Designation: D 5293 – 99ae1 An American National Standard

Standard Test Method for

Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils Between −5 and −35°C
Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5293; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

e1 NOTE—Table 1 was corrected editorially in November 2000.

1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory determination of 3.1 Definitions:
apparent viscosity of engine oils by cold cranking simulator 3.1.1 Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a constant
(CCS) at temperatures between −5 and −35°C at shear stresses viscosity at all shear rates.
of approximately 50 000 to 100 000 Pa and shear rates of 3.1.2 non-Newtonian oil or fluid, n—one that exhibits a
approximately 105 to 10 4 s−1 and viscosities of approximately viscosity that varies with changing shear stress or shear rate.
500 to 25 000 mPa·s. The range of an instrument is dependent 3.1.3 viscosity, h, n—the property of a fluid that determines
on the instrument model and software version installed. These its internal resistance to flow under stress, expressed by:
results are related to engine-cranking characteristics of engine h 5 t/ġ (1)
oils.
1.2 A special procedure is provided in Annex A1 for highly where:
viscoelastic oils. t = the stress per unit area, and
1.3 Procedures are provided for both manual and automated ġ = the rate of shear.
determination of the apparent viscosity of engine oils using the 3.1.3.1 Discussion—It is sometimes called the coefficient of
cold-cranking simulator. dynamic viscosity. This coefficient is thus a measure of the
1.4 A special manual procedure is provided in Annex A1 for resistance to flow of the liquid. In the SI, the unit of viscosity
highly viscoelastic oils. is the pascal-second; for practical use, a submultiple
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the (millipascal-second) is more convenient and is customarily
standard. used. The millipascal second is 1 cP.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.2.1 apparent viscosity, n—the viscosity obtained by use of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- this test method.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.2.1.1 Discussion—Since many engine oils are non-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning Newtonian at low temperature, apparent viscosity can vary
statements are given in 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, and 7.5 and Section 8. with shear rate.
3.2.2 calibration oils, n—oils with known viscosity and
2. Referenced Documents viscosity/temperature functionality that are used to define the
2.1 ASTM Standards: calibration relationship between viscosity and cold-cranking
D 2602 Test Method for Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils simulator rotor speed.
at Low Temperature Using the Cold-Cranking Simulator2 3.2.3 test oil, n—any oil for which the apparent viscosity is
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and to be determined by use of this test method.
Petroleum Products3 3.2.4 viscoelastic oil, n—a non-Newtonian oil or fluid that
E 29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to climbs up the rotor shaft during rotation.
Determine Conformance with Specifications4
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 An electric motor drives a rotor that is closely fitted
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on inside a stator. The space between the rotor and stator is filled
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.07.0C on Low Temperature Rheology of Non-Newtonian Fluids.
with oil. Test temperature is measured near the stator inner wall
Current edition approved Nov. 10, 1999. Published January 2000. Originally and maintained by regulated flow of refrigerated coolant
published as D 5293-91. Last previous edition D 5293-99. through the stator. The speed of the rotor is calibrated as a
2
Discontinued; see 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02. function of viscosity. Test oil viscosity is determined from this
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
calibration and the measured rotor speed.

Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.

