Glasgow Coma Scale

Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 50(1), May - June 2018; Article No.
27, Pages: 188-196 ISSN 0976 – 044X
Research Article
Enhancement of Dissolution Rate of Acetaminophen Tablet using Solid Dispersions with
Polyethylene Glycol 4000 and Polyvinylpyrrolidone K25
I
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net ©
Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in
whole or in part is strictly prohibited.
3
1
Associate Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari,
Iran 2
Ph.D. candidate of pharmaceutics, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Centre, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari,
Iran. 3
Student of pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari,
Iran
*Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected]
Received: 27-02-2018; Revised: 18-04-2018; Accepted: 30-04-2018.
ABSTRACT
Solid dispersions (SDs) have been traditionally used as an effective method for improving the dissolution properties and
bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Here we demonstrate the development and characterization of SD oral tablets,
containing the poorly water-soluble drug acetaminophen, prepared using solvent evaporation technique and manufactured from
two different polymers, polyethylene glycol 4000 and Polyvinylpyrrolidone K25. The prepared SDs were evaluated by saturation
solubility test, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The dissolution efficiency (DE) and the percentage of acetaminophen
dissolved (DP) after 15 and 120 min were calculated. After 15 min SD tablets had an enhanced DP and DE compared to the
control tablets (p < 0.05). similar results were obtained after 120 min (p < 0.05). The prepared SDs exhibited a statistically
significant increase in the solubility of acetaminophen compared to that of the pure drug (p < 0.05). The dissolution rates of SDs
were higher than those of the physical mixtures and acetaminophen alone. Better results were obtained with PVP K25 than with
PEG 4000. The FTIR spectroscopic test revealed the presence of intermolecular hydrogen bonding between acetaminophen and
the polymers in the SD form. These interactions reflect the changes in the crystalline structures of acetaminophen. The thermal
analysis and X-RD confirmed the presence of the drug in the amorphous state when it was dispersed in polymers. Therefore,
dispersion of the drug in the polymers considerably enhanced the dissolution rate.
Keywords: Solid dispersion; Solubility enhancement; Differential scanning calorimetry; X-ray diffraction; Scanning electron
microscopy; Acetaminophen.
INTRODUCTION
mproving the oral bioavailability of poorly water- soluble drugs is a huge challenge in drugs’ development. A
practical method for improving the dissolution rate of such drugs was developed by Sekiguchi and coworkers
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
Acetaminophen was obtained from Alborz Bulk Company. (Tehran, Iran). PVP K-25, PEG 4000, sodium hydroxide
1
. This method was later termed solid dispersion (SD), which generally consisted of two different
components, a hydrophilic matrix and a lipophilic drug. The drug can be dispersed molecularly, in amorphous
particles or in crystalline particles
2
. Various
(NaOH) and potassium dihydrogen phosphate were purchased from Merck KGaA (Darmstadt, Germany). All the
carriers used were of analytical grade. Fresh deionized water was obtained from Human Ultra-Pure System (Human
Corp, Korea).
methods, such as solvent evaporation, melting and
Preparation of SDs kneading are available for the
preparation of SD
3, 4
. Polymeric carriers have been the most successful for
SDs because they are able to provide amorphous dispersions. This type of SD is homogeneous on a molecular-level
5
. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polyvinylpyrrolidone
(PVP) are commonly used as carriers in the preparation of SDs
6–
8
. A high-energy amorphous form of a molecular dispersion could affect the solubility and absorption of the drug
9,10
. Acetaminophen is very slightly soluble in cold water
11
; hence, the preparation of acetaminophen SDs could improve the dissolution characteristics of the
drug. This study was designed to evaluate the physicochemical properties of SDs of acetaminophen. In
SDs of acetaminophen in PEG 4000 or PVP K25 was prepared in different ratios (Table 1) by the solvent
evaporation method. The drug and the carrier were dissolved in a minimum volume of ethanol and water mixture
(1:1). The solvents were removed under vacuum in a rotavapor at 40°C and 50 rpm for 24 h. Subsequently, the
resulting residue was freeze-dried to remove the residual water. The dried dispersion was stored in a desiccator for
24 h and, then, pulverized in a mortar and passed through a 160 μm sieve. The concentration of acetaminophen in
the dispersion was determined by UV spectrophotometer model v-630 (JASCO) at 250 nm.
addition, an experiment was conducted for achieving the incorporation of the prepared SDs in oral tablets.
