International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

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127 MULTILEVEL INVERTER

VIGNESH. S1, RAM KUMAR. S2
1PG Student, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Muthayammal Engineering College,
Tamil Nadu, India
2Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Muthayammal Engineering College,

Tamil Nadu, India

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Abstract - In recent years, high power apparatus are mostly Apart from the issue of high switching losses due to high
used in industrial applications. Some utility applications and switching frequency, another issue that limits the feasibility
medium voltage motor drives requires megawatt power level of conventional two-level inverters for high-power high or
and medium voltage. For a medium voltage grid, it is hard to medium–voltage applications is unavailability of high
connect only one power semiconductor switch openly. As a voltage/high power semiconductor switching devices. They
result, a multilevel power converter structure has been are an attractive alternative to get better the output by
introduced as an option in medium voltage and high power synthesizing a staircase waveform imitate a sinusoidal
situations. It also achieves high power ratings, and enables the waveform. That waveform has a low distortion, and also
use of renewable energy sources. Several multilevel converter reduces the dv/dt stress.
topologies have been developed like seven levels, nine level etc.,
up to 72 levels by using different topologies. Here new Multilevel inverter topologies have the advantages of having
topology was introduced. The simulation and implementation better harmonic profile, overcoming voltage limit capability
of this new topology through the 127 level inverter have been of semiconductor switches and also high voltage capability.
demonstrated. The modified PWM signal is generated to Various multilevel inverter (MLI) structures are suggested
reduce the switching losses. Also, the proposed scheme can but the cascaded MLI (CMLI) appears to be high used other
reduce the number of required power switches compared to a than inverter topologies in application at high power rating
traditional multilevel inverter. A proto type model of 1 kW due to its modular nature of modulation, control and
rating has been developed. The proposed scheme was protection requirements of each full bridge inverter (FBI).It
simulated and discussed. gives high quality output voltages and input currents.Many
of the modulation methods developed for MLI is based on
Key Words: PWM, Cascaded, Hybrid, Multi level inverter, multiple-carrier arrangements with pulse width modulation
Harmonics, Bye pass diode (PWM). The carriers can be arranged with vertical shifts or
with horizontal displacements .Space-vector modulation
1. INTRODUCTION (SVM) is also extensive for the MLI operation, it gives good
harmonic performance.
Now a days, for and high-power medium voltage
applications multilevel inverters (MLIs) are highly used in The topological structure of multilevel inverter must cope
industries as an option of electronic power conversion. It with the points such as it should be capable of enduring very
reduces its respective harmonic content, the size of the filter high input voltage such as HVDC transmission for high
used and the level of electromagnetic interference (EMI) power applications. Each switching device should have
generated by switching operation and also main function is lower switching frequency owing to multilevel approach.
improves the output waveforms. It is highly used in high Various Topologies are implemented; common ones are
power applications. In fussy, these include ability to diode-clamped, flying capacitor or multicell, cascaded H-
synthesis voltage waveforms with lower harmonic content bridge, and hybrid H-bridge multilevel. Some of the common
than two level converters and operation at higher DC problems identified in the conventional inverters are Such as
voltages using series connected semiconductor switches. The Higher THD in output voltage; more switching stresses on
desired output from an inverter is a sinusoidal waveform switching devices, not applicable for high voltage
which is a continuous function of time. However, use of applications, higher voltage levels are not produced
power switches to implement a static inverter results in
output waveform composed of discrete values. In other The proposed hybrid multilevel inverter use bye-pass diode
words, the waveform has fast transitions (dv/dt) rather than and common H-bridge techniques to produce 31- voltage
smooth ones. In order to imitate a sinusoidal waveform, two levels in the output of the inverter with overcoming all
(or three) level inverters use pulse-width modulation (PWM) drawbacks in conventional inverter. The hybrid multilevel
operation with high switching frequency, so that the inverter is significantly advantageous over other topologies;
fundamental component of the output is sinusoidal. This also it has less power switches ,less anti-parallel diodes, power
eliminates the lower order harmonics. diodes and less number of capacitors for same number of
output voltage levels, Ability to reduce the voltage stress on
each power device, Reduced electromagnetic compatibility
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(EMC) when operated at high voltage, Lower EMI due to (FRT) capabilities of renewable energy plants equipped
