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    Instruction Cycle

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    sakshi
    The document describes the stages of an instruction cycle, machine cycle, and T-state. An instruction cycle consists of 4 stages: fetching the instruction from memory, decoding the instruction, reading the effective address, and executing the instruction. A machine cycle is the time needed to perform a basic operation like reading from I/O or writing to memory. A T-state is one complete clock cycle measured from the falling edge of one pulse to the next, which is the minimum time units for operations.

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    Instruction Cycle

    Uploaded by

    sakshi
    41 views2 pages
    The document describes the stages of an instruction cycle, machine cycle, and T-state. An instruction cycle consists of 4 stages: fetching the instruction from memory, decoding the instruction, reading the effective address, and executing the instruction. A machine cycle is the time needed to perform a basic operation like reading from I/O or writing to memory. A T-state is one complete clock cycle measured from the falling edge of one pulse to the next, which is the minimum time units for operations.

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    machine & T-cycles

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    The document describes the stages of an instruction cycle, machine cycle, and T-state. An instruction cycle consists of 4 stages: fetching the instruction from memory, decoding the instruction, reading the effective address, and executing the instruction. A machine cycle is the time needed to perform a basic operation like reading from I/O or writing to memory. A T-state is one complete clock cycle measured from the falling edge of one pulse to the next, which is the minimum time units for operations.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    41 views2 pages

    Instruction Cycle

    Uploaded by

    sakshi
    The document describes the stages of an instruction cycle, machine cycle, and T-state. An instruction cycle consists of 4 stages: fetching the instruction from memory, decoding the instruction, reading the effective address, and executing the instruction. A machine cycle is the time needed to perform a basic operation like reading from I/O or writing to memory. A T-state is one complete clock cycle measured from the falling edge of one pulse to the next, which is the minimum time units for operations.

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    Instruction cycle:

    1. The time a microprocessor needs to fetch and execute one entire instruction is
    known as an instruction cycle.
    2. There are typically four stages of an instruction cycle that the CPU carries out-
    3. Fetching the instruction: The next instruction is fetched from the memory
    address that is currently stored in the program counter (PC) and stored in the
    instruction register (IR). At the end of the fetch operation, the PC points to the
    next instruction that will be read at the next cycle.
    4. Decode the instruction: During this cycle the encoded instruction present in the
    IR (instruction register) is interpreted by the decoder.
    5. Read the effective address: In case of a memory instruction (direct or indirect)
    the execution phase will be in the next clock pulse. If the instruction has an
    indirect address, the effective address is read from main memory and any
    required data is fetched from main memory to be processed and then placed into
    data registers (Clock Pulse: T3). If the instruction is direct, nothing is done at this
    clock pulse. If this is an I/O instruction or a Register instruction, the operation is
    performed (executed) at clock Pulse.
    6. Execute the instruction: The control unit of the CPU passes the decoded
    information as a sequence of control signals to the relevant function units of the
    CPU to perform the actions required by the instruction such as reading values
    from registers, passing them to the ALU to perform mathematical or logic
    functions on them and writing the result back to a register. If the ALU is involved,
    it sends a condition signal back to the CU. The result generated by the operation
    is stored in the main memory or sent to an output device. Based on the condition
    of any feedback from the ALU, Program Counter may be updated to a different
    address from which the next instruction will be fetched.

    Machine cycle:

    1. The basic microprocessor operation such as reading a byte from I/O port or
    writing a byte to memory is called as machine cycle.
    2. The time TCY in the above figure is called as the machine cycle. Thus a machine
    cycle consists of several T-states.

    T-state:

    1. One complete cycle of clock is called as T-state as shown in the above figure.
    The time intervals T1T1 orT2T2 are the examples of T-state.
    2. A T-state is measured from the falling edge of one clock pulse to the falling edge
    of the next clock pulse.
    3. Various versions of 8086 have maximum clock frequency from 5MHz to 10MHz.
    Hence the minimum time for one T-state is between 100 to 200 n sec.

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