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    Cri 311 Charter 7 Examination of Dangerous Drugs

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    Amethyst Canillas
    The document discusses the examination of dangerous drugs through forensic testing. It describes drug identification as determining the presence of drugs through chemical tests and examination of specimens like body fluids and drug paraphernalia. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used, including preliminary color tests and confirmatory tests using chromatography and spectroscopy techniques. Urine drug testing procedures and ways invalid specimens can be tampered with through adulteration, dilution, or substitution are also outlined.

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    Cri 311 Charter 7 Examination of Dangerous Drugs

    Uploaded by

    Amethyst Canillas
    129 views26 pages
    The document discusses the examination of dangerous drugs through forensic testing. It describes drug identification as determining the presence of drugs through chemical tests and examination of specimens like body fluids and drug paraphernalia. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used, including preliminary color tests and confirmatory tests using chromatography and spectroscopy techniques. Urine drug testing procedures and ways invalid specimens can be tampered with through adulteration, dilution, or substitution are also outlined.

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    CRI-311-CHARTER-7-EXAMINATION-OF-DANGEROUS-DRUGS

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    The document discusses the examination of dangerous drugs through forensic testing. It describes drug identification as determining the presence of drugs through chemical tests and examination of specimens like body fluids and drug paraphernalia. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used, including preliminary color tests and confirmatory tests using chromatography and spectroscopy techniques. Urine drug testing procedures and ways invalid specimens can be tampered with through adulteration, dilution, or substitution are also outlined.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    129 views26 pages

    Cri 311 Charter 7 Examination of Dangerous Drugs

    Uploaded by

    Amethyst Canillas
    The document discusses the examination of dangerous drugs through forensic testing. It describes drug identification as determining the presence of drugs through chemical tests and examination of specimens like body fluids and drug paraphernalia. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are used, including preliminary color tests and confirmatory tests using chromatography and spectroscopy techniques. Urine drug testing procedures and ways invalid specimens can be tampered with through adulteration, dilution, or substitution are also outlined.

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    EXAMINATION

    OF
    DANGEROUS DRUGS
    EXAMINATION OF DANGEROUS DRUGS
    -"drug testing is a form of forensic
    testing.
    -Drug test results issued should be
    scientifically, legally and forensically
    defensible."
    DRUG IDENTIFICATION
     is a branch of forensic chemistry that deals with
    the scientific examination of drugs and volatile
    substances.
     Drug identification is usually conducted by
    forensic chemist/chemical officer to determine
    the presence of dangerous drug on submitted
    specimens.
     The forensic chemist also conducts drug test on
    body fluids of suspected drug pushers and users
    to determine the presence of dangerous drug
    metabolites.
     Paraphernalia like smoking pipes, tooters and
    aluminum foils should also be submitted for
    examination to determine the presence of
    dangerous drugs.
    FORMS OF DANGEROUS DRUGS
    -drugs are in various forms.
    -this includes tablets, capsules, liquid,
    powder, brick or decks of marijuana,
    crushed leaves and uprooted plants.
    EXAMINATION OF THE SAMPLE TAKEN FROM THE
    ALLEGED CONFISCATED DANGEROUS DRUGS

    METHODS OF EXAMINATION
    1.qualitative (characteristics)
    2.quantitative (numerical data)
    STEPS COMMON TO QUALITATIVE AND
    QUANTITATIVE METHODS
    1.selection of method to be used
    2.physical test
    3.Sampling
    4.sample preparation
    5.chemical test
    6.confirmatory test
    7.calculation and interpretation of dates
    8.drawing of conclusion and writing
    report
    TWO PHASES IN THE EXAMINATION OF THE ALLEGED CONFISCATED DANGEROUS
    DRUGS.
    1.SCREENING TEST/PRELIMINARY TEST (color test).
     this test is non specific and preliminary in nature.
     It is employed to reduce the family or group of drug to small and

    manageable number.
     Screening test includes a series of color tests producing characteristic

    color for each family or group of drugs.


     This is done by adding specific reagent to unknown sample in a spot

    plate.