Asgarirad H
1
, Farmoudeh A
2
*, Mohammadi J
188

Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 50(1), May - June 2018; Article No. 27, Pages: 188-196 ISSN 0976 – 044X
Solubility test
Solubility determination of physical mixtures of drug and polymers, solid dispersions, and pure acetaminophen were
carried out by adding an excess amount of each sample to conical flasks containing 40 ml of deionized water and
subjected to shaking on a rotary shaker for 24 hours at 25°C. Subsequently, the mixture was filtered through a
220-nm membrane filter, and the filtered solution was analyzed to determine the drug content using UV
spectroscopy.
Drug release test
Dissolution studies were carried out using United States Pharmacopeia (USP) II apparatus (paddle type). One tablet
equivalent to 500 mg of the drug was added to the dissolution medium containing 500 ml of phosphate buffer (pH
6.8). The dissolution medium was maintained at a temperature of 37°C ± 0.5°C, and it was stirred at 50 rpm. At
predetermined intervals, aliquots of sample were withdrawn, filtered, and analyzed for drug release by measuring
the UV absorbance at 250 nm. The sample withdrawn at each time interval was replaced with the same volume of
the fresh medium. To evaluate the dissolution profiles, the dissolution efficiency (DE) of the samples can be
calculated as the area under the dissolution curve up to a certain time and expressed as a percentage of the area of
the rectangle described by the area of 100% dissolution in the same time
12
. In this study, the DE from 0 to 15 or 120 minutes (expressed as
%DE15 and %DE120, respectively) was calculated using the trapezoidal method.
Thermal analysis
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements were carried out using a differential scanning calorimeter
model pyris6 (PerkinElmer, Norwalk, USA). Samples (2 ± 0.2 mg) were sealed in hermetic crimped aluminum pans
and heated at a constant rate of 10°C/min over a temperature range of 30°C–300°C, and nitrogen was used as a
purge gas. An empty aluminum pan was used as reference material to calibrate the DSC temperature scale and
enthalpic response
13
.
Infrared spectroscopy
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies were performed to determine the interaction between the
components using FTIR-One spectrometer (PerkinElmer, Norwalk, USA). The scanning range was 450–4000 cm
−1
, and the resolution was 1 cm
−1
.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
The surface morphology of the raw materials and SDs was investigated by a scanning electron microscope model
VEGA TESCAN (Brno, the Czech Republic), under an accelerating voltage of 10 kV. Samples were coated with a
thin gold layer before investigation.
X-ray diffraction (X-RD) analysis
The diffraction patterns of the raw materials and SDs were obtained using an X-ray diffractometer model D8-
Advance (Bruker AXS, Karlsruhe Germany). Measurement conditions included target cu k-alpha, voltage 40 kV,
and current 30 mA. The samples were analyzed in the 2θ angle range of 4° to 45° at a scan speed of 1°/min.
Powder mixing and tablet production
Acetaminophen SD tablets were prepared according to the proportions mentioned in Table 3. The raw materials
were screened through a 170-mesh sieve prior to mixing. Powdered SD, containing an amount equivalent to 125 mg
acetaminophen, was mixed with the other excipients and compressed on a single-punch tablet machine model EKO
(Korsch Pressen, Berlin, Germany) equipped with 10- mm diameter flat-faced punches. The tablet weight was
adjusted to 500 mg.
Evaluation of the prepared tablets
Physical parameters of the tablets, including weight, drug content, breaking force (hardness), and disintegration
time, were evaluated. The drug content was evaluated by the weight variation test based on the USP standards.
Determination of weight variation
A weight variation test is applicable to demonstrate the uniformity of dosage unit for tablets containing 25 mg or
more of a drug substance comprising 25% or more, by weight, of the dosage unit. Ten tablets from each formulation
were chosen and then weighed individually, followed by calculation of the mean weight and standard deviation.
According to the USP 34, the deviation should not be more than 15% for each tablet to be accepted (USP, 2015).
Determination of tablet hardness
The mean hardness (n = 10) of various tablets was measured with a Erweka hardness tester type TBH 30 MD
(Heusenstamm, Germany). The maximum force in newton required to break each tablet was measured (USP, 2015).
Determination of the disintegration time
For analyzing the disintegration time of tablets, six tablets were tested according to the USP standard method using
an Erweka type TZ 121 apparatus (Heusenstamm, Germany). The time taken for the complete disintegration of the
last tablet at 37°C ± 0.5°C in distilled water was noted (USP, 2015).
