergency

Included in
preparedness plan to the
10 engineers before construction and ESMSU Submission documents Once Site office construction
get approval from engineers prior management
to the start of construction
The contractor submit overall

environmental management plan
Included in
of the construction works within
11 the premises of the construction ESMSU Submission documents Once Site office construction
area to the engineers and get management
approval prior to the start of
construction works
374
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
The engineers examine the plans

in the context of approved EIA Included in
and give approval with or without
12 ESMSU Approval documents Once Site office construction
modification prior to the start of
construction works to the management
contractor
B. Construction Phase
Adverse Issues
Employment records/
Priority employment in the project
13 ESMSU consultation with local 2 months Site office
and other rehabilitation support
people
Rehabilitation records/ Site office Included in

14 Rehabilitation support measures ESMSU consultation with local 1 months Project construction
people site management
15 Rental fees equivalent to one year ESMSU Payment receipts, 6 months Site office Included in
agricultural production to land consultation with local Project construction
375
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
owners people site management
Compensation to the lost compensation records/ Site office Included in

16 agricultural produce at market ESMSU consultation with local 2 months Project construction
price to land owners people site management
Compensation to the concerned

stakeholder as per the lease price
compensation records/ Site office Included in
of the Forest Regulation for the
17 ESMSU consultation with local Once Project construction
period of land occupancy
people, offices site management
(community land, forest land, ACA
land)
Compensation of the aggregate compensation records/ Site office Included in

18 volume excavated as per DDC ESMSU consultation with local 2 months Project construction
guideline people site management
Establish a health service facility

Included in
with a MBBS doctor and support Project
19 ESMSU Site observation 2 months construction
health workers within the site
management
construction camps
21 records/ consultation 2 months Included in

Support to local administrative ESMSU Project
with local government construction
376
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
units of local governments officials site management
Separate water supply and Included in

Project
22 communication facility for the ESMSU Site observation 2 months construction
site
camp management
Will establish grocery shop for the Included in

Project
23 project staff and workers in each ESMSU Site observation 2 months construction
site
of the camps management
Establish sanitation management Included in

Project
24 unit in construction sites and ESMSU Site observation 2 months construction
site
camps management
Training records/ Included in

Launch community awareness Project
25 ESMSU consultation with local 2 months construction
program on communicable disease site
people management
Launch community awareness Training records/ Included in

Project
26 program on sexually transmitted ESMSU consultation with local 2 months construction
site
disease people management
27 Distribution records 2 months Included in

Distribute condoms free of cost for ESMSU Project
consultation with local construction
377
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
the workers and locals people site management
Organize regular ethical Included in

records/ consultation Project
28 behavioral programs to outside EESMU 2 months construction
with workers site
workers management
Discourage alcohol consumption records/ consultation Included in

Project
29 in the public places and outside ESMSU with local people 2 months construction
site
the camp areas /contractor management
Request district Police Office to request records/ Included in

Project
30 increase the police personnel to ESMSU consultation with local 2 months construction
site
enhance the local law and order. police post management
Included in
Awareness training to project records/ consultation
31 ESMSU 2 months Site office construction
personnel with project personnel
management
The project contractors and the Included in

32 workforce will be obliged through ESMSU 2 months construction
with local people site
contractual provisions management
33 The project personnel will be ESMSU records/ consultation 2 months Site office Included in
construction
378
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
advised through special circulation with project personnel management
The project contractors and the Included in

34 workforce will be obliged through ESMSU 2 months construction
with local people site
contractual provisions management
ACA post of Chame will be

assisted financially for the
Included in
construction of residential and compensation records/ Project
35 ESMSU 2 months construction
office blocks of up to 50 personnel consultation with ACA site
management
at Timure or in place close to
Timure
For the project construction

period, project will provide salary
Included in
and allowances for additional 5 records/ consultation Project
game scouts to increase with ACA site
management
monitoring and surveillance of the
nearby ACA area.
Included in
Establishment of a centrally Project
37 ESMSU Direct observation 2 months construction
located health service facility site
management
379
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
Provision of standby ambulance in

the centrally located health service Included in
Project
38 facility ESMSU Direct observation 2 months construction
site
management
Provisions of medical stocks and

other support facilities in the Included in
Project
39 centrally located health facility to ESMSU Direct observation 2 months construction
site
stabilize the conditions of injured management
prior to the accident
Provision of first aid facility in the Included in

Project
40 construction camps, and ESMSU Direct observation 2 months construction
site
construction sites management
Provision of personnel protective

equipment such as helmets,
Included in
gloves, boots, mask, ear plugs, Project
safety belts etc. as to the site
management
requirement of the construction
work
42 Organize regular safety instruction ESMSU Direct observation 2 months Project Included in
380
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
and safety drills prior to, during site construction

and after the working hours in a management
routinely manner
Place hoarding boards, and traffic

Included in
signs in the critical points in traffic Project
corridor and conduct awareness site
management
campaigns to locals
Place danger sign in critical Included in

Project
44 danger areas in the construction ESMSU Direct observation 2 months construction
site
sites management
All the construction sites will be

Included in
fenced and unauthorized persons Project
will not be allowed in the con- site
management
struction sites
Sirens will be blown 10 minutes

before and 5 minutes after surface
Included in
blasting for public safety. All foot Project
trails will be blocked for public site
management
movement at the time of blasting
operations
381
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
All visitors in the construction site

Included in
will be instructed to wear Project
protective helmets and other site
management
safety gears
Local government will be advised

of the expanding settlements and
Included in
its environmental consequences to records/ consultation Project
step in for management. If with local government site
management
planning is requested, local
government will be assisted.
Equal opportunity will be given to Direct observation/ Included in

Project
49 male and female in the ESMSU consultation with 2 months construction
site
employment. women groups management
records/ consultation
Local governments and local law with Included in
and order authorities will be Project
50 ESMSU local government and 2 months construction
informed if visit to Brothels are site
law and order management
discovered.
authorities
51 Construction workforce will be ESMSU records/ direct 2 months Project Included in
382
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
discouraged in visiting brothels. If observation, site construction

found visiting brothels will be discussions with the management
expelled from the construction local communities
job.
Construction workforce will be

instructed not to indulge in such records/ direct
Included in
activities and if found involved observation, Project
will be expelled from project jobs discussions with the site
management
and complaint is filed to police local communities
station for other legal actions
Under aged child will not be records/ direct

Included in
employed for the construction jobs observation, Project
or in jobs within the camps of discussions with the site
management
client and contractors. local communities
II. Physical and Chemical Environment
Adverse Issues
Landscaping of the excavated ESMSU Project Included in

