Drug Testing Information http://www.drugdetection.net/drug.

htm

For information on drugs, we recommend you click on one of the following links, or view brief summaries of
common drugs of abuse and drug testing:

NHTSA Drugs and Human Performance Facts Sheets

Medline Plus
NIDA (National Institute of Drug Abuse)
The California Department of Justice Toxicology (Cal DOJ Toxicology Laboratory).

The detection times in urine are significantly greater than detection times in blood, which is also generally
much more expensive. The presence of a drug or drugs in urine does not provide information as to whether the
individual is actually under the influence at any particular time. Likewise, a urine drug concentration cannot
be reliably correlated to blood concentration or dose.

Blood testing, on the other hand may provide more suitable information about whether or not an individual is
"under the influence", though this may not be conclusive in all cases.

Urine drug testing accuracy is variable depending on how the testing is done. Drug testing is extremely
accurate and reliable when all aspects of the testing process are done properly. On the other hand, the
information obtained may be very misleading and inaccurate when poor procedures or testing methods are
utilized. Drug testing will only be reliable when the consumer knows how it should be done and then demands
from the industry that it is done properly.

Unfortunately, today, the majority of drug testing is poorly done and plagued with unreliable information.
Below are aspects that should provide enough information to empower the consumer to demand proper testing
procedures. There are three aspects to reliable drug testing:

1. Strict collection procedures;

2. Proper Testing Procedures;
3. Random notification.

Specimen Collection: Collection of Urine should be done following a process of positive identification of the
individual and full chain of custody procedures. In addition, and more importantly, the specimen should be
certified by a means of temperature measurement with a digital thermometer. Acceptable ranges of
temperature measurement should be within 96 to 99 degrees to preclude samples that are adulterated and or
substituted.

Witnessed collections are not necessary and in fact are not as reliable as the digital measurement of
temperature within 96 to 99 degrees. (If witnessed collection is done, it should also have the digital
measurement done).

Plastic "temperature strips" which are attached to the vial should not be used to measure the temperature.
Current widespread practice is for collection facilities to allow temperature certification within a range of 90 to
100 degrees Fahrenheit. In addition, it is also common to use "temp strips" for the determination of the
temperature. These practices do not preclude adulteration and/or substitution of the specimen and are
probably the source of most of the inaccuracy and unreliability of urine drug testing today.

SAMSHA (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration) has unwittingly encouraged these
faulty practices by stating these wide limits (90 to 100 degrees) of temperature acceptability within the
regulations. This has fostered nationwide incompetence in this area, allowing "positive" subjects to substitute
or adulterate their urine unchecked and resulting in indeterminable number of "false negative" results.

DDL's procedure for collection of specimens is available to any collection facility that desires to improve their
collection procedures.

Testing Procedure:

Ensure all positive results are confirmed by GC/MS or LC/MS analysis. This is critical to ensure no "false
positive" results occur.

There are two approaches to testing; cut-off type tests and limit of detection tests. A cut-off type test has an
administrative "limit" set to report a positive result. If the drug is identified, but is below the limit, it is
reported as "not detected".

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The LIMIT OF DETECTION - The limit of detection tests reports any detectable amount present within the
capabilities of the laboratory. This is typically well below the administrative "cut-offs" discussed above. The
most reliable "negative" test results are those which are determined by a ZERO TOLERANCE testing
procedure. SAMSHA certified laboratories are required to adhere to established cutoff concentrations. In
other words, a specified amount of the drug or drugs is allowed to be present and still be reported as
"negative". This results again in an increased number of "false negatives", or the reporting of a test result as
"negative" when the drug is actually present.

To provide the most accurate and reliable information in a "negative" test, a ZERO TOLERANCE test should
be done. Require that the laboratory follow zero tolerance by requesting that the detection limit of the drug or
drugs be ruled out at the LIMIT OF DETECTION of the GC/MS procedure. If the laboratory cannot
accommodate that request, find another certified laboratory that will. (SAMSHA laboratories will not perform
zero tolerance testing since the regulations require that established cutoff limits be followed).

Zero tolerance testing may also be more expensive, but will provide the most reliable information if testing is
"negative" (assuming of course that the specimen was collected properly).

Random Call: Random notification is an important aspect of the reliability of drug detection. The detection of
any drug is subject to the timing and amount of the dose. Subjects who have used illicit drugs may allow their
system to clear if they have enough time. The notification of the individual should be done so as not to allow
enough time to enable the person to clear the drug. Usually a limit of 24 hours is acceptable to detected most
drugs besides alcohol (ethanol). If ethanol is of concern the collection should be done within 3 to 4 hours.

For information on drugs, you can click on the following link to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
"Drugs and Human Performance Fact Sheets" or view brief summaries of common drugs below.

METHAMPHETAMINE CLASS: Central Nervous System (CNS) Stimulant

STREET NAMES: "Crank","Speed", "Crystal","Go-fast"
MAJOR METABOLITE(S): Amphetamine
SYMPTOMS/EFFECTS:
Desired Effects: CNS Stimulation, euphoria, mood elevation, appetite suppression.
General Effects: Restlessness, anxiety, irritability, tremors, confusion, paranoia
(high doses)
Physiological Effects: Fixed (non-reactive to light) and dilated pupils, increased
heart rate and blood pressure.
LENGTH OF TIME DETECTED:
Blood: 1-3 Days
Urine: 1-4 Days (Up to one week following heavy/chronic use - also urine pH
dependent)
DURATION OF EFFECTS: Average = 4-8 hours (Up to 12-24 hrs or more with
large doses or repeated exposure)
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION: Levels greater than 200 ng/mL clearly
demonstrate drug abuse.