    CANNABIS: duquenois levin = violet


    fast blue B salt =purple red

    COCAINE: cobalt thiocyanate test or CT test = blue


    scott test or modified CT test:
    reagent 1 = blue
    reagent 2 = pink
    reagent 3 = blue
    WAGNER TEST =brown (specific test for cocaine)

    DIAZEPAM
    zimmerman test = reddish purple or pink (some benzodiazepine derivative do not
    give color with this test)
    Hydrochloric acid=yellow
    Vitali-morin test=yellow orange

    OPIUM
    marquis =violet
    ferric sulfate = brownish purple
    mecke = blue to green
    nitric acid = orange to red to yellow

    MORPHINE
    marquis = violet to reddish purple

    CODEINE
    mecke = blue to green, nitric acid = orange to yellow

    HEROIN
    mecke = blue to green
    nitric acid = yellow to green
    DILLE-KOPPANYI TEST = reddish purple (for barbiturates)

    METHAMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
    simon test = blue
    marquis test = orange to brown

    ECSTACY
    simon test = blue

    METHAQUALONE AND PHENCYCLIDINE


    CT test = blue

    LYSERGIDE OR LSD
    ehrlich = violet

    MESCALINE
    marquis test= orange
    liebermann = black
    note:
     it must be noted that POSITIVE RESULTS of these

    tests are not conclusive, as there are substances


    that may give same positive color reaction/s
    upon addition of the specific reagents.
     hence, confirmatory tests must be performed by

    the forensic chemist/chemical officer on case to


    establish the presence and identification of
    dangerous drug.
     Only those specimens that yielded presumptive

    results are subject to confirmatory test in order


    to confirm if the positive result of the screening
    test is really positive.
    2.CONFIRMATORY TEST
    -is the method employed to confirm the
    results of the screening/preliminary test.
    -This test involves the application of an
    analytical procedure to identify the presence
    of a specific drug or metabolites.
    -This is independent of the screening test
    and which uses techniques and chemical
    principles different from that of the initial
    test in order to ensure reliability and
    accuracy.
    METHODS USED IN THE CONFIRMATORY
    TEST

    CHROMATOGRAPHY
    -Is the process of separating mixture
    and comparing the migration of each
    component with standard.
    -Example gas chromatography, thin
    layer chromatography, high pressure
    liquid chromatography.
    GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
    -It is a separate technique
    -the mobile phase is a gas
    -separation is based on the difference
    in migration rates among sample
    components.
    SPECTROSCOPY
    -A confirmatory method whereby light
    is used to identify the sample
    specimen.
    FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED
    SPECTROSCOPY (FTIR)
    -Used for the identification of pure
    organic substances, identifies organic
    substances particularly dangerous
    drugs and explosive ingredients based
    on their characteristic functional
    groups.
    -in layman's term, the resulting
    spectrum could be referred to as the
    fingerprints of the substance.
    ULTRA VIOLET VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY
    -Used for screening of dangerous
    drugs in urine specimen.
    EXAMINATION OF THE URINE SPECIMEN
    -The rate of excretion from the body
    depends on the drug's solubility in fat.
    -WATER SOLUBLE DRUGS (such as cocaine)
    are excreted quickly, while FAT SOLUBLE
    DRUGS (such as marijuana) may take
    several weeks or months before excretion.
    -Drug test must be conducted to
    apprehend individual who is suspected to
    be a user and to those who are charged
    with the offense of illegal use of
    dangerous drugs.
    VALIDITY TEST FOR URINE SPECIMEN
    -Validity test is conducted to determine
    the integrity of the samples.

    REASONS FOR CONDUCTING VALIDITY


    TEST
    -In cases of unobserved urine
    collection and when there is suspicion
    that the urine specimen has been
    tampered.
    INSTANCES WHEN TO ALLOW UNOBSERVED
    URINE SPECIMEN COLLECTION
    -when donor is physically unable to go to the
    laboratory
    -when the donor is involved in a crime scene
    -when the donor is involved in post accident
    trauma
    -when donor is critically ill
    DIFFERENT TYPES OF TAMPERED URINE SPECIMEN

    ADULTERATED
    -a specimen containing either substance that is not a normal
    constituent for that type of specimen or containing an
    endogenous substance at
    a concentration that is not a normal physiological concentration.
    -Donor may tamper or manipulate a urine specimen.

    DILUTED
    -refers to a specimen with less than normal physiological
    constituents.
    -Isn’t a complete wash.

    SUBSTITUTED
    -specimen which has been derived through switching or
    replacement of the original sample.
    WAYS TO ADULTERATE URINE SAMPLES
    -addition of salt
    -addition of juice
    -addition of detergent
    -addition of bleach and other oxidizing
    adulterants
    -addition of illicit drugs
    WAYS TO SUBSTITUTE A URINE SAMPLES
    -Urine from friends or other persons
    not using drugs may be used as a
    substitute specimen
    -replace sample with other substance
    similar to urine in appearance.
    WAYS TO DILUTE A URINE SPECIMEN

    INTERNAL
    - intake plenty of water before
    collection or drinking of herbal tea.

    EXTERNAL
    - addition of water to previously
    collected urine.
    WHEN DO WE CONSIDER A URINE
    SPECIMEN AS INVALID
    -Adulterated, substituted or diluted,
    -improperly collected, handled and
    stored
    -improperly documented
    AMPING
    TA
    SA
    KANUNAY…..

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