MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET

This Material Safety Data Sheet complies with the Canadian Controlled Product Regulations

1. Product and Supplier Identification

Product: VRB Uncharged Electrolyte

Synonyms: None

Product Use: Battery Electrolyte

Prudent Energy Inc.
Company Identification:
No. 10, West Dingfuzhuang B, Zhangjiawan ,
Tongzhou Industrial Development Zone
Beijing 101131 China
Non-Emergency Telephone: 8610-58359149 or 1-604-4375777

2. Composition

Component % (w/w) Exposure Limits* LD50 LC50

Vanadyl/vanadium 448 mg/kg Not
25-35 OSHA-PEL (dust): (oral/rat)
sulphate 0.05 mg/m3 4450 mg/kg
available
CAS No 27774-13-6 (dermal/rabbit)

Sulphuric acid ACGIH: TLV-TWA 1 2140 mg/kg 510 mg/m3

9-15 mg/m3 (oral/rat) Inhalation/
CAS No 7664-93-9 rat
TLV-STEL 3 mg/m3

* Exposure limits may vary from time to time and from one jurisdiction to
another. Check with local regulatory agency for the exposure limits in
your area.

3. Hazards Identification

Routes of Entry:

Skin Contact: Major Eye Contact: Major Ingestion: Major Inhalation: Major

Extremely Corrosive and Toxic: Liquid is extremely corrosive to skin, mucous membranes and eyes. The
severity of damage depends on the concentration of the acid and the duration of the exposure. In general,
solutions and mists with a pH of 3 or less are a significant health concern. Contact with water will generate
heat. As shipped in its uncharged state, the electrolyte will not generate hydrogen in contact with metals.

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Effects of Short-Term (Acute) Exposure:
Inhalation: Vapour or mist in the 50 to 100 ppm range can cause severe nasal irritation, sore throat, choking,
coughing and difficulty breathing. Prolonged exposures can cause burns and ulcers to the nose and throat.
Severe exposures for a few minutes at 1000 to 2000 ppm can cause a life-threatening accumulation of fluid in
the lungs called pulmonary edema. Symptoms of pulmonary edema such as shortness of breath may be
delayed for 48 hours after exposure.
Skin Contact: Contact with liquid can cause severe irritation, burns, and permanent scarring or even death.
Vapour or mist may cause redness, irritation and burns if contact is prolonged. Burns may be delayed.
Eye Contact: Low concentrations of vapour or mist (10 - 35 ppm) can be immediately irritating and result in
redness. Concentrated vapour, mist or splashed liquid can cause severe irritation, burns and permanent
blindness.
Ingestion: Liquid can cause severe corrosive burns to mouth, throat, esophagus and stomach. Symptoms
may include difficulty in swallowing, intense thirst, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and in severe cases, collapse
and death. Small amounts of acid which enter the lungs during ingestion or vomiting (aspiration) can cause
serious lung injury and death. Vanadium compounds are toxic to the blood, liver and kidneys.

Effects of Long-Term (Chronic) Exposure: Repeated and prolonged exposure to low concentrations of mist
or vapour can cause discolouration and damage to tooth enamel, bleeding of the nose and gums, and chronic
bronchitis and gastritis. Repeated exposure to low concentrations of liquid, mist or vapour can cause redness,
swelling and pain (dermatitis). The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has concluded
there is sufficient evidence that occupational exposure to strong inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid
is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). IARC's classification is for inorganic acid mists containing sulfuric acid
only and does not apply to sulfuric acid or sulfuric acid solutions. Vanadium compounds are toxic to the liver
and kidneys. 40 to 60% of vanadium compounds are expelled slowly by the kidneys over a period of 3 days.
10 to 12 % will be expelled via the intestines. Vanadium compounds inhibit enzymes and revents synthesis of
ascorbic acid and fatty acids. DNA may be affected by vanadium ions.

Medical Conditions Aggravated By Exposure: Emphysema or bronchitis.

4. First Aid Measures

Eye Contact: Flush eyes with water for 20 minutes, by the clock. Hold upper and lower eyelids
open while flushing, taking care not to contaminate unaffected eye. Irrigate eyes while transporting
to a medical facility. Obtain medical attention.

Skin Contact: Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. For minor skin contact, avoid
spreading material on unaffected skin. Flush affected area with plenty of water for at least 20
minutes. Keep patient warm and quiet. Seek medical attention if irritation occurs or persists. Wash
clothing before reuse.

Inhalation: Remove to fresh air, restore or assist breathing if necessary. Obtain medical attention.