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 D 5293
5. Significance and Use –40°C with six commercial engine oils (SAE 0W, 5W, 10W,
5.1 The CCS apparent viscosity of automotive engine oils 15W, 20W, and 25W).8
correlates with low temperature engine cranking. CCS appar-
6. Apparatus
ent viscosity is not suitable for predicting low temperature flow
to the engine oil pump and oil distribution system. Engine 6.1 Two types of apparatus are available for use in this test
cranking data were measured by the Coordinating Research method: the manual cold-cranking simulator (see 6.2) and the
Council (CRC) L-495 test with reference oils that had viscosi- automated CCS (see 6.3 and 6.4).
ties between 600 and 8400 mPa·s (cP) at −17.8°C and between 6.2 Manual CCS9, consisting of a direct current (dc) electric
2000 and 20 000 mPa·s (cP) at −28.9°C. The detailed relation motor that drives a rotor inside a stator; a rotor speed sensor or
between this engine cranking data and CCS apparent viscosi- tachometer that measures rotor speed; a dc ammeter and fine
ties is in Appendixes X1 and X2 of the 1967 T edition of Test current-control adjust dial; a stator temperature control system
Method D 26026 and CRC Report 409.5 Because the CRC that maintains temperature within 6 0.05°C of set point; and a
L-49 test is much less precise and standardized than the CCS coolant circulator compatible with the temperature control
procedures, CCS apparent viscosity need not accurately predict system. See Fig. 1.
the engine cranking behavior of an oil in a specific engine. 6.3 Automated CCS9, consisting of the CCS described in
However, the correlation of CCS apparent viscosity with 6.2, with computer, computer interface, and test sample injec-
average L-49 engine cranking results is satisfactory. tion pump. The methanol circulator (see 6.6.1) is not used
5.2 The correlation between CCS and apparent viscosity because the test sample injection displaces the previous test
and engine cranking was confirmed at temperatures be- sample. See Fig. 2.
tween −1 and −40°C by work on 17 commercial engine oils 6.4 Automatic Automated CCS9—The CCS described in 6.3
(SAE grades 5W, 10W, 15W, and 20W). Both synthetic and with the addition of an automated sample table allowing up to
mineral oil based products were evaluated. See ASTM STP 30 test samples to be run sequentially under computer control
621.7 without operator attention. See Fig. 3.
5.3 A correlation was established in a low temperature 6.5 Calibrated Thermistor—Sensor for insertion in a well
engine performance study between light duty engine startabil- near the inside surface of the stator to indicate the test
ity and CCS measured apparent viscosity. This study used ten temperature.
1990’s engines at temperatures ranging from –5 down to 6.6 Refrigeration System—A refrigerator for the liquid cool-
ant is needed to maintain coolant temperature at least 10°C
below the test temperature. Mechanical refrigeration is pre-
5
CRC Report No. 409 “Evaluation of Laboratory Viscometers for Predicting
ferred, but dry ice systems have been used satisfactorily. The
Cranking Characteristics of Engine Oils at − 0°F and − 20°F,” April 1968 available length of the tubing connections between the CCS and the
from the Coordinating Research Council, Inc., 219 Perimeter Center Parkway, refrigerator should be as short as possible and well insulated.
Atlanta, GA 30346. 6.6.1 There must be good thermal contact between the
6
Appendixes X1 and X2 have been filed at ASTM Headquarters. Request
RR:D02-1402.
temperature sensor and the thermal well in the stator; clean this
7
Stewart, R. M., “Engine Pumpability and Crankability Tests on Commercial thermal well periodically and replace the small drop of
“W” Grade Engine Oils Compared to Bench Test Results,” ASTM STP 621 ASTM
1967, 1968. 1969 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 17 (Also published as SAE
Paper 780369 in SAE Publication SP-429.). 8
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D02-
1442.
9
Available from Cannon Instrument Co., P.O. Box 16, State College, PA 16804.

FIG. 1 Cold Cranking Simulator

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 D 5293

FIG. 2 Automated Cold-Cranking Simulator

high-silver-containing heat transfer medium or mercury. The NOTE 1—Blind reference samples are available from the supplier of the
use of mercury is unacceptable in some laboratories for toxicity calibration oils for checking on the shear rate of the viscometric cell and
reasons; the use of high-silver-containing heat transfer medium the overall procedure.
is then required. Adjust the temperature of the coolant to the 7.5 Mercury (Warning—Paragraph 6.6.1 mentions the op-
viscometric cell to be at least 10°C below the test temperature. tional use of an OSHA-designated hazardous chemical (mer-
6.6.1.1 To ensure optimum control of temperature using the cury). For specific hazard information and guidance relative to
dry-ice system, the valve settings on the coolant circulator are use, consult the health and safety documents provided by the
set for control of coolant with a low-viscosity test sample in the supplier, for example, the material safety data sheet.).
viscometric cell and the simulator motor turned on. 8. Hazards
6.7 Coolant, dry methanol—If contaminated with water
from operating under high humidity conditions, replace it with 8.1 Observe both toxicity and flammability warnings that
dry methanol to ensure consistent temperature control, espe- apply to the use of mercury, methanol, acetone, and petroleum
cially when cooled by dry-ice. naphtha.
6.8 Optional Methanol Circulator9—This option (for the 8.2 If methanol is leaking from the apparatus, repair the leak
Manual CCS only) circulates warm methanol through the stator before continuing the test.
to facilitate sample changes and aid the evaporation of cleaning 9. Sampling
solvents. 9.1 To obtain valid results, use an appropriate means of bulk
7. Reagents and Materials sampling (see Practice D 4057) to obtain a representative
sample of test oil free from suspended solid material and water.
7.1 Acetone (Warning—Danger—Extremely flammable. When the sample in its container is received below the dew
Vapors can cause fire.). point temperature of the room, allow the sample to warm to
7.2 Methanol (Warning—Danger—Flammable. Vapor room temperature before opening its container. When the
harmful.). sample contains suspended solid material, use a filter or
7.3 Petroleum Naphtha (Warning—Combustible vapor centrifuge to remove particles greater than 5 µm in size. Do not
harmful.). shake the sample of test oil. This leads to entrainment of air,
7.4 Calibration Oils—Low-cloud point Newtonian oils of and a false viscosity reading.
known viscosity and viscosity/temperature functionality. Ap-
proximate viscosities at certain temperatures are listed in Table 10. Calibration
1, whereas exact viscosities are supplied with each standard. 10.1 Calibration of Manual CCS:

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 D 5293

FIG. 3 Automatic Automated Cold-Cranking Simulator

TABLE 1 Calibration Oils

Calibration Oil
ApproximateA Viscosity in rnPa·s at:
−5°C −10°C −15°C −20°C −25°C −30°C –35°C
CL-10 ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 700
CL-12 ... ... ... ... 800 1 600 3 200
CL-14 ... ... ... ... 1 600 3 250B 7 000C
CL-16 ... ... ... ... 2 500 5 500 11 000
CL-19 ... ... ... 1 800 3 500B 7 400C 17 000
CL-22 ... ... 1 300 2 500 5 100 11 000 ...
CL-25 ... ... 1 800 3 500B 7 400C 17 200 ...
CL-28 ... 1 200 2 500 5 000 9 300 ... ...
CL-32 ... 1 800 3 500B 7 300C 15 900 ... ...
CL-38 ... 2 900 5 800C 13 000 ... ... ...
CL-48 2300 4 500B 9 500 21 000 ... ... ...
CL-60 3700 7 400C 15 600 ... ... ... ...
CL-74 6000B 12 000 ... ... ... ... ...
A
Consult supplier for specific values.
B
Oil to be used for calibration checks with CCS-2B or CCS-4 or 5 with software version 3.x or 5.x.
C
Oil to used for calibration checks with CCS-4 or 5 software versions 4.x or 6.x.

10.1.1 On start-up of a new instrument or when any part of current adjust dial. Keep this current setting constant for all
the viscometric cell or drive component (motor, belt, subsequent calibration and test sample runs at all temperatures.
tachometer-generator, and so forth) is replaced, determine the When the current setting must be changed to maintain a dial
required motor drive current. Initially, recheck the drive current reading of 0.240 6 0.010 units with the 3500 mPa·s reference
(as described in 10.1.2) monthly until the change in drive oil at −20°C, recalibrate the instrument by either procedure
current in consecutive months is less than 0.020 A and every described in 10.1.3.
three months thereafter. 10.1.3 Calibration Procedure—At each test temperature,
10.1.2 Drive Current Determination—Plug the tachometer calibrate with the oils listed for that temperature in Table 1 by
into the CAL jack, where fitted with a CAL jack. Run the 3500 using the procedure described in Section 11.
mPa·s, −20°C viscosity standard at −20°C as described in 10.1.3.1 When only a narrow viscosity range of test liquids
Section 11. When the drive motor is turned on, establish a is to be measured, use a minimum of three calibration oils
speed meter reading of 0.240 6 0.010 by adjustment of the spanning the narrow viscosity range of the oils to be tested.

4
 D 5293
10.1.4 Preparation of Calibration Curves— Plot the viscos- hN 5 b0 1 b1N 1 b 2N2 (3)
ity of the calibration oils as a function of speed meter readings, 10.1.5 When check runs of a calibration oil do not fall
and draw a smooth curve. The use of log-log coordinates or within6 5 % of the values calculated from the calibration
special linearized graph paper have been found suitable for this curve, recheck the calibration of the temperature sensor or
purpose. Take care to get the best fit to the points found; rerun the calibration oils.
careless use of commercial drawing curves can lead to exces-
sive errors. See Fig. 4 for a typical curve. Use the equation in NOTE 2—A separate curve or equation is intended for each temperature.
10.1.4.1 as an alternative method to this graphical method. However, if the calibration data at two or more temperatures fit a single
curve or equation without a bias, a single curve or equation may be used
10.1.4.1 Alternatively Expressing Calibration Results by for these temperatures.
Equation—Calibration data over a limited viscosity range are
well represented by the following equation: 10.2 Calibration of Automated CCS:
10.2.1 On start-up of a new instrument or when any part of
h 5 b0/N 1 b1 1 b 2N (2)
the viscometric cell or drive component (motor, belt, and so
where: forth) is replaced, determine the required motor current.
h = viscosity, Initially, recheck the motor current (as described in 10.2.2)
b0, b1, b2 = constants determined with a minimum of monthly until the change in motor current in consecutive
three calibration oils, and months is less than 0.020 A and every three months thereafter.
N = observed speed indicator reading. 10.2.2 Motor Current Determination—Run the 3500 mPa·s,
10.1.4.2 When more than three pairs of data are available, –20°C viscosity standard at –20°C as described in Section 12.
regress these data to the following equation to determine the When the drive motor is turned on, establish a speed reading of
values of the constants b0, b 1, and b2: 0.240 6 0.005 (displayed as SPEED on the computer monitor)