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COCAINE CLASS: Central Nervous System (CNS) Stimulant.
STREET NAMES: "Coke", "Crack", "Snow","Flake"
MAJOR METABOLITE(S): Benzoylecgonine (B.E.), Ecgonine Methyl Esther
(E.M.E.)
SYMPTOMS / EFFECTS: Same as listed for methamphetamine.
LENGTH OF TIME DETECTED:
BLOOD: Cocaine parent present up to approximately 5-6 hours post dose.
URINE: Cocaine parent present up to approximately 12 hours post dose.
Benzoylecgonine metabolite present for approximately 2-4 days, possibly as long as
10 days in heavy/binge users.
DURATION OF EFFECTS: I.V. / Smoking = 30 - 40 minutes with peak effects at 3
- 5 minutes. Intra nasal = 60 - 90 minutes.

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CODEINE CLASS: Opiate (opioid) analgesics

MAJOR METABOLITE(S): Morphine
SYMPTOMS / EFFECTS: Desired: Analgesia (Pain relief). Minimal symptoms
occur at therapeutic doses.
General Effects: At therapeutic doses minimal effects should occur. At high doses
Central Nervous System depression may occur resulting in dizziness, drowsiness,
apathy and lethargy.
Physiological Effects: Minimal effects at therapeutic doses. At high doses
constricted (pinpoint) pupils , warm and flushed skin, and respiratory depression
can occur.
LENGTH OF TIME DETECTED: Urine: 2 - 3 days.
DURATION OF EFFECTS: 4 - 6 Hours.

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MORPHINE CLASS: Opiate (opioid) analgesic
MAJOR METABOLITE(S): Morphine Glucuronide
SYMPTOMS / EFFECTS: Same as listed for codeine.
LENGTH OF TIME DETECTED: Urine: 2 - 3 days (possibly longer after heavy
use).
DURATION OF EFFECTS: 4 - 6 Hours.
TYPICAL EFFECTS ON DRIVING BEHAVIORS: Same as listed for codeine.

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HEROIN CLASS: Opioid (semi-synthetic opiate)
STREET NAMES: "Smack", "Horse", "Diacetylmorphine"
MAJOR METABOLITES: Morphine, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM)
SYMPTOMS / EFFECTS:
Desired: Euphoria and CNS Depression
General: Slow speech, droopy eyelids, drowsy, lethargic, mentally slow
Physiological: Constricted (Pinpoint) pupils, shallow breathing, muscle relaxation.
LENGTH OF TIME DETECTED: Urine: 2 - 3 days (possibly longer after heavy
use) as the morphine metabolite.
DURATION OF EFFECTS: 4- 6 Hours.
MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION: The 6-monoacetylmorphine metabolite is
specific to heroin use only.

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PHENCYCLIDINE CLASS: Formerly used as an animal tranquilizer, PCP is a unique drug exhibiting
(PCP) CNS stimulant, CNS depressant, analgesic and hallucinogenic properties.
STREET NAMES: "Angel Dust", "Hog"
SYMPTOMS / EFFECTS:
Desired: Euphoria, mood elevation, CNS stimulation, anesthesia.
General: Lethargy, drowsiness, ataxia, disorientation, disorganized thought, visual,
tactile and auditory misperceptions, "blank" stare.
Physiological: Horizontal and vertical nystagmus, sweating, flushing, slurred
speech and loss of pain perception.
LENGTH OF TIME DETECTED:
Blood: 1 -3 days
Urine: 3 - 7 + days (Lipid soluble - may be detected longer)
DURATION OF EFFECTS: 4 - 6+ hours

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MARIJUANA (THC) CLASS: Psychoactive cannabinoid
Cannabis sativa STREET NAMES: "Pot", "Grass", "Sensemilla", "Thai Sticks", "Acapulco Gold",
"Reefer"
MAJOR METABOLITES: 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol. (Note:
delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol is the major psychoactive ingredient)
SYMPTOMS / EFFECTS:
Desired: Euphoria, Relaxation, Anti-nausea effect, Hallucinations
General: Sedation, sleepiness, ataxia, and short term memory impairment.
Physiological: Red conjunctiva (Whites of the eyes), increased pulse & blood

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pressure.
LENGTH OF TIME DETECTED:
Blood:
Delta-9-THC concentration usually drops below 5 ng/mL within 3-4 hours post
dose. Frequent users may have longer detection times.
Urine:
11-nor-9-carboxy-delta-9-THC (inactive metabolite) detectable several days to
several weeks, even longer for extremely heavy users. THC is a lipid soluble drug,
therefore stores in the fat in the body and the amount of time it takes to clear the
system is dependent on how much drug was used and over what period of time the
drug is used. Delta-9-THC may also be detected.
DURATION OF EFFECTS: Approximately 2-5 hours (route of administration and
dose dependant).

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