Ingestion: Never give anything by mouth if victim is rapidly losing consciousness, or is unconscious
or is convulsing. Have victim rinse mouth thoroughly with water. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
Have victim drink 300 ml (10 oz.) of water. If milk is available, administer AFTER the water. If

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vomiting occurs naturally, have the victim lean forward to reduce risk of aspiration. Repeat
administration of water. Immediately transport to emergency medical facility.

5. Fire Fighting Measures

Flash point: Not applicable

Autoignition temperature: Not applicable
Lower Explosive Limit: Not applicable
Upper Explosion Limit: Not applicable
Sensitivity to Impact: No
Sensitivity to Static Discharge: No

Hazardous Combustion Products: Oxides of sulphur, vanadium fume when super heated
Extinguishing Media: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray
Large fires: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Move containers from fire area,
is safe to do so. Dike fire control water for disposal. Do not scatter material.

Fire Fighting Instructions:

Large Tanks or Bulk Tanks: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or
monitor nozzles. Always stay away from the ends of tanks! Cool containers with flooding quantities
of water until well after the fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting
devices or the discoloration of the tank surfaces. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or
monitor nozzles. If this is not practical, retreat and let the fire burn. Keep unauthorized personnel
away. Keep out of low areas.

Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), and chemical protective clothing
which is specifically recommended by the manufacturers for toxic/acidic environments.

NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION (NFPA) HAZARD INDEX:

HEALTH: 3
FLAMMABILITY: 0
REACTIVITY: 2

6. Accidental Release Measures

Personal Protection: Evacuate unnecessary personnel from spill area and keep unprotected persons
upwind. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment. Ventilate area. Vapour is heavier than air and will
collect in low areas. Do not touch spilled electrolyte.
Environmental Precautions: Implement spill control plan. Stop or reduce leak if safe to do so. Prevent from
entering sanitary or storm sewers, waterways, or confined spaces. Use inert materials such as earth or sand
to form dike. Vanadium compounds, although not listed as marine pollutants, are very toxic to aquatic life.
Vanadium sulphate is listed in the Canada Shipping Act/ Pollutant Substances Regulations.

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Remediation Measures: Restrict access to area until completion of cleanup. Ensure cleanup is conducted by
trained personnel only. Use all appropriate personal protective equipment. For small spills: absorb with
neutralizing materials such as soda ash or lime and collect in sealed containers. Flush area with water. For
large spills, contain and collect spilled material if possible. Notify government occupational health and safety
and environmental authorities as per applicable regulations.

7. Handling and Storage

Handling: Prevent release of vapour or mist into workplace air. Ensure adequate ventilation. Have
emergency equipment readily available. When diluting, slowly add acid to the water to avoid boiling or
splattering. Keep containers closed when not in use.
Storage: Store in a cool, dry, well ventilated area, out of direct sunlight and away from heat sources. Keep
storage area separate from populated work areas. In storage, segregate as follows;
3 meters from: alkaline corrosives
5 meters from: flammable gases, flammable liquids, flammable solids, spontaneously combustibles,
dangerous when wet, and oxidizing agents
10 meters from: explosives and organic peroxides

8. Exposure Controls, Personal Protection

Engineering Controls: Use general or local exhaust ventilation to maintain exposure below the exposure
limits. These controls may need to be augmented by the use of process or personnel enclosures, control of
process conditions, or by process modification.
Respiratory Protection:
NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS FOR SULFURIC ACID CONCENTRATIONS IN AIR (22):
UP TO 15 mg/m3: SAR operated in a continuous-flow mode; or powered air-purifying respirator with acid gas
cartridge(s) and a high-efficiency particulate filter. Full-facepiece chemical cartridge
respirator with acid gas cartridge(s) and a high-efficiency particulate filter; or gas mask with acid gas canister
and high-efficiency particulate filter; or full-facepiece SCBA; or full-facepiece SAR.

EMERGENCY OR PLANNED ENTRY INTO UNKNOWN CONCENTRATIONS OR IDLH

CONDITIONS: Positive pressure, full-facepiece SCBA; or positive pressure, full-facepiece SAR with an
auxiliary positive pressure SCBA.

ESCAPE: Gas mask with acid gas canister and high-efficiency particulate filter; or escape-type
SCBA.

NOTE: Substance causes eye irritation or damage; eye protection needed.

NOTE: The IDLH concentration for sulfuric acid is 15 mg/m3.

NOTE: The purpose of establishing an IDLH value is to ensure that the worker can escape from a given
contaminated environment in the event of failure of the most protective respiratory protection equipment. In
the event of failure of respiratory protective equipment every effort should be made to exit immediately.