FIG. 4 Linearized Calibration Chart, Cold Cranking Simulator

5
 D 5293
by adjustment of the CURRENT ADJUST DIAL. Keep this 11.2.1 Turn the temperature control and coolant flow on,
current setting constant for all subsequent calibration and test and allow the stator to cool. To ensure optimum control of
sample runs at all temperatures. When the current setting must temperature, see 6.6.1 and 6.6.1.1. Record the time at which
be changed to maintain a speed reading of 0.240 6 0.005 units the coolant flow is turned on (use a stopwatch or other means
with the 3500 mPa·s reference oil at –20°C, recalibrate the of counting by seconds). Attain control temperature within 30
instrument by the procedure described in 10.2.3. to 60 s for test temperatures down to −20°C and within 60 to
10.2.3 Calibration Procedure—At each test temperature, 90 s for test temperatures down to −30°C; if not within these
calibrate with the oils listed for that temperature in Table 1 by limits, replace the cold methanol (see 6.7) or adjust the
using the procedure described in Section 12. temperature of the cold methanol. A null reading on the
10.2.3.1 When only a narrow viscosity range of test liquids temperature indicator meter and the cyclic controlling of
is to be measured, use a minimum of four calibration oils coolant flow indicate that test temperature is reached. Adjust
spanning the narrow viscosity range of the oils to be tested. the null meter reset knob so that the null meter reads slightly to
10.2.4 Calibration Equation—The computer program re- the left of zero, such that when the rotor drive is turned on the
gresses the calibration data over the viscosity range at each test temperature will be established with only minimal further
calibration temperature as is described in 10.1.4.1. There must temperature adjustment.
be a minimum of four pairs of calibration data (viscosity and 11.2.1.1 If the control temperature is reached more slowly
speed) for each temperature. than outlined above, replace the cold methanol (see 6.7), or
10.2.5 When check runs of a calibration oil do not fall lower the temperature of the cold methanol (see 6.6).
within 65 % of the values calculated from the stored calibra- 11.2.1.2 If the control temperature is reached more rapidly
tion equation, recheck the calibration of the temperature sensor than outlined above, raise the temperature of the cold methanol
or rerun the calibration oils. in order to obtain satisfactory control.
11. Procedure for Manual CCS Operation 11.2.2 Turn on the rotor drive 180 6 3 s after the coolant
flow is turned on.
NOTE 3—Ensure that the cooling bath is stirred during the operation of
the instrument. Failure to do so will permit large gradients in temperature 11.2.3 With the tachometer plugged into the CAL jack,
to exist in the cooling bath. These large gradients will affect the sample record the speed meter reading immediately after turning on
temperature and reduce the precision of your viscosity measurements. the motor switch. If the indicator rises and then drops rapidly
11.1 Establish the calibration equation or curve (see Section to a position at least 5 % less than the highest reading, there is
10). Before any series of determinations, run a minimum of one possible presence of residual solvent in the shear area. This
calibration oil as an overall check on the apparatus and abnormal digital speed meter change or analog meter needle
calibration at each temperature of interest. When the drive deflection can also occur as a result of poor temperature control
current for the oil to be used for the calibration check (see (as indicated on the temperature meter) that is most frequently
Footnote B of Table 1) differs by more than 0.005 A (ampere) caused by poor thermal contact between the stator thermal well
from that determined in 10.1.2, reset the current to the value and the thermistor. Terminate the run. Remove the sample and
previously determined in 10.1.2; make the observation and clean as described in 11.3. Repeat the procedure with a fresh
correction after 15 s of running. When the viscosity measure- sample starting with 11.2.
ment of the calibration oil differs by more than 6 5 % from its 11.2.4 Record speed indicator meter reading at 60 6 5 s
certified value, rerun to confirm this observation. When con- from rotor startup, estimating the meter reading to the nearest
1⁄10 of the smallest meter division for the analog meter, when
firmed, recalibrate as in 10.1.3.
the digital meter is not being used. Turn off rotor drive and
NOTE 4—The use of blind reference samples (see Note 1) are recom-
mended for an overall check on all performance, at six month intervals.
coolant flow.
11.3 Clean the CCS by the following steps:
11.2 Insert test sample from a dropping pipet (eye dropper)
into the filling tube. Be certain the test sample fills the gap 11.3.1 Circulate warm methanol (35 to 45°C) around the
between the rotor and stator with an excess of liquid above the stator during the time of cleaning. Maintain flow of warm
rotor to fill the cup completely. Turn the rotor by hand to ensure methanol until 11.3.2 has been completed. See 11.3.3 for an
complete wetting of the surface of the stator and rotor while the alternative procedure.
test sample flows between the rotor and stator. Fill the filling 11.3.2 Wash the assembly with petroleum naphtha and
tube fully and insert a rubber stopper in the end of the tube; for finally with acetone (with due care for the flammability of these
viscoelastic samples this stopper will have to be pressed tightly solvents), using the vacuum to dry the assembly. Turn the rotor
while the motor is turned on (see 11.2.2) to prevent the sample several revolutions by hand during final drying with vacuum to
from forcing the stopper out of the tube and allowing the ensure that the gap between rotor and stator is clean and dry.
sample to become depleted in the shear area of the viscometric 11.3.3 As an alternative to the use of solvents in 11.3.1 and
cell. See Annex A1 for a special procedure for highly vis- 11.3.2, inject an excess of 30 mL of the next sample to flush the
coelastic test samples. previous sample and fill the cell with the new sample as in
11.2.
NOTE 5—The viscosity of some oils can be high enough at room
temperature to impede flow into the annulus between the rotor and stator.
11.4 Leave the final sample of a series of runs in the
For oils whose kinematic viscosity at ambient temperature exceeds 100 instrument. This will prevent damage if the instrument is
mm2/s (cSt), warm the sample (not exceeding 50°C) prior to filling the accidentally turned on. This final sample can also be used as
viscometric cell. the sample for the first run after a shutdown period. This allows