54 direct observation, 2 months
areas to match with the site construction
383
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
surrounding topographic forms management
Landscaping of the spoil Included in

Project
55 deposition areas to match with the ESMSU direct observation, Monthly construction
site
surrounding topographic forms management
Honking of vehicular horns will be

direct observation, Included in
restricted by placing signs along Project
56 ESMSU discussions with the Daily construction
the traffic corridors and in the site
local communities management
construction sites
Mechanical noise of the

equipment and machinery will be Included in
direct Project
57 minimized by regularly ESMSU Dally construction
observation,/records site
maintaining the equipment and management
machinery
Surface blasting activities will be direct observation, Included in

Project
58 restricted to the day time zone ESMSU discussions with the Daily construction
site
only local communities management
The ventilators at the and Adit ESMSU direct Project Included in

59 Dally
portals will be fitted with noise observation,/records site construction
384
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
control device management
Cut batter slopes above 1.5 height Included in

direct Project
60 will be protected by bio- ESMSU Monthly construction
engineering management
Side casting of the excavated Included in

materials will be minimized. All direct Project construction
61 ESMSU Daily
the spoils will be deposited at the observation,/records site managemen
designated spoil disposal sites t
Side drains will be made all along

Included in
the internal access roads with
direct Project construction
62 drainage bypass at appropriate ESMSU Monthly
observation,/records site managemen
location to minimize the surface
t
run off erosion of the road surface.
Included in
Prohibition of spoil disposal in the direct Project construction
63 ESMSU Daily
unauthorized areas observation,/records site managemen
t
64 Dry gabion wall of about 0.5 m ESMSU Monthly Included in

direct Project
shall be erected on the river side construction
385
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
before deposition of the spoils in observation,/records site managemen

the river bank to avoid toe erosion t
of the spoil in the monsoon
Included in
Appropriate drainage will be
65 established around the spoil ESMSU Monthly
disposal
t
The spoil deposition surface will Included in

be compacted and drainage will be direct Project construction
66 ESMSU Monthly
established after the completion of observation,/records site managemen
the spoil deposition t
Quarry slope will managed Included in

through benching at every 5 m to direct Project construction
67 ESMSU Monthly
avoid land instability problem at observation,/records site managemen
the quarried slope. t
Included in
Prohibition to excavation at
68 quarry forming steep slopes ESMSU Monthly
(above 70 degree)
t
386
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
Appropriate drainage Included in

management plan and execution direct Project construction
69 ESMSU Monthly
of the plan around the headwork observation,/records site managemen
areas t
Side drains will be made all along

Included in
the internal access roads with
70 drainage bypass at appropriate ESMSU Monthly
location to minimize the surface
t
run off erosion of the road surface.
Will organize regular ethical

Included in
behavioral programs to outside
71 workers before work session on ESMSU monthly
respecting the local people, their
t
culture and traditions
The project will observe and Included in

direct Project
72 respect the local culture and ESMSU Daily construction
traditions management
The outside workforce found direct Project

73 Included in
offending local culture and ESMSU observation,/records
Monthly
site construction
tradition will be dismissed from
387
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
the project jobs management
III. Chemical Environment
Adverse Issue
Regular water sprinkling in the

Main access road corridors from Included in
direct Project
74 Dharapani to Tiliche and beyond ESMSU Daily construction
in the dry season will be carried management
out to arrest the road blown dusts
Regular water sprinkling in the

internal access road Tiliche to adit Included in
direct Project
75 canal, Nashong particularly in the ESMSU Daily construction
dry season will be carried out to management
arrest the road blown dusts
All vehicles and machinery used in

the project will be in compliance Included in
direct Every six Project
76 with emission standards set for ESMSU construction
observation,/records months site
vehicles and machinery by management
MOFWE.
388
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
Waste water discharges coming

out of the will be settled in a Included in
direct Project
77 sedimentation tank before ESMSU Daily construction
releasing into the receiving water management
body
Waste water from the aggregate

washing plant and crusher will be Included in
direct Project
78 settled into sedimentation tank ESMSU Daily construction
before releasing into the receiving management
water bodies
Waste water from the batching

plant, mechanical equipment
Included in
yards will be settled into direct Project
79 ESMSU Daily construction
sedimentation tanks before observation,/records site
management
releasing in to the receiving water
bodies
All spent mobil, greases,

lubricating oils in the mechanical Included in
direct Project
80 and equipment yards and other ESMSU daily construction
hazardous waste of camps and management
construction sites will be collected
389
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
separately and kept in plastic

drums for safe disposal as per the
instruction of engineers.
Haphazard disposal of the spent
petroleum products and
hazardous waste will
be prohibited.
Individuals Financial
Frequency/Ti
responsible me
(NRs.)
A separate bunded area with

cemented floor will be designated
for the reserve of petroleum
products. The run off discharges of
the floor will be passed through Included in
direct Project
81 oil/ grease separator before ESMSU 2 months construction
releasing into the natural water management
bodies. The separated oil and
grease will be collected in plastic
drums for disposal as authorized
by the engineers
390
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
Temporary toilets with earthen pit

(one for every 10 workers) will be
developed in all the active Included in
direct Project
82 construction sites and mechanical ESMSU Daily construction
equipment yards. Open defecation management
in and around the construction
sites will be prohibited
The drums and containers of the

toxic chemicals will be collected in Included in
direct Project
83 a separate bunded area for later ESMSU Daily construction
disposal as authorized by the management
engineers.
All the engineer's camps,

contractor's camps, and labor
camps will be facilitated with
sufficient numbers of toilets and Included in
bathrooms (at least one for every ESMSU direct Project
84 Monthly construction
10 workers). Septic tanks and soak observation,/records site
management
pits as to the requirement to
assimilate the wastes will be built.
Open defecation in and around the
camps will be prohibited. Sanitary
391
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
wastes will not be discharged into

open water bodies.
Disposal of spoils directly into the

water bodies will be prohibited. All
spoil materials of the , settling
Included in
basin, surge tank, penstock, direct Project
85 ESMSU daily construction
tailrace, power house, quarry observation,/records site
management
areas will be placed in the
designated spoil disposal sites or
as authorized by the engineer
Cement bags, plastic containers,