The respirator use limitations specified by the approving agency and the manufacturer must be observed. Air-
purifying respirators do not protect against oxygen-deficient atmospheres.
Recommendations apply only to NIOSH approved respirators.

ABBREVIATIONS: SAR = supplied-air respirator; SCBA = self-contained breathing apparatus;

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 IDLH = immediately dangerous to life or health.

Skin Protection: Wear impervious gloves and boots and/or other protective clothing according to
circumstances. Some operations may require the use of an impervious full-body encapsulating suit.
Eye and Face Protection: Eye protection is required. Chemical safety goggles are recommended. The
wearing of contact lenses is not recommended.
Footwear: Chemical resistant, and as specified by the workplace.
Other: Eyewash and showers should be located near work areas. NOTE: PPE must not be considered a
long-term solution to exposure control. PPE usage must be accompanied by employer programs to properly
select, maintain, clean, fit and use. Consult a competent industrial hygiene resource to determine hazard
potential and/or the PPE manufacturers to ensure adequate protection.

9. Physical and Chemical Properties

Appearance: Dark green liquid

Odour: None
Odour Threshold: Not applicable
pH: ≈ 0
Vapour Pressure: 2 kPa @ 25oC
Solubility: Completely soluble
Vapour Density: As for water
Freezing Point: -20 oC
Boiling Point: 115 oC
Critical Temperature: 647.3 o Kelvin
Relative Density: 1.4
Evaporation Rate: Not determined
Partition Coefficient: Not determined
Solubility in other Liquids: Not determined

10. Stability and Reactivity

Chemical Stability: Yes, under normal conditions

Incompatibility: Yes. Avoid contact with strong oxidizers, strong bases, and flammables
Conditions of Reactivity: Presence of incompatible materials
Hazardous Decomposition Products: Oxides of sulphur, and fume of vanadium oxide when super heated.
Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur

11. Toxicological Information

The theoretical LD50 for the uncharged electrolyte is 1341 mg/kg (oral/rat), and the dermal is
calculated to be greater than 4450 mg/kg (dermal/rabbit).

Acute Exposure: See Section 3

Chronic Exposure: See Section 3.
Exposure Limits: See Section 2.

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Irritancy: See Section 3.
Sensitization: Not determined
Carcinogenicity: IARC (Group 1), for strong inorganic acid mists
Teratogenicity: Not determined
Reproductive toxicity: Not determined
Mutagenicity: Insufficient data
Synergistic products: None Known

12. Ecological Information

Environmental toxicity: Vanadium solutions are completely miscible with water. Although not
specifically listed as a marine pollutant, vanadium sulphate is listed as a pollutant under the Canada
Shipping Act/Pollutant Substance Regulation. Vanadium compounds are geogenic and ubiquitous.
Vanadium is an essential trace element whose compounds are absorbed by plants and incorporated
into their growth process, hence finding its way into the food chain.

Biodegradability: Most vanadium compounds decompose to form corrosive gases and elemental
vanadium.

13. Disposal Considerations

Review federal, provincial or state, and local government requirements prior to disposal. Store material for
disposal as indicated in Section #7, Handling and Storage

14. Transport Information

Transport of Dangerous Goods (TDG and CLR): BATTERY FLUID, ACID, Class 8,
UN2796, P.G. II
Limited Quantity: ≤ 1 litre

United States Department of Transport (49CFR): BATTERY FLUID, ACID,

Class 8, UN2796, P.G. II

International Air Transport Association (IATA): BATTERY FLUID, ACID,

Class 8, UN2796, P.G. II

International Maritime Organization (IMO): UN 2796, BATTERY FLUID, ACID,

Class 8, P.G. II, EmS No. F-A, S-B
Stowage Category “B”

15. Regulatory Information

CANADIAN FEDERAL REGULATIONS:

CEPA, DOMESTIC SUBSTANCES LIST: Listed

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 WHMIS CLASSIFICATION: D1A, D2A, E

16. Other Information

Original Preparation Date: October 20, 2005

Prepared by: Kel-Ex Agencies Ltd., P.O. Box 52201, Lynnmour RPO, North Vancouver, B.C., V7J 3V5

Disclaimer: The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best information
currently available to us. Users should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of
the information for their particular purposes. This document is intended as a guide to the appropriate
precautionary handling of the material by a properly trained person using this product.

Prudent Energy Inc. and its subsidiaries make no representations or warranties, either express or
implied, including without limitation any warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular
purpose with respect to the information set forth herein or the product to which the information
refers. Accordingly, Prudent Energy Inc. will not be responsible for damages resulting from use of
or reliance upon this information.

Revisions: March 18, 2008

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