Statistics
Results are expressed as mean of three determinations ± standard deviation (S.D.). Statistical analysis was
performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (SPSS software, version 22.0, SPSS Inc.). Post-hoc
comparisons of the means were performed using Tukey's Honestly Significance Difference test. In all tests, a
189

probability value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Solubility studies
Table 1 shows the effect of increasing concentrations of PEG4000 and PVP K25 on the solubility of acetaminophen.
The solubility of acetaminophen in deionized water at 25°C was found to be 12.2 mg/ml. Phase solubility studies
showed that the solubility of acetaminophen increased as a function of concentration of polymers. PVP K25
demonstrated a statistically significantly higher solubility than that of PEG4000 (p < 0.05).
Kanakam and coworkers analyzed the enhancement of dissolution rate of atorvastatin calcium using SD. Saturation
solubility study in phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.8) showed an increase in solubility of both the physical mixture
and the SD containing the polymers (PEG4000 or PEG6000), but the increase in drug solubility was much higher in
the SD form
14
. Garekani and Sadeghi (2003) reported an increase in aqueous solubility of
acetaminophen in the presence of PVP
15
.
Drug release
Dissolution data were evaluated according to cumulative percentage drug release. The DE and the percentage of
acetaminophen dissolved (DP) after 15 and 120 min are depicted in Table 2. Fig. 1 shows the dissolution profiles of
pure acetaminophen, physical mixtures, and SDs in phosphate buffer at 37°C. Drug release profile of all samples
revealed two phases, an initial rapid release phase followed by a slower one (Fig. 1a and b). After 15 min, solid
dispersions of acetaminophen in PVP K25 or PEG 4000 showed significantly increased DP and DE compared to
those of the physical mixtures and the pure drug (p < 0.05); in addition, DP
120
and DE
120
were higher for SDs than those for the physical mixtures and pure
acetaminophen (p < 0.05). Dissolution enhancement of SDs was observed by increasing the concentration of
carriers. Akiladevi and Shanmugapandiyan (2011) prepared acetaminophen SD by melting method and observed an
enhanced release rate with increasing proportions of carriers (PEG 4000 and 6000)
16
. The release profile of the SDs was shown to be improved by
drug molecular dispersion in polymers
17
, better wettability of the drug caused by drug−carrier hydrogen
bonding
18
, and inhibition of crystal growth of the drug molecules
19
. Another study showed that PVP K25 could significantly prevent the recrystallization of amorphous
ketoconazole
20
. Papageorgiou et al. (2006) showed that nimodipine dispersed in PEG 4000 exhibited faster release
compared to that of the physical mixture
21
. The authors concluded that drug amorphization is the primary reason
of this behavior.
However, in all formulations, there was an improvement in the dissolution profile of the physical mixture compared
to that of the pure drug, but the dissolution rate of SDs was higher than that of the physical mixture and
acetaminophen alone (Table 2; Fig. 1a and b).
DSC
DSC curves obtained for pure acetaminophen, PEG 4000, PVP K25, SDs (Drug / PEG SD and Drug /PVP SD), and
their corresponding physical mixtures are shown in Fig. 2. The DSC curve of pure acetaminophen powder exhibited
a single endothermic peak at 169°C−171°C, indicating its crystalline nature
10
. PEG showed a sharp peak at 58°C, whereas scanning of PVP revealed a broad endotherm
ranging from 50°C to 130°C, representing the evaporation of water due to the hygroscopic nature of this polymer
22
. Drug-polymer binary mixtures (Drug / PEG PM and
Drug / PVP PM) exhibited the same endothermic transitions corresponding to the melting of the polymer and of the
drug (Fig. 2A and 2B). As shown in Fig. 2A, acetaminophen in the physical mixture of the drug and PEG exhibited
a very broad melting endotherm at a lower temperature compared to that at the melting point of the drug in the
crystalline form. Earlier studies suggested that a drug may dissolve in molten PEG during the test which results in
the appearance of the drug melting peak at lower temperatures
23,24
. As shown in Fig. 2B, acetaminophen in the physical mixture of the drug and PVP exhibited a
sharp melting peak (unlike SD endotherm). This could be because the drug has less time to dissolve in molten PVP
as the glass transition temperature of PVP K25 is 155°C (SDS, Merck) and the melting point of acetaminophen is
169°C–171°C. The Absence of the drug melting peak in the DSC thermogram of SDs indicates the destruction of
the crystalline phase during melting or dissolution
25
.