6
 D 5293
the electronic components and motor to come up to tempera- this test method, exceed the following values only in one case
ture by operation with a sample already in place. Do not record in twenty.
speed indicator data from this sample upon starting a new set repeatability 5 5.4 % of their mean (4)
of runs.
14.1.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
12. Procedure for Automated and Automatic Automated and independent results obtained by different operators work-
CCS Operation ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, in
12.1 Establish the calibration equation as described in 10.2. the long run, exceed the following values only in one case in
12.2 With the test sample in a 60 mL bottle, place the bottle twenty:
in position. Identify the test sample in the computer. reproducibility 5 8.9 % of their mean (5)
12.2.1 For the automatic automated CCS, place the bottles 11
14.2 Precision —The precision of this test method with
in the sample tray. Identify the position in the tray and test CCS-4/5 (automatic) as determined by statistical examination
temperature for each test sample in the computer program. It is of the interlaboratory test over the temperature range from –10
recommended that calibration test samples or secondary stan- to –35°C and a viscosity range from 2800 to 18 000 mPa·s,
dards be placed in the sample tray and identified as calibration using version 4.x or higher software, is as follows:
check samples. 14.2.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive
12.2.2 When check runs of the calibration test samples or results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus
secondary standards do not fall within 6 5 % of the expected under constant operating conditions on identical test materials
value, the results are considered suspect. would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
12.3 Start the run using the computer program. The new this test method, exceed the following values only in one case
sample will automatically displace the previous test sample in in twenty.
the viscometric cell without the use of solvent. The tempera- repeatability 5 2.6 % of their mean (6)
ture control and running of the CCS motor will be computer
controlled. The rotor speed measurement and viscosity calcu- 14.2.2 Reproducibility—The difference between two single
lation for the test sample are performed and displayed by the and independent results obtained by different operators work-
computer. ing in different laboratories on identical test material would, in
12.3.1 Heating and solvent cleaning of the viscometric cell the long run, exceed the following values only in one case in
are not necessary to allow injection of the next sample. twenty:
reproducibility 5 7.3 % of their mean (7)
13. Report
14.2.3 Summary of Interlaboratory Study11—The interlabo-
13.1 Manual CCS Report: ratory study consisted of nine participating laboratories evalu-
13.1.1 Calculate the apparent viscosity of the test sample in ating ten engine oils with viscosities ranging from 2800 to
mPa·s from the graph referenced in 10.1.4 or Eq 2 in 10.1.4.1. 18 000 mPa(s) at test temperatures from –10 to –35°C. All
13.1.2 Report the value determined in 13.1.1 to the nearest laboratories used the CCS 4/5 with version 4.x or higher
10 mPa(s) and the test temperature. instrument software to measure the apparent viscosity.
13.2 Automated CCS Report: 14.3 Bias—The procedure in this test method for measuring
13.2.1 Report the calculated viscosity and temperature as the apparent viscosity of engine oils at low temperatures has no
displayed on the computer monitor. The value displayed is bias because the apparent viscosity of engine oils at low
rounded to the nearest 10 mPa·s. temperature is defined only in terms of this test method.
14. Precision and Bias10 14.4 Automated Precision—The automated CCS and auto-
matic automated CCS viscometers have been found not to have
14.1 Precision—The precision of this test method as deter- a bias from the manual CCS2 viscometers, and the precision is
mined by the statistical examination of the interlaboratory test within the precision of the manual apparatus.12
results over the temperature range from −5 to −30°C and
viscosity range from 1560 to 10 200 mPa·s is as follows: 15. Keywords
14.1.1 Repeatability—The difference between successive 15.1 apparent viscosity; cold cranking; cranking; engine
results obtained by the same operator with the same apparatus oils; petroleum and petroleum products; viscosity
under constant operating conditions on identical test materials
would, in the long run, in the normal and correct operation of
11
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D02-
1459.
10 12
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM Headquarters. Request RR: Supporting data have been filed at ASTM Headquarters. Request RR:D02-
D02-1285. 1438.