mesh weirs, small iron rods, and
other metallic and non-metallic
packaging materials will be
collected and deposited in
B Post
separate designated areas as direct Project
86 ESMSU Monthly Construction
advised by the engineers. observation,/records site
Phase
Haphazard disposal of such wastes
will be prohibited in and around
the construction sites. These waste
materials will be disposed as
directed by the engineers
392
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
Included in
Disposal of spoil mucks will be direct Project
prohibited in unauthorized areas observation,/records site
management
All the camp solid wastes;

households, and offices solid
wastes will be collected daily and
will be deposited in separate
Included in
bunded areas as per the nature of direct Project
88 ESMSU Monthly construction
wastes. These wastes will be observation,/records site
management
disposed as per the direction of
the engineers. Haphazard disposal
of camp solid wastes will be
prohibited.
IV. Biological Environment
Adverse Issues
Forest and vegetation will be cut Included in

direct Project
89 only to the required by pegging the ESMSU Daily construction
area and numbering the trees management
393
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
Compensatory afforestation of the

felled local tree species as per
Included in
department of Forest Guideline direct Project
2006 will be carried out in observation,/records site
management
consultation with the Divisional
forest Office on the project costs.
The outside construction

workforce will be encouraged to Included in
direct Project
91 live in the labor camps where ESMSU Monthly construction
kerosene or LPG will be provided management
by the project for central cooking
Fuel wood will be strictly

prohibited in the camps house, Included in
direct Project
92 quarry areas will be placed in the ESMSU Daily construction
designated spoil disposal sites or management
as authorized by the engineer
Project will not purchase project

Included in
required timber and other direct Project
products from unauthorized local observation,/records site
management
person or business man
394
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
Included in
Surface blasting operations will be direct Project
limited to only day time zone observation,/records site
management
The project staff and workforce Included in

direct Project
95 will be instructed not to visit the ESMSU Daily construction
core ACA areas management
Outside workforce and staff found Included in

direct Project
96 in illegal poaching of wildlife will ESMSU Daily construction
be terminated from project jobs management
Included in
Meat of wildlife in the camps will direct Project
be strictly prohibited observation,/records site
management
Unless not required by the project

Included in
structural placement, the riverbed direct Project
will not be disturbed. The impact observation,/records site
management
is residual.
Discharge of spent oils, mobiles, ESMSU direct Project Included in

99 Daily
slurry of batching plant, discharge observation,/records site construction
395
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
of sediments, settling basins, management

aggregate washing plants,
untreated camp toiletry waste,
mechanical yards will be
prohibited to be discharged
directly into the river
Included in
Unauthorized spoil disposal in the direct Project
river flood plain will be prohibited observation,/records site
management
Fishing will be restricted for the Included in

direct Project
101 project staff and outside project ESMSU Daily construction
workforce management
Use of local fish as delicacy in the Included in

direct Project
102 construction camp will be ESMSU Daily construction
prohibited. management
Disposal of the camp waste,

redundant toxic chemical Included in
direct Project
103 containers, spillage of toxic ESMSU Daily construction
materials will be prohibited in the management
unauthorized areas
396
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
B. Post Construction Phase
All the agricultural lands are

Included in
rehabilitated to the original direct Project
104 ESMSU monthly construction
conditions as far as possible to the observation,/records site
management
satisfaction of the landowners
The rental fees of the temporary

direct Project
105 lands are paid as per the ESMSU Monthly
agreement to the land owners
All the residential structures built

on the temporary lands are direct Project
106 ESMSU Monthly
dismantled and spoils properly observation,/records site
disposed in designated places
The sites used for camp waste

Included in
collection and disposal are direct Project
rehabilitated to the satisfaction of observation,/records site
management
the engineers
direct Project
108 The quarry sites and burrow pit ESMSU Monthly Included in
sites are rehabilitated as per the observation,/records site construction
397
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
quarry and burrow pit management

development and rehabilitation
plan the satisfaction of engineers
through bio-engineering measures
The spoil disposal sites are

Included in
developed as per the spoil disposal direct Project
and rehabilitation plan to the observation,/records site
management
satisfaction of engineers
All the structures not required for

operation are dismantled in the Included in
direct Project
110 construction sites and the sites ESMSU Monthly construction
rehabilitated on consultation with management
the proponent
All the excavation sites are

rehabilitated through bio- Included in
direct Project
111 engineering or engineering ESMSU Monthly construction
techniques for stability as per the management
instruction of the engineers.
direct Project
112 The engineers give certificates of ESMSU Monthly Included in
rehabilitation of all sites before the observation,/records site construction
398
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
final contact payments are made management
For not completed rehabilitation

works by the contractors, the Included in
direct Project
113 payments are withheld equal to ESMSU Monthly construction
the amount required for the management
rehabilitation works.
C. Environmental Enhancement Plan (EEP) Pre-construction, Construction, Post construction Phases
Included in
direct Project
114 School and Campus support ESMSU Monthly construction
management
Included in
direct Project
115 Health Care Facility Support ESMSU Monthly construction
management
Included in
Safe Drinking Water Supply direct Project
Support observation,/records site
management
117 Upgrading and establishment of ESMSU Monthly Included in

direct Project
construction
399
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
Road Development observation,/records site management
Included in
direct Project
118 Infrastructures support ESMSU Monthly construction
management
D. Operation Phase
I. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment
Adverse Issues
Siren network will be established Included in

Project direct Project
119 in the dewatered zone by the Once construction
Manager observation,/records site
project. management
Siren will be blown 30 minutes Included in

Project direct Project
120 before the release of water from Once construction
the dam by the project staff management
Local people will be given Project Included in

direct Project
121 awareness training to safeguard Once construction
their cattle from the flood plain management
400
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
area after the siren is blown
II. Physical and Chemical Environment
Adverse Issues
Release of environmental flow of

Included in
15% of monthly available flow as Project direct
122 Daily Dam site construction
riparian release to minimize the Manager observation,/records
management
micro-climate change
Big boulders will be laid for about

Included in
50 m stretch immediately Project direct
123 Once Dam site construction
downstream tailrace to minimize Manager observation,/records
management
the erosion
III. Chemical Environment
Adverse Issues
Release of environmental flow of Included in

Project direct
124 of 15% of monthly available flow Daily Dam site construction
Manager observation,/records
as riparian release. management
401
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
All the camp solid wastes;

households, and offices solid
wastes will be collected daily and
will be deposited in separate Powerhou
Included in
bunded areas as per the nature of Project direct se and
125 Daily construction
wastes. These wastes will be Manager observation,/records head work
management
disposed as per the direction of sites
the engineers. Haphazard disposal
of camp solid wastes will be
prohibited.
All the spent oils, lubricants, from

the powerhouse and switch yards
and transformers will be collected
Powerhou
and kept in a separate designated Project Included in
direct se and
126 area. These spent oils and Daily construction
observation,/records head-
lubricants will be handed over to Manager management
work sites
the authorized private waste oil
and lubricant dealers for
treatment reuse
IV. Biological Environment
402
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
Adverse Issues
Release of environmental flow of