FTIR spectroscopic analysis
Fig. 3 shows the FTIR spectra of acetaminophen. The characteristic peaks in the spectrum of pure acetaminophen
were assigned as follows: 3324 cm
–1
(O-H stretching), 1657 cm
–1
(C=O stretching), 1560 cm
–1
(N-H bending), 1227 cm
–1
(C-N bending), and 1171 cm
–1
(C-O stretching)
25,26
. The PVP K25 spectrum showed significant bands at 2957 cm
–1
(C-H stretching) and a broad peak at 1654 cm
–1
(C=O stretching). A very broad band at 3460 cm
–1
was attributed to the presence of water, confirming the broad endotherm detected during the DSC test. The
PEG 4000 spectrum showed peaks at 3384 cm
–1
(O-H stretching), hydrogen bonding at 2887 cm
–1
(-CH3 stretching), and C-O (ether) stretching at 1110 cm
–1
. In the acetaminophen/PEG SD spectrum, the hydroxyl peak
characteristic for PEG and the carboxyl group characteristic for acetaminophen disappeared. These changes suggest
the formation of hydrogen bonds between the drug and the polymer. Similar studies on acetaminophen and
ibuprofen SDs containing other types of PEG demonstrated comparable results
27,28
. PVP is capable of forming a hydrogen bond through carbonyl
190

group on the aromatic ring
29
. In SD of acetaminophen
those that could be assigned to pure acetaminophen
and and PVP, the absence of the hydroxyl peak of the drug
PEG 4000 were detected in the SDs, indicating the
and a significant decrease in the carbonyl group of PVP
absence of chemical interactions in the solid state
refer to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the
between the drug and the polymers. hydroxyl group
of acetaminophen in the PVP pyrrole ring.
and the carbonyl group
Characterization of the SD tablets
SEM
Weight variation values for all the tablets are shown in Table 4, and their drug content was in the acceptable The
SEM images of acetaminophen powder, PEG 4000,
range and close to their theoretical value of 150 mg
(p > PVP K25, and the SDs are shown in Fig. 4. The untreated
0.05). All tablets had similar hardness (p > 0.05) in
the acetaminophen crystals are rod like or needle-like (fig.
range of 60–80 N, and all tablets disintegrated in
5–8 min 4A)
30
, whereas PEG 4000 and PVP K25 have been
in the USP test (p > 0.05). Fig. 6 shows the
dissolution reported to be composed of amorphous particles (fig. 4B
profiles of tablets containing pure acetaminophen
and and 4C)
31
. In contrast, electron micrographs of SDs did
SDs in phosphate buffer at 37°C. After 15 min, SDs
not show the original crystal morphology of
showed significantly increased DP and DE
compared to acetaminophen, and there was a drastic change in the
those of the pure drug (p < 0.05); in addition, after
120 appearance of the polymers (fig. 4D and 4E).
min DP and DE were higher for acetaminophen SD tablets
X-RD
than those for the pure drug (p < 0.05).
The solid-state of acetaminophen, the polymers, and the
CONCLUSION
prepared SDs were analyzed by X-RD (Fig. 5). Pure PEG
This study demonstrated the improvement in
solubility 4000 produced crystalline peaks at 2θ values of 15.4°,
and dissolution rate of acetaminophen when
dispersed in 17.96°, 19.81°, 23.42° and 26.51°
32
. PVP K25 being
PEG 4000 and PVP K25. Compared with the pure
drug, the amorphous did not show any peaks. The powder
dissolution rate with the physical mixture was
enhanced, diffraction patterns of pure acetaminophen showed
but the dissolution rates of SDs were significantly
greater characteristic high-intensity diffraction peaks at 2θ values
than those for the physical mixtures and
acetaminophen of 12°, 13.77°, 15.33°,16.65°, 18.09°, 18.89°, 20.19°,
alone. Physical characterization by DSC and FTIR
studies 23.31°, 24.24°, 26.47°, 32.57° and 38.35° that matched
demonstrated that dissolution enhancement of the
known patterns of acetaminophen
28
. All the principal
acetaminophen from SDs was caused due to the
peaks of acetaminophen were found in the diffraction
destruction of the crystalline phase of the dispersed
drug. patterns of SDs but at lower intensity, indicating that the
FTIR studies revealed hydrogen bonding of drug
was in the amorphous state. These observations are
acetaminophen with PVP K25 and PEG 4000,
indicating compatible with the above-mentioned findings obtained
the formation of solid solution resulting in a greater
DE through the DSC study. Moreover, no peaks other than
than that with PEG 4000 SDs.