small output voltage steps, Smaller rating of semiconductor with multilevel converters. Since the main attention of
devices, Better feature in output voltage in terms of less this paper is the grid side converter control, the energy
distortion generating system was simplified to an equivalent
variable current source. The grid side converter is
This project recounts the development of a novel hybrid connected to the grid through an LCL filter. Two
multilevel single phase inverter that has 8 power switches controllers are developed to achieve grid currents
and 4 power diodes to produce 31-levels in the output regulation. The control of DC bus voltage is achieved by PI-
voltage with incorporating all features listed above. The regulation. Performances of the two controllers and the
topology was applied to an induction motor and the improved modulation technique are compared and
performance of the inverter is studied using MATLAB/ evaluated in terms of accordance with the grid
SIMULINK. And the hardware prototype is developed for the connection requirements (GCR) including, low voltage
verification of concept and the output results are clearly ride-through capabilities, frequency variation and reactive
presented. power control. The main shortcoming of this system are12
switches are required for 3-level output itself.
1.1 OBJECTIVE:
Rabia Guedouani et al (2012) have proposed a control
The main objectives of the project are: strategy of a three –phase five-level double converter for
induction motor drives. The converter consists of the five-
 To reduce the number of power switches used level NPC rectifier, DC link, and the five-level NPC inverter. In
with the help of new multilevel inverter topology. this control strategy, the DC link voltages are controlled by
using a closed loop with an optimized stabilization system
 To study the performance of 31-level inverter with called clamping bridge. It provides a fast and flexible control
the help of MATLAB/SIMULINK. of the converter capacitor voltage. This method will redress
the imbalance of DC link voltage. This control strategy is
 To reduce the Total Harmonic Distortion in the completely independent from the load control, leading to a
output of the inverter. simpler implementation. The three-phase five-level NPC
rectifier-inverter system is an ideal interface between a
2. LITERATURE REVIEW utility and renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic or
wind generator. The main shortcoming of this system is
Jinn-Chang Wu(2010) has proposed a three-phase three-
addition of NPC rectifier block to input side of the inverter
wire hybrid power filter configured by a three-phase passive
for balancing capacitor voltage. So the cost of the system is
power filter and a three-phase diode-clamped multi-level
high.
power converter with a small power capacity of zero-
sequence current loop connected in series to compensate for Sakthivel Muragan (2009) has discussed about the transistor
the harmonic currents of non linear load. The salient feature clamped inverter with the conventional diode clamped
is that a small power capacity of zero-sequence current loop inverter. In this method the gate driver concept is introduced
is applied to overcome the problem of balancing voltages of and this method is simple because only one switch is turned
two DC capacitors for a diode-clamped multi-level power ON at a time. By utilizing this concept a eleven level
converter applying in the three-phase three-wire hybrid multilevel inverter has been developed and the THD is found
power filter. A laboratory prototype is developed to verify to be much less than the conventional method. The main
the performance of the proposed three-phase three-wire shortcoming of this method is that, n number of gate driver
hybrid power filter. The experimental results have circuits are required for n number output levels.
demonstrated the feasibility and practicality of the proposed
three-phase three-wire hybrid power filter. The main Jing Zhao (2011), has present multilevel circuit topologies
disadvantage of this method is high harmonic content in the based on switched-capacitor and diode-clamped converters
output current i.e. THD is nearly 22% and more number of (MCT-BSD). The topology structure and the operation
clamping diodes is used. principle, including the working states transitions of the
diode-clamped part, the volt-ages balancing mechanism of
Mohamed Abbes et al (2012) have presented a new the dc link capacitors, and the pulse width modulated carrier
control strategy for the three-level, neutral point control strategy are presented. The switched-capacitor
clamped (NPC), voltage source converter. The converter circuits contribute not only to balancing the voltages of
can be used in many high-power renewable energy capacitors but also to boosting the output voltage with a
systems such as direct drive wind turbines and hybrid certain input dc voltage. The results show that balancing the
generating units. The developed control algorithm voltages of capacitors, boosting the output voltages, and
proposes an improved solution to balance DC bus operating under the three-phase condition are all realized
intermediate voltages using space vector modulation effectively in the MCT-BSD. In this method more number of
(SVM) techniques. It aims to guarantee fault ride-through

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power switches and capacitor are used and the THD is The MATLAB/System generator based simulation results
around 13% these are major drawbacks of this method. validated through FPGA based prototype for a typical output
level exhibit the drastic enhancement in the quality of output
Miao Chang-xin et al (2010), have presented Flying capacitor voltage. The total harmonic distortion (THD) obtained using
multilevel inverters. In order to improve the harmonic a harmonic spectrum reveals the mitigation of the frequency
performance of the output voltage under low modulation components of output voltage other than the fundamental
index region, the paper presents a novel PWM method for and paves the way to open a new avenue for nurturing
flying capacitor multilevel inverters based on the idea of innovative applications in this domain. The drawbacks of the
controlling freedom degree. The novel PWM method can system are THD is around 7.8% and 15 switches are used for
balance the flying capacitor voltage in a certain period. The 15-levels and the forward blocking voltage is low.
validity of the novel PWM method is demonstrated by the
experimental results. The proposed PWM method is efficient Himanshu Misra (2011), has discussed about the multilevel
for five-level output only, as the number of output level voltage source inverters using unique structure so it produce
increase the THD in the output also increase. high output voltages with low harmonics without the use of
transformers or series-connected synchronized switching
Jaison Mathew(2011), has present a multilevel inverter devices. The inverter consists of eleven switches and five
topology suitable for the generation of dodecagonal space separate dc sources with a load to produce 11 level output
vectors instead of hexagonal space vectors as in the case of voltage. In this method less number of switches is used
conventional schemes. This feature eliminates all the compare to the conventional methods. The simulation of
6n+1,(n=odd), harmonics from the phase voltage and eleven level multilevel inverter is done with pulse width
current in the entire modulation range with an increase in modulation technique. In this topology the switches in the
the linear modulation range. The topology is realized by upper leg have high voltage rating than the switches in the
flying capacitor based three level inverters feeding from two lower leg and the upper two batteries of the circuit are used
ends of an open end winding induction motor with for more number of times compare to other three batteries.
asymmetric dc links. The flying capacitor voltage is tightly
controlled throughout the modulation range using 3. PROPOSED WORK
redundant switching state for any load power factor. The
main drawbacks of the system are control is complex; more The proposed topology comprises bye-pass diode technique
number of freewheeling diodes are used. and common H-Bridge configuration to form hybrid
multilevel inverter shown in Figure 1. The bye-pass diode
Pengwei sun (2012), has present a new type of cascade technique is used to produce only positive voltage steps. In
inverter based on dual buck inverter with phase-shift control this technique a special circuit is employed i.e the power
scheme. The proposed cascaded dual buck inverter with switches and the DC source are connected in series and the
phase shift control inherits all the merits of dual buck type diodes are connected in parallel. To increase the number of
inverters and overcomes some of their drawbacks (i.e) voltage levels in the output a source, switch and diode is
improved system reliability. Here the phase-shift control and added to the byepass diode technique topology.
cascade topology reduce the ripple current or cut down the
size of the passive components by increasing the equivalent
switching frequency. Even though cascade topology solve the
issue of zero crossing distortion by using phase shift control
scheme the main drawback of this inverter we should turn
on the switches based on the direction of the output current.
Moreover when phase shifted PWM is fed to different
cascade unit, current zero-crossing distortion is theoretically
eliminated.

Thamizharasan (2012) has construct a new hybrid

multilevel dc-link inverter (MLDCLI) topology with a focus to
synthesize a higher quality sinusoidal output voltage. The
idea emphasizes the need to reduce the switch count
considerably and thereby claim its superiority over the Figure 1 Byepass Diode Technique
existing multilevel inverter (MLI) configurations. The
structure incorporates a new module along with a differently The H-bridge circuit is used to produce both positive
used H-bridge that facilitates the increase in levels with ( ) and negative ( ) waveform in the output. The
much lower switch counts. The proposed dual bridge common H-bridge configuration is shown in the above figure
MLDCLI (DBMLDCLI) is evaluated using phase disposition 2. This H-bridge circuit remains constant for any number of
(PD) multi-carrier pulse width modulation (MC-PWM) levels produced by byepass diode technique. The switches
strategy in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) platform.

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will conduct during the positive half cycle and the Voltage on each stage can be calculated by using the
equation
switches ) will conduct during the negative half
cycle. 3.2
The number switches used in this topology is given by the
equation

+4 3.3

3.2 SWITCHING SEQUENCE OF THE INVERTER

The switching order for each switch for the proposed hybrid
multilevel inverter is shown in table 1. The zero level is
common for both positive and negative set of cycles, i.e. zero
state occur twice in a one cycle. To get positive half cycle
switches are operated from I to XV(output voltage zero to
peak voltage value) then the switches are operated from XV
to I(peak voltage value to zero voltage) this process is
Figure 2 Common H-Bridge Configuration repeated for negative half cycle. Here IGBT is used as a
power switch for the inverter.

Table 1 Switching Table

S.NO INTERVALS ON CURRENT VOLTAGE

SWITCHES FLOW LEVELS
1 I +1Vs

2 II +2Vs

3 III +3Vs

4 IV +4Vs

5 V +5Vs

6 VI +6Vs

7 VII +7Vs

8 VIII +8Vs

9 IX +9Vs

Figure 3 Proposed Circuit Diagram. 10 X +10Vs

3. 1 VOLTAGE EQUATION OF INVERTER 11 XI +11Vs

The main advantage of modified hybrid multilevel inverter is 12 XII +12Vs

high number of levels with reduced number of switches. The
S number of dc source or stages and the associated 13 XIII +13Vs
number output level can be calculated by using the
equation 14 XIV +14Vs

-1 3.1 15 XV +15Vs

For example if S=3, the output wave form has 15 levels 16 XVI NIL NIL 0
(±7, ±6, ±5, ±4, ±3, ±2, ±1 and 0),

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4. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

4.1 SIMULATION STUDIES

MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a multi-paradigm numerical
computing environment and proprietary programming
language developed by Math Works. MATLAB allows matrix
manipulations, plotting of functions and data,
implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces,
and interfacing with programs written in other languages,
including C, C++, C#, Java, Fortran and Python. The results or Figure 5 Single Phase Voltage Waveform
output was taken for both Fuzzy and ANN. The outputs were
compared and the better was taken down. The 4.2.2 SIMULATION OF 31-LEVEL THREE PHASE
MATLAB/SIMULINK toolbox is mainly used.
INVERTER
4.2 SIMULATION RESULTS The induction motor is taken as load for inverter from the
electrical machines block in the power system. Since the
4.2.1 SIMULATION OF 31-LEVEL SINGLE PHASE phase displacement blocks are connected to each output of
INVERTER the single phase inverter to produce the proper phase delay
between the each phase it is shown in the figure 6
The simulation circuit of the proposed inverter which
comprises 10 IGBT switches and 4 diodes for producing 31-
output voltage levels is shown in the figure 4

Figure 6 Simulink Model for Three Phase inverter.

To analyze various parameters like voltage waveform,

Figure 4 Simulink Model For single Phase system current waveform, rotor speed and the electromagnetic
torque of the induction motor scope is used. The output
To place the IGBT switches, select the power electronics current waveform is used to analysis THD, which is select
block from the power system block. Connect the pulse from powergui, then FFT analysis in which the signals are
generators to the gate terminal of each IGBT. Four electrical selected for the analysis and the THD will used to get
sources are chosen from electrical source block and each displayed in FFT window.
value are asymmetric and the diodes are taken from the
power electronic component in the simulink power system. The proper switching sequence should be provided to the
The electrical sources are connecting in series with the IGBT IGBT, the pulse generator is used to produce the reference
and the diodes are connected in parallel with the sources. pulse AND, NOT logic is used to produce the pulse for
Then the series parallel connections are fed to the H-bridge switches. For H-bridge inverter also AND, NOT logic is used.
inverter and the load is connected to the H-bridge inverter. This method is simple and easy to adapt which are taken
from the commonly used blocks.
From the voltage waveform given below we identified that
the peak voltage of 75V is achieved. The peak voltage value is 4.2.3 SIMULATION PARAMETERS
the sum of all four voltage source (5V+10V+20V+40V). The
waveform has 31-levels in both positive and in negative side The following parameter are selected according to the
with zero as common, which occurs twice per cycle. The induction motor specifications
figure 5 shows the single phase voltage waveform of the
proposed hybrid multilevel inverter. Electrical source

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Motor Type: Induction motor

Number of Phase: 3-phase,

Stator resistance Rs=0.435 ohms,

Figure 8 Three Phase Current Waveform
Rotor resistance Rr=0.816 ohms,

Frequency=50 Hz, 3 HP, 220V.

4.2.4 SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The computer simulation for the new topology of hybrid
multilevel inverter has been done by using the
MATLAB/SIMULINK. The output waveform has 31-levels in
the positive side and 31-levels in the negative side and a zero
level. This voltage levels are achieved with the help of four
unequal voltage sources. The positive and negative
waveforms are produced with the help of H-bridge inverter. Figure 9 Electromagnetic Torque
The figure 7 shows the 31-level inverter output voltage
waveform for peak voltage of 400V. Induction motor is
connected as a load. The output waveform has 31-levels in
both positive and negative half cycle that include zero level
that occur twice in a cycle. It can be archived by connecting
three separate single-phase and the phase delay is given
with the help of phase delay block. The Figure 8 shows the
current waveform for three-phase inverter. From the curve
we found that initially the current taken by the motor is high
after a certain time it reaches the steady state. The current
taken by the motor at steady state is 25A

Figure 10 Rotor Speed of the Motor.

The figure 9 shows the electromagnetic torque of the

induction motor. Initially the starting torque of the induction
motor is very high up to 200Nm. Then in the steady state it
reaches up to 20 Nm and maintain as a constant. Since the
motor is connected to constant full load.

The figure 10 shows the rotor speed of the induction motor.

It is observed in the graph the rotor speed of motor is
1480rpm under steady state. Since the motor is fully loaded
and does not have any oscillation in the load.

4.2.5 FFT ANALYSIS

Figure 7 Three Phase Voltage Waveform
The output of the hybrid multilevel inverter is connected to
the three-phase induction motor. This circuit is simulated in

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the MATLAB software and the output current waveform is technique and common H-bridge technique pulse generator
analyzed for THD using FFT method. Here 50 cycles of load are used. Both the operations are independent to each other.
current are taken as a sample for FFT analysis. The By producing correct triggering pulse to the switch, the
maximum frequency of 150Hz is taken as a limit for clear switching losses can be minimized.
visibility of the harmonic spectrum. The figure 11 shows the
harmonic spectrum obtained from FFT analysis for
conventional CHB inverter.

From the Figure 11 we identified that the amount of

harmonics present in the output and the THD is found to be
13.15%. The figure 12 shows harmonic spectrum for
proposed method and the harmonic content is found
apparently low 1.99% compare to the conventional method
which satisfies IEEE standards.

Figure 13 Simulink Model of Switching pulse generator.

The pulse generator 1 is used to generate the reference pulse

in sample based and the width of the pulse is 50%,
amplitude is 1 and the period of pulse is 0.01. The pulse
generator 1 is taken as a reference for all switches S1, S2, S3,
and S4. The figure 14 shows the pulse generator pulse
waveform.
Figure 11 FFT analysis for conventional method

Figure 14 Pulse Generator Waveform

The pulse generator 2 is used to generate switching pulse

for switch S1. The amplitude of the pulse is 1 and the
conduction period is 50%, time period is (1/1600). The
figure 15 shows the switching pulse for S1. The pulse
generator 3 is used to generate switching pulse for switch
S2. The amplitude of the pulse is 1 and the conduction period
is 50%, time period is (1/800). The figure 16 shows the
switching pulse for S2.
Figure 12 FFT analysis for proposed method

4.2.6 PROPOSED MODULATION SCHEME

In this proposed inverter switching pulse is given to each
IGBT by pulse generator. The figure 13 shows the simulation
model of proposed modulation technique. Since the switch
S1 is most frequently operated nearly 16 times per half cycle.
The switching frequency of the switch S1 is about 1600Hz.
Hence IGBT are selected as power switches due to its high
switching frequency nearly 40 KHz. Since the proposed
hybrid multilevel inverter is employed with open loop
control, the pulse generator is directly used to produce
switching pulse to the device. For both bye pass diode Figure 15 Switching pulse for switch S1.

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The pulse generator 4 is used to generate switching pulse for

switch S3. The amplitude of the pulse is 1 and the conduction
period is 50%, time period is (1/400). The figure 16 shows
the switching pulse for S3

Figure 19 H-Bridge inverter Circuit

Figure 16 Switching pulse for switch S2.

Figure 20 Pulse for H-Bridge Inverter

4.3 COMPARISONOF SIMULATION RESULTS

Figure 17 Switching pulse for switch S3.
The proposed hybrid multilevel inverter is compared with
series parallel switched multilevel DC link inverter topology
and new dual bridge multilevel DC-link inverter topology
with some of key factors that affect the inverter operations.
The important key factors like

 switching device
 bye pass diode,
 clamping diodes,
 DC split capacitors,
 DC source,
 output voltage levels
Figure 18 Switching pulse for switch S4
 THD
The pulse generator 5 is used to generate switching pulse for
switch S4. The amplitude of the pulse is 1 and the conduction are taken into account. The comparison results are shown
period is 50%, time period is (1/200). The figure 18shows in following table
the switching pulse for S4.
Table 2 Harmonic Comparison
4.2.7 SWITCHING PULSE FOR H-BRIDGE
KEY FACTORS SERIES DUAL PROPOSED
PARALLEL BRIDGE HYBRID MLI
Since the main inverter circuit is used to produce stair case
SWITCHED MLI
voltage waveform only in positive half cycle so H-bridge MLI
circuit is used to produce both positive and negative sine
waveform. Figure 19 shows the H-bridge inverter circuit. SWITCHING 10 10 8
One switch in the upper leg and one switch in the lower leg DEVICE
will conduct same leg switches are does not get conduct at
BYPASE 1 2 4
same time to avoid the short circuit and damage of the
DIODE
switches. Figure 20 shows Pulse for H-Bridge Inverter.
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CLAMPING - - - switch and a diode for each voltage source. Due to

DIODE involvement of high number of switches in the conventional
method the harmonics, switching losses, cost and the total
DC SPLIT - - - harmonics distortion are increased. This proposed
CAPACITOR topology increases the output voltage level with less number
DC SOURCE 3 3 4 of switches. It dramatically reduces the switches for high
number of levels that in turn reduces the switching losses;
VOLTAGE 15 15 31 cost and low order harmonics and thus effectively improves
LEVELS Total harmonics distortion reduction. To verify proposed
hybrid multilevel inverter concept simulation model is
THD 8.28% 8.18% 5.66%
developed and tested.

From the above harmonic comparison table, we observe that 5.2 FUTURE WORK
the percentage of THD present in output of proposed
inverter is low than the conventional method. These results The major scope of the future work is hardware
indicate that the proposed inverter can be utilized for implementation of high power 31-level voltage source
sensitive load and for standalone inverter operation inverter for domestic home UPS. This system can be used for
home UPS due to its nearby output sine waveform and less
4.4 MODEL OF SWITCHING ON SIX BIT UP/DOWN harmonic content. Since conventional home UPS inverter
COUNTER: efficiency is only about 40%. The hybrid inverter use only
less number of power switches so the inverter efficiency will
The counter switching scheme is not the only possible low be certainly high. The main applications of hybrid inverter
frequency switching scheme that can be used to eliminate are given below:
harmonics in the multilevel converter's output voltage. To
illustrate this point, the proposed switching schemes for a Air conditioner: The hybrid inverter can also be used in air
multilevel inverter with six separate de sources for single conditioner to modulate the frequency of the alternating
phase (s = 6) and with the number of switching limited to 64 current to control the speed of the air conditioner motor to
per quarter cycle. The other schemes are considered because achieve continuous adjustment of temperature.
they may produce a voltage waveform with lower THO than
the counter method, particularly at lower amplitude Stand alone inverter: They are commonly used in remote
modulation indices. V de is varied in order to keep the renewable energy systems producing power from
modulation index in a range for which the THD is minimum. photovoltaic panels and small wind turbines, most of these
system use modified sine wave type inverter because load
Table 3 Switching Sequence in counter cannot tolerate the high harmonic content.

S. No Order Sequence(S1-S6) Binary REFERENCES

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