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 D 5293
ANNEX

(Mandatory Information)

A1. SPECIAL PROCEDURE FOR TESTING HIGHLY VISCOELASTIC OILS USING THE MANUAL CCS INSTRUMENT

A1.1 Test samples can exhibit different behavior at low low-viscosity test sample in the viscometric cell and the
temperature in the CCS, thereby requiring procedural varia- simulator motor turned on; the temperature of the coolant to the
tions. Some highly viscoelastic samples will spiral toward the viscometric cell is approximately 10°C below the test tempera-
rotor shaft when the rotor drive is started. If the sample climbs ture. There must be good thermal contact with the temperature
from the shear zone, the rotor speed will increase noticeably. sensor in the thermal well in the stator. This thermal well
The use of the rubber stopper in the fill tube (see 11.2) should be cleaned periodically (see 6.6.1).
normally will ensure that the procedure in Section 11 will be
satisfactory; however, very highly viscoelastic test samples can A1.4 The null meter reset knob should be set slightly lower
require this special procedure. The procedure in A1.2-A1.7 is than the test temperature, such that when the rotor drive is
used for both viscoelastic and non-viscoelastic samples. There turned on the test temperature will be established without
are more manipulations in shorter time periods required in further temperature adjustment.
A1.5 than in 11.2. Calibration oils must be run by the same A1.5 Start a timer when test temperature is reached (as
procedure as the test samples since the calibration curves can indicated by the temperature indicator meter and the cyclic
differ slightly. controlling of coolant flow). At 10 6 2 s after starting the
timer, add additional sample directly into the cup, thus filling
A1.2 Insert test sample from a dropping pipet into the
the cup completely.
filling tube filling the gap between the rotor and stator, with a
slight excess to cover the rotor with about 1 mm of liquid. Turn A1.6 Turn on rotor drive at 30 6 2 s after start of timer.
the rotor by hand to ensure complete wetting of the surfaces of
the stator and rotor while the last portion of this sample is A1.7 Record speed indicator meter reading at 10 6 2 s
flowing up past the rotor sides. from rotor startup, estimating the meter reading to the nearest
0.001 unit. Turn off rotor drive and coolant flow.
A1.3 Turn the temperature control and coolant flow on, and
A1.8 Clean the CCS by the procedure in 11.3-11.3.3.
allow the stator to cool. Control temperature should be reached
within 30 to 60 s for test temperatures down to −20°C and A1.9 The precision of the measurement of the apparent
within 60 to 90 s for test temperatures down to −30°C. To viscosity of highly viscoelastic engine oils has not been
ensure optimum control of temperature, the valve settings on determined and can be expected to be somewhat poorer from
the coolant circulator are set for control of coolant with a that determined in 14.1-14.3.

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