Table 1: Solubility test of pure acetaminophen, physical mixtures and solid dispersions after 24 hours. (data shown
as mean ± standard deviation, n = 3).
Formulation number Drug:polymer Ratio Acetaminophen (mg) Solubility in 24 h (mg/ml)
F1
13.75 ± 0.09 F2
14.07 ± 0.09 F3
14.63 ± 0.08 F4
14.48 ± 0.13 F5
15.71 ± 0.05 F6
16.53 ± 0.12
F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12
PM PEG 5:1
500 PM PEG 5:3
500 PM PEG 5:5
500 SD PEG 5:1
500 SD PEG 5:3
500 SD PEG 5:5
500
PM PVP 5:1
500
16.43 ± 0.03 PM PVP 5:3
500
19.14 ± 0.06 PM PVP 5:5
500
19.77 ± 0.08 SD PVP 5:1
500
17.53 ± 0.04 SD PVP 5:3
500
19.82 ± 0.03 SD PVP 5:5
500
22.14 ± 0.06
F13 Pure acetaminophen 500 12.19 ± 0.05
191

Table 2: Dissolution characteristics of pure acetaminophen, physical mixtures and solid dispersions after 15 and 120
min in phosphate buffer at 37°C. (Data shown as mean ± standard deviation, n = 3).
Formulation %DE15 %DE120 %DP15 %DP120
F1 18.41 ± 0.99 63.37 ± 0.65 36.83 ± 1.98 78.85 ± 4.28
F2 21.45 ± 1.88 68.49 ± 0.7 42.9 ± 3.77 84.8 ± 4.52
F3 22.8 ± 1.55 69.28 ± 1.72 45.6 ± 3.1 83.48 ± 2.46
F4 23.32 ± 1.24 71.26 ± 1.08 46.65 ± 2.47 85.45 ± 2.03
F5 25.71 ± 1.83 74.29 ± 0.46 51.43 ± 3.65 86.11 ± 2.58
F6 28.32 ± 2.37 75.98 ± 0.64 56.64 ± 4.75 89.07 ± 2.98
F7 22.26 ± 2.83 69.32 ± 1.77 44.52 ± 5.66 86.15 ± 2.47
F8 25.38 ± 1.58 72.44 ± 2.66 50.76 ± 3.15 88.29 ± 2.7
F9 27.61 ± 1.68 76.57 ± 1.13 55.23 ± 3.35 91.41 ± 3.11
F10 34.49 ± 1.89 79.81 ± 0.66 68.98 ± 3.78 93.75 ± 3.26
F11 38.18 ± 1.32 82.91 ± 0.53 76.36 ± 2.64 92.49 ± 3.09
F12 40.71 ± 1.1 85.3 ± 1.04 81.43 ± 2.21 94.65 ± 1.93
F13 16.9 ± 1.57 57.89 ± 2.01 33.8 ± 3.15 72.81 ± 2.16
Table 3: Ingredients used in preparation of acetaminophen solid dispersion tablets
Formulation
Acetaminophen number
(mg)
PEG4000 (mg)
PVPK25
Maze starch
Talc (mg)
(mg)
(mg)
Magnesium Stearate (mg)
Aerosil (mg)
1 125 125 - 235 5 5 5
2 125 - 125 235 5 5 5
3 125 - - 360 5 5 5
Table 4: Average weight, hardness and disintegration time of blank and solid dispersion tablets.
Formulation number
Weight (mg) (n = 10, ± SD)
Hardness (N)
disintegration time (min) (n = 10, ± SD)
(n = 6, ± SD)
1 495.16 ± 5.75 71.6 ± 2.31 5.27 ± 0.67
2 496.36 ± 5.6 73.5 ± 2.79 4.51 ± 0.49
3 497.04 ± 6.02 73 ± 2.58 5.46 ± 0.61
Table 5: Dissolution efficiency (DE) and percent acetaminophen dissolved (DP) from tablets containing pure
acetaminophen and solid dispersions in phosphate buffer at 37°C. (data shown as mean ± standard deviation, n = 3).
Formulation number %DE15 %DE120 %DP15 %DP120
1 26.32 ± 1.62 73.83 ± 1.78 52.64 ± 3.23 88.33 ± 2.89
2 40.63 ± 2.6 85.52 ± 1.96 81.26 ± 5.2 95.01 ± 1.62
3 15.07 ± 1.81 57.97 ± 0.74 30.14 ± 3.63 71.78 ± 3.13
192

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 50 100 150
A. Acetaminophen: PEG physical mixture (F1 – F3) and pure drug