Included in
15% of monthly available flow as Project direct
127 Daily Dam site construction
riparian release all times during Manager observation,/records
management
project operation
E. Beneficial Issues
I. Construction Phase
records/ direct
The main access road leading to Project Included in
observation,
128 the project site will be regularly ESMSU 2 months construction
discussions with the site
maintained by the project management
local communities
records/ direct
Project will give preference to the Project Included in
observation,
129 local surplus produce in the camps ESMSU 2 months construction
consumable goods management
local communities
130 Project will assist local ESMSU records/ direct 2 months Project Included in
government in the organization of observation, construction
403
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
regular fair market discussions with the site management

local communities
Local government and local people

records/ direct
will be advised for the location of Project Included in
observation,
131 such facilities. If required layout ESMSU 2 months construction
planning of the facilities will be management
local communities
assisted by the project.
Project will assist local

records/ direct
governments in providing Included in
observation, Project
132 trainings to the local area people ESMSU 2 months construction
for keeping and managing hotels, management
local communities
lodges, and stalls
Project will instruct its contractors

records/ direct
to provide opportunities to the Project Included in
observation,
132 local area people in subcontracting ESMSU 2 months construction
subsidiary industrial businesses management
local communities
related to the project
The project will encourage records/ direct Project Included in

133 government services to take ESMSU observation, 2 months construction
site management
benefit of the improved road and discussions with the
404
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
communication access local communities
Included in
Afforestation as per forest Project direct Afforestati
134 monthly construction
guideline will be implemented Manager observation/records on area
management
Awareness campaign will be

organized once in the beginning of Project direct Project Included in
135 project construction works to the Monthly construction
local community on ACA forestry Manager observation,/records site management
management and development
II. Operation Phase
The developed lands of the quarry

Included in
will be handed over to the village Project direct
development committees, if they Manager observation,/records management
desired so.
The developed lands of the spoil

Included in
disposal sites will be handed over Project direct
to the village development Manager observation,/records management
committees, if they desired so.
405
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
Round the year maintenance of Project direct Project Included in

138 the main access road will be Monthly construction
provided within the project area Manager observation,/records site management
Local people will be preferred for

Included in
the operation related job Project direct Project
139 Monthly construction
opportunities and maintenance Manager observation,/records site management
works
The local people will be consulted

on the future use of the quarry and Included in
Direct Project
140 burrow pit areas and these sites ESMSU 2 month construction
will be rehabilitated as to the management
future requirement
Individuals Financial
Frequency/Ti
responsible me
(NRs.)
The local people will be consulted Included in

direct Project
141 on the future use of the spoil areas ESMSU 2 month construction
and these sites will be observation,/records site management
rehabilitated as to the future
406
Financial
responsible me
(NRs.)
requirement
records/ direct
The project at all times will act Project Included in
observation,
142 responsibly to enhance the local ESMSU 2 months construction
tax and revenue collection management
local communities
Awareness campaign will be

organized during operation phase Project direct Project Included in
143 also to the local community on Monthly construction
ACA forestry management and Manager observation,/records site management
development
407
Table 9-13: Impact Monitoring, Pre-construction, Construction, Post construction and Operation Phase
Financial
Individuals Frequency/
S.N Monitoring Indicator Methods Place commitment
responsible Time
(NRs.)
Construction Phase
Interviews ,
Livelihood conditions of
observation, and After two three All directly Included in
the affected people by
1 ESMSU administering years of land project affected construction
land and property
structured acquisition HH management
acquisition
questionnaires
Interviews ,
observation, and
Quality of Life of the Every year Affected Included in
administering
2 affected ESMSU during project construction
structured RM
communities/RM construction management
questionnaires to
selected groups
Pressure to education Interviews with the Every six

Included in
institutions, health ESMSU school teachers, health months during Affected
3 construction
institutions, transport workers, commuters, project con- RM
management
services, water sources water user groups, struction
408
Financial
responsible Time
(NRs.)
and drinking water irrigation user groups

supply, etc.
Obstruction to foot Direct observation, and Every two

Included in
trails, private cultivate discussions with the months during Affected
4 ESMSU construction
land, suspension affected communities project RM management
bridges, etc. and parties construction
Direct observation, and Every two

Epidemic outbreak, Included in
discussions with the months during Affected
5 increase in STD, HIV, ESMSU construction
affected communities project RM
AIDs, accidents etc. management
and parties construction
Every months Included in

Injuries, accidents of Records of injuries and All construction
6 ESMSU during project construction
construction workforce accidents, workforce
construction management
Community Every months Project Included in

Conflicts between locals
7 ESMSU consultations, and during project construction construction
and outside workforce
record keepings construction area management
Increase in burglary, Police records, Every months Project Included in

8 ESMSU
hooliganism, etc. consultation with the during project construction construction
409
Financial
responsible Time
(NRs.)
communities, direct construction area management

observation
Prices of the Every months Project Included in

records of commodity
9 commodities in the local ESMSU during project construction construction
prices in local markets
area construction area management
Every six
People perception of Discussions with the Included in
months during Project affected
10 environmental ESMSU beneficiary of construction
project con- RM
enhancement programs enhancement programs management
struction
Shift in cultural
Every six
practices and traditions Included in
Direct observation and months during Project affected
11 or cultural conflicts ESMSU construction
community discussions project RM
between locals and management
construction
outsiders
Every months Quarry sites, Included in

Landslides and debris
12 ESMSU Direct observation during project Headwork, construction
flows incidents
construction powerhouse site, management
410
Financial
responsible Time
(NRs.)
Spoil disposal
sites
Quarry sites,
headwork,
powerhouse site,
Erosion of soil and Every months Included in
spoil disposal
13 deposition in down ESMSU Direct observation during project construction
sites, access
slopes construction management
roads, aggregate
crushing and
storage sites
Every day Included in

Increase in noise Direct observation and Project sites and
14 ESMSU during construction
pollution community discussions Project RM
construction management
Instrumental
measurements of noise Every 4 months Powerhouse,
Increase in noise
15 ESMSU A weighted averages during Adit and Head- 750,000
pollution
(dBA) by noise level construction work sites
meters
16 Water Quality of Dudh ESMSU Direct observation Every day Dudh Khola- 120,000
411
Financial
responsible Time
(NRs.)
Khola during below head-

construction work and
powerhouse
sites
Sample collection and

laboratory testing for
the standards Every 6 months Dudh Khola
Water Quality of Dudh parameters. above and below
17 ESMSU during 600,000
Khola headwork and
Macroinvertebrate construction
powerhouse
sampling for EPT
Abundance.
Effluent
discharges from
camps, adits,
Sample collection and aggregate
Every 6 months
Water quality of laboratory testing for washing plant,
18 ESMSU during 240,000
effluents the standards desander,
construction
parameters. powerhouse,
spoil disposal
site, batching
plants
412
Financial
responsible Time
(NRs.)
Sample collection and

laboratory testing for
the standards Engineer camp,
parameters. Every 6 months
Water Quality of potable two construction
19 ESMSU during construc- 900,000
waters Seasonal camps and two
tion
macroinvertebrate labor camps
sampling for EPT
Abundance.
All active Included in

Every day dur- construction
20 Ambient air quality ESMSU Direct observation ESMSU
ing construction sites and access
road corridor costs
Instrumental mea-
surements of air quality Every 6 months Timure/ and
21 Ambient air quality ESMSU by igh or low volume during Ghattekhola 240,000
samples for standards construction
gaon,
parameters.
Instrumental
months canal included in
22 Canal air quality ESMSU Every
measurement of
during project working contractor
parameters for
413
Financial
responsible Time
(NRs.)
standards parameters. construction front costs
Included in
Every months
Directly project
23 Nos. of species cleared ESMSU Records of clearance during project ESMSU
affected sites
construction costs
Every months
Records of clearance of Directly project Included in
24 Nos. of species cleared ESMSU during project
species affected sites ESMSU costs
construction
Direct observation and

Ecological status of Every six Project affected Included in
25 ESMSU plot studies in selected
forest and vegetation months RM ESMSU costs
forest areas
Community
Project affected Included in
26 Poaching of wildlife ESMSU consultations, and Every 2 months
RM ESMSU costs
record keepings
Status of afforestation Records of afforestation Every six Afforestation

28 ESMSC Included in
and survival rate and counting of survival months area within
414
Financial
responsible Time
(NRs.)
project affected ESMSU

RM costs
Operation Phase
Interviews ,
Livelihood conditions of
observation, and Once , after 2 All directly
the affected people by Project
29 administering years of project project affected 900,000
land and property Manager
structured operation HH
acquisition
questionnaires
Interviews , obser-
vation, and
Quality of Life of the Project Once , after 2
administering
30 affected years of project All affected RM 900,000
Manager structured
communities/RMC operation
questionnaires to
selected groups
31 People perception of Project Discussions with the Once , after 2 Project affected 900,000
environmental Manager beneficiary of years of project RM
415
Financial
responsible Time
(NRs.)
enhancement programs enhancement programs operation
landslides and debris Project Every six Included in

32 flows incidents in the Direct observation months for the Dam area, operational
reservoir rim Manager first five years costs
Quarry sites,
headwork,
powerhouse site,
Erosion of soil and Project Every six Included in
spoil disposal
33 deposition in down Direct observation months for the operational
Manager sites, access
slopes first five years costs
roads, aggregate
crushing and
storage sites
Chemical Environment
Sample collection and Dudh Khola

Water Quality of Dudh Project laboratory testing for Once every year above and below
34 1,800,000
Khola Manager the standard for 30 years headwork and
parameters powerhouse
416
Financial
responsible Time
(NRs.)
Afforestation
Status of afforestation Project Records of afforestation Once every 3 area within
35 1,650,000
and survival rate Manager and counting of survival years 30 years project affected
RM and ACA
417
Summary of Monitoring Cost
SN Type of Monitoring Estimated Cost
1 Baseline Monitoring 2,100,000
2 Compliance Monitoring Included in Construction Management

Cost
3 Impact monitoring construction phase 7,650,000
4 Impact Monitoring Operation Phase 5,250,000
Total 15,000,000
Resettlement Plan of Project Affected Families
S.N Issues Resettlement plan
Scope of land acquisition and

1 resettlement
All the negative impacts due to land

acquisition will be mitigated. (Refer
a Present negative impacts 7.2.3.1, i)
418

compensated with reasonable price
with coordination & cooperation with
local people. Temporarily land will be
taken as lease. The lease rent will be
compensated by the proponent to the
b Scope of land acquisition respective owner.
Impact on asset (private, community and Private land required for the project
c public) will be compensated
Priority to job opportunity to the

people of affected indigenous,
vulnerable and backward group or
families in the project area in order to
raise their living standard. Project will
support the local indigenous Sherpa
and Tamang people by forming a
Impact on socially vulnerable people/ separate enhancement committee for
d indigenous people/groups the upliftment of indigenous people.
The agricultural production losses of

standing crops will be compensated by
Other impacts (crops, trees, fish & fish the project. The compensation cost of
e ponds etc. trees cut from the private land will be
419
allocated and compensated.
Tree cut in ACA will be compensated by

plantation of tree by 1:25. And
It is advisable to specify the present compensatory plantation of 1600/ha
negative impact in National and will be planted in lost Government
f Community managed forest Forest.
2 Socio-economic information profile
Social profile of affected households

a Demography, Caste/ethnic groups Refer 4.3.3.1
Economic profile, occupation background

b Literacy Refer 4.3.3.5, 4.3.3.6, 4.3.3.13, 4.3.3.14
Socio-economic profile of indigenous

c people (IP) households Refer 4.3.3.4
d Gender analysis of affected women Refer 4.3.3.1
Present affected
person/family/household (with gender
e disintegrated data) Refer 4.3.3.1
f Public consultant Refer 1.6.5
g Key issues raised in public consultation Refer 1.6.6.1, Table 1.7
420
Entitlement, assistance and benefits

3 (Community Managed Forest)
4 Relocation preferences None of HHs needs to be relocate
First priority of employment

opportunity to the PAFs. Skill training
to PAFs or their families Member so
that they can ern extra income from the
5 Livelihood restoration measures new skill.
6 Resettlement budget and financial plan
a Cost for private land acquisition N Rs. 36,428,000
b Cost for private structures Standing crops and trees- NRs. 545,450
Included in CSP (chapter XIII) as

support for local road, school and
health post(since project is only 65MW,
project would only provide limited
Assistance to reconstruction and support for rehabiltatin and
c rehabilitation allowance reconstruction support)
Additional assistance to vulnerable

d groups NRs. 300,000
e Resettlement plan implementation and Included in project cost
421
management cost
f Monitoring cost 7650000
NRs. 42,073,450 plus cost included iin

g Total cost estimate project cost
h Financial plan Total cost borne by project
Table 9-14: Summary of the Environmental Cost at different stages
S.N. Mitigation Total Amount NRs. Remarks
Mitigation Cost
1. Socio economic and Cultural Cost ( Construction Phase ) 2150000
2. Socio economic and Cultural Cost ( Operation Phase ) 1350000
3. Biological Cost ( Construction Phase ) 2370000
4. Biological Cost ( Operation Phase ) 1500000
5. Physical Cost ( Construction Phase ) 3000000 Included in civil cost
6. Physical Cost ( Operation Phase ) 2700,000 Included in civil cost
422
Total Environmental Mitigation Cost (A) 13,370,000
Monitoring Cost
1 Socio economic and Cultural Cost ( Construction Phase )
2 Socio economic and Cultural Cost ( Operation Phase )
3 Biological Cost ( Construction Phase )
4 Biological Cost ( Operation Phase ) 7,650,000
5 Physical Cost ( Construction Phase )
6 Physical Cost ( Operation Phase )
Total Monitoring Cost (B) 7,650,000

Enhancement Cost ( C) from Table 8.4 14,100,000
Auditing Cost (D) 4,500,000
Total (A + B + C + D) = H 39,620,000
Contingency Cost 10 % of total H ( E ) 3,962,000
Total (H+ E) 43,582,000
423
Records, Reporting and Corrective Actions

To demonstrate compliance with the environmental management, the proponent will instruct
the construction contractors through supervising engineer to maintain daily records of his
mitigation implementation and monitoring works in retrievable forms at its office during the
construction phase. Contractors will keep records of the employment of the PAF, local area
people, Nepali and foreigner and will submit such records to the Supervising engineers every
month. Similarly records of occupational health will also be documented in retrievable forms
and submitted to supervising engineer every month. Besides, records of instructions, trainings,
land area rented with agreements will also be submitted to the supervising engineers regularly
or when it is demanded by the supervising engineer.
The ESMSU under ESU section will carry out monitoring works of the construction contractors
and prepare monitoring reports bimonthly during construction phase. ESISU will maintain all
the records of tree felled, land area acquired, and expenses of land acquisition and other
environmental enhancement programs implemented. These records will be provided to
ESMSU as and when demanded for the monitoring facilitation. ESMSU will provide any
corrective action required through ESU section Chief for implementation to ESISU and Civil
Supervising Engineers and maintain the records of any corrective actions recommended. The
bi-monthly reports produced by the ESMSU will be distributed to the concerned stakeholders
through the ESU section chief for their comments and suggestions. Any comments and
suggestions of the stakeholders will be taken into account in the subsequent environmental
management to enhance the project performance during construction by ESMSU. The ESMSU
consultants will compile the Environmental monitoring report of the construction phase within
3 months of the construction completion and submit to proponent. Proponent shall pass the
report to stakeholders to get feedback and provide database of environmental management
works of the Proposal for future use.
In the operation phase, the Project Manager will keep records of the mitigation and monitoring
as required in the retrievable forms. Every year, the Project Manager will prepare a compiled
report and pass it to the concerned stakeholder for comments and suggestions. The project
operators will carry out any recommendations and suggestion of the concerned stakeholders.
Environmental Audit
The environmental audits of the hydropower projects are done with various objectives. For the
DKHP, environmental audit after two years of project operation will be conducted by the MoFE
as per the EPR provisions for:
Performance audit to examine the effectiveness of the project environmental mitigation and
monitoring plan as to the approved EIA conditions; and
424
Project Impact Audit to examine the environmental changes arising from the project
implementation;
The envisaged environmental audit team will comprise of an environmental expert experienced
in EIA study, monitoring and auditing works as team leader accompanied by a sociologist,
terrestrial ecologist, and aquatic ecologist.
The approach for audit will be a scoping type audit, which will basically rely on the documents
and records starting from approved EIA document and including the bi-monthly monitoring
reports of the project revealing compliance to EIA approval conditions for mitigation
management and impact monitoring recorded database. The PMO will provide all the required
documents including corrective actions provided by the ESMSU, and the stakeholders, action
taken to the comments and suggestions of the stakeholders etc. Apart from the above the audit
team will make a weeklong visit to the project site to directly observe the field conditions and
comprehend with the earlier documented reports and database. Besides, the audit team will
conduct local stakeholder meetings with the affected households and communities and key
informants including the personnel of project operation management office at the site. First
hand monitoring by the audit team for key indicators is not envisioned as these databases are
available in recorded formats with the project management office as per the monitoring
management plan. The detail audit plan for DKHP is shown in Table 9.15.
Table 9-15: Audit Plan for the DKHP
S.
Parameters Location Methods Indicators
N
Change in river Dudh Khola,

morphology downstream downhill Erosion of river
from
1 of Inspection bank and sediment
Tiliche to
deposition pattern
weir powerhouse site
Measurement
Headworks Area, laboratory PM10, CO, SOx,
Adit Area, analysis, NOx ;Dust
2 Air quality and
Powerhouse sites, visual inspection accumulated on
access road roofs, vegetation
and surrounding
425
area
Headworks Area,
Measurement of
Adit Area,
3 Noise quality noise using Noise
Powerhouse sites, Noise Level
Level Meter
access road
Dudh Khola,
DO, pH, BOD,
downhill from
Analysis of water turbidity, Total
4 Water quality intake site and
samples suspended solid,
downstream to
hardness
tailrace tunnel.
Land use pattern and All the land used Change in the
5 Inspection
land acquisition area by project Land use
Environmental Downstream of Measurement of Discharge in the

6
Release Weir minimum release river
Along the
Decrease in
community
Visual vegetation cover,
Change in vegetation forests and river
7 observation and Number of trees
cover flood plain area
counting and shrubs cut
and ACA that is
down from forest
used by project.
Along the
community Visual Nos. of stumps of
forests and river observation cut
8 Numbers of trees fell
flood plain area
and ACA that is and counting Trees
used by project.
9 Wildlife diversity Along the Interview with Decline in the

community local people and movement and
426
forests and river observation, occurrence of

flood plain area Photographs wildlife.
and ACA that is
used by project.
Condition of the
Questionnaire
Status of paid out of Acquired land affected people,
12 survey and
compensation owners useful utilization
interview
of compensation
Direct
Employment
observation,
Employment to local record of Project records
13 Questionnaire
people workforces and and local people
survey and
their origin
interview
Direct
observation,
Review of Records of
Water supply and
14 At camp sites, records and complaints,
Sanitation
interview with epidemic disease
workers and local
people
Review of
Health status of Records of health
records and
15 Public health Project Affected post and local
interview with
RM people
local people
Review of
Project contractor
Number of child
16 Child labor employment records and
labor employed
record interview with
local people
427
Review of
Project workers, contractor
Number and type
Occupational health and and occasional records and
17 of
safety movement of interview with
accidents/diseases
outsider construction
workers
The cost for the environmental audit is estimated at NRs 4,500,000 including remuneration,
daily allowance in the field, photography, stationary, and transportation.
428
PROJECTS ECONOMIC BENEFITS AND COSTS

This chapter presents a brief summary of the economic benefits and costs of the DKHP.
Economic Benefit of DKHP in the National Context
Nepal is a small Himalayan country covering an area of 147,181 km. More or less rectangular in
shape, it extends for 885 km in the east west direction and has a mean north south width of 193
km. Owing to the topographic extremes; the country has less than 30% of the land area that
has potential for arable agriculture.
The population of Nepal is about 26,494,504 showing population growth rate of 1.35 per
annum. (CBS, 2011). Nepal is one of the least developed countries of the world. More than 85%
of the populations live in the rural areas and most of them are not getting minimum physical
facilities that are necessary for progressive life style. In this context, there is a great challenge
to the nation to eliminate the massive poverty of the country through overall development.
For the all-round development of the country a careful utilization of natural resource is
necessary. The economic development of the country thus not only depends upon the quantity,
quality but also on the extent of exploitation of available natural resources of the country.
Water resource is the most important natural resource of the country with an estimated 2.27%
of the world water resources. Development of hydroelectric projects like DKHP is envisaged to
play a critical role in furthering the economic activities of the country with positive
contribution to the national economic growth and poverty alleviation.
Direct Revenue Generation
With the operation of DKHP, the project revenue flows stem from the sale of energy. This
revenue will have a substantial annual income to the project proponent. The direct annual
energy sale estimated is NRs. 34,110,361.00 at the current electricity sale price (Dry season =
NRs. 8.40; Wet season = 4.80 NRs for per unit) According to policy project will pay royalty to
GoN at the rate of Rs. 100 per kilowatt for capacity and 1.75 % energy royalty per kWh for 15
years. After 15 years the capacity royalty will be 1000 per kilowatt and 10% energy royalty per
kWh. 50% of the generated royalty will be used in the local development of the region. Out of
that 12% would be given to the project affected Phaktanglung and Sirijunga RM.
Other Project Benefits
Employment opportunity to 220 people during construction phase. Increase in economic
opportunity, enhancement in technical skill and know how particularly in driving, tunneling
and other technical works, vegetation management and greenery development in the project
area and generation of Royalty are the major positive impacts of the project.
429
In addition to the direct energy sale benefit, the project will provide a number of subsidiary
benefits to the Nepalese people. During construction and operation phase the project has the
potential to:
Promote construction related industrial growth in and around the project areas during the
construction phase,
Promote other industrial growth in the project area and elsewhere in Nepal in the operation
phase,
Provide new job opportunities to the Nepalese people in the project during construction and
operation phase,
Enhance the working skills of the Nepalese in the big construction project like DKHP,
Provide opportunities for construction related training during construction phase,
Promote the subsidiary economic activities in the project area during construction phase,
Promote community development through improvements in social services and infra-
structures such as, development of rural agricultural roads, rehabilitation of irrigation,
upgrading of health and educational institutions, extension of rural electrification,
improvement of communication and transportation service facilities, women development etc.
in the Project Affected Areas and Project Region of Influence during project construction, and
Support community development activities in the project district by contributing one percent
of revenue of the project annually.
The above benefits from the project are expected to enhance the national development
objectives of poverty alleviation, diversification of economic activities, and above all in
improving the social services and quality of life of the Nepalese nationals.
Project Costs
The net present value of the project is NRs. 10,436 million including project financing,
inflation, interest, insurance. The cost for environmental mitigation and improvement
measures is NRs. 22,884,680.00. The project cost might increase due to price increase in
construction materials; labour costs; energy costs and other types of costs that directly or
indirectly influence the project construction and operation.
Resource Loss
Obviously implementation of 65 MW DKHP will have some impacts on natural resource.
Permanent land use change of 9.8 ha land area (loss of total private cultivated land of 3.25 ha
(Private Khet and Bari); change in land use of 0.64 ha river flood plain and 8.15 ha forest area
430
of ACA permanently) felling of at least total of (54 pole size tree and 53 tree sized) trees of
different species from the forest area of ACA, are the major resource loss.
On the other hand project will acquire 5 ha land temporarily. Among the temporary land
requirement for the project 3.5 ha of forest area of KCA will be used, and 1.5ha Flood Plains
will be used.
Dewatering of about 4.7 km river stretch of Tamor Khola will have severe impact on the aquatic
life along the river.
Production Loss
The agricultural production losses by the project will be 3.06 Mt. of paddy, 4.59 Mt. of wheat,
4.515 Mt. of maize, 1.935 Mt. of millet in a year by the construction of the project due to
temporary and permanent land acquisition.
Environmental Mitigation.
Monitoring and Environmental Enhancement Costs Table 10.1 summarizes the environmental
mitigation, monitoring and environmental enhancement program costs not included in the
project construction costs. For details of the costs breakdowns refer Chapter VII, VIII and IX.
Table 10-1: Cost Estimates of Environmental Mitigation, Monitoring and Environmental
Enhancement
S.N Particulars Cost (NRs.)
Enhancement
At. cost 14,100,000
Adverse Impact Mitigation

B. Cost
B1 Physical and Chemical Environment
Construction
1 Phase 3000000
2 Operation Phase cost 2700000
Total Physical and Chemical Environment Mitigation Cost 5700000
B2 Biological Environment
431
Total Phase Cost) for Adverse Impacts of Biological

3 (Construction Environment 8,415,000
Total ( Operation Phase Cost ) for Adverse Impacts of

4 Biological Environment 4350000
Total Biological Environment Mitigation Cost 12,765,000
B3 Socioeconomic and Cultural Environment
of Adverse Impacts for

Total ( Construction Phase Socioeconomic and Cultural
5 Cost ) Environment 135,125,625
of Adverse Impacts for

Total ( Operation Socioeconomic and Cultural
6 Phase Cost ) Environment 2100000
Total Socio-economic and Cultural Environment Mitigation Cost 137,225,625
Bt Total Adverse Impact Mitigation Cost 155,690,625
Ct CSP Cost 66,300,000
Environmental Monitoring
D. Cost
1 Baseline Monitoring 2100,000
2 Impact monitoring construction phase 7650000
Impact Monitoring
3 Operation Phase 5,250,000
Dt Total Monitoring Cost 15,000,000
Environmental Auditing
Et Cost 4500,000
432
Ft Contigency Cost 3000000
Grand Total
(At+Bt+Ct+Dt+Et+Ft) 255,590,625
10,436,020,766.
Total project Cost 12
Percent of Environmental Cost to total project cost including land

cost 2.45%
Total Land Cost 42,667,925.00
S.N Particulars Cost (NRs.)
Environmental cost excluding land cost 42,528,950.00
Percent of Environmental Cost to total project cost excluding land

cost 1.45%
CS
P % of total project cost 0.753%
NRs.
Total Revenue from sale from 30 years million 20680.95
433
CONCLUSIONS
Dudh Khola Hydropower Project (DKHP) with installed capacity 65 MW will be constructed in
Dudh Khola in Nashong RM of Manang District. The DKHP is runof river scheme has an
installed capacity of 65 MW with mean annual energy of 417.40 GW generation of utilizing the
design flow of 18.05 m3 /s and a gross head of 446.74 m.
The proponent is committed to mitigate the project induced impact on the environment
(physical and chemical, biological, social and cultural aspects). Apart from the generation of
the hydroelectric power, the project will be given number of the benefits such as employment
of the local people, development of the area, reduces greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and
boost in the local economy. The proponent intends to carry out number of activities such as
construction related training to the local people, counseling on the proper use of the money,
health and sanitation and income generation activities to enhance the benefit.
The construction and operation of the project will have some adverse impacts on the physical,
biological and socioeconomic and cultural environment of the area. Among the physical
impacts: land acquisition, stock piling of the construction materials, operation of the quarry
site change in water quality, impact change in land use etc. are the major significant impacts of
the project during construction phase. Similarly, impact in microclimate in the dewatered
section, changes in river hydrology and river flow, noise and vibration in powerhouse sites,
changes in water quality due to reduced flow, Leakage of oil, grease and other chemicals etc.
are the major significant impacts of the project during the operation phase
Among the biological impacts: the fell down of 54 pole tree size and 53 tree size trees from the
project area, disturbance to the habitats of wildlife, disturbance to the aquatic habitat etc. are
very significance impacts during construction phase. Similarly, barrier influence on the fish
migration by dewatering, impacts on aquatic habitat along dewatered stretch, impact on
terrestrial wildlife and aquatic wildlife due to sudden release of water from dam etc. are the
major significant impacts of the project during the operation phase
Among the socioeconomic impacts: loss of 3.25 ha of total private cultivable land and
agricultural production losses of 3.06 Mt of paddy, 4.59 Mt. of wheat, 4.515 Mt of maize and
1.935 Mt of millet in a year in a year,
Similarly, loss of 9.8 ha of permanent land, agricultural production losses of 3.06 Mt of paddy,
4.59 Mt. of wheat, 2.94 Mt of maize and 1.26 Mt of millet in a year; withdrawal in economic
activities due to loss of construction related workers tec. are the major significant impacts of
the project during the operation phase
Dewatering of about 5.2 km river stretch of Simbuwa Khola will have severe impact on the
aquatic life along the river.
434
Recession of the local economy could be another very significant impact if not dealt properly.
The EIA report has suggested comprehensive compensatory and mitigation measures for the
project induces impacts.
Any issues that are not incorporated in EIA study and identified later will be mitigated by the
project itself. Numbers of environmental concerns have to be reflected in the contract clauses.
Hence, the provisions of this EIA report must be included in the detailed design and the tender
document so that they are implemented. An EMU will be established within the project
organization. The unit will be responsible for the environmental monitoring as envisaged in
this report. Apart from this unit, inter-ministerial monitoring team having representative from
the MoPE , MoEn, MoFSC and DoED will be formed to make an overview of the EMU
activities. Total mitigation cost of the environmental impact has been allocated as NRs
9,304,255 Similarly total cost of the monitoring is estimated at NRs. 2,550,000, it’s
enhancement cost is NRs. 8,150,000 and auditing cost is NRs. 800,000. In total EMP of
SKSHEP is NRs. 22,884,680 which is 13.16% of total project cost.
435

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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

DUDH KHOLA HYDROPOWER PROJECT (65 MW)

ACA Annapurna Conservation Area

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

B.S Bikram Sambat

B/C Benefit Cost Ratio

BOD Biological Oxygen Demand

CAMC Conservation Area Management Committee

CAR Catchment Area Ratio

CAUG Conservation Area User Group

CBD Convention on Biological Diversity

CBS Central Bureau Statistics

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

CSR Corporate Social Responsibility

DCC District Coordination Committee

DFO Divisional Forest Office

DHM Department of Hydrology and Meteorology

DIA Direct Impact Area

DKHP Dudh Khola Hydroelectric Project

DMG Department of Mines and Geology

DoED Department of Electricity Development

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EIRR Equity Internal Rate of Return

EMP Environmental Management Plan

EPA Environment Protection Act

EPR Environment Protection Rules

FDC Flow Duration Curve

FGD Focus Group Discussion

GIS Geographic Information System

GLOF Glacial Lake Outburst Flood

GoN Government of Nepal

HEP Hydroelectric Project

IIA Indirect Impact Area

IPP Independent Power Producer

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

KII Key Informant Interview

MAPs Medicinal Aromatic Plants

MCT Main Central Thrust

MIP Medium Irrigation Project Method

MoEWRI Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Irrigation

MoFE Ministry of Forests and Environment

NGOs Non- Governmental Organisations

NPV Net Present Value

NTFPs Non- Timber Forest Products

NTNC National Trust for Nature Conservation

PAFs Project Affected Families

PRA Participatory Rural Appraisals

RRA Rapid Rural Appraisals

SDPM Sustainable Development Plan of Manang

SPAF Severely Project Affected Families

STDS South Tibetan Detachment System

ToR Terms of Reference

GWh Gigawatt hours

H:V Horizontal is to Vertical

km2 Square kilometer

kVA Kilo volt ampere

kWh Kilowatt hour

m3/s Cubic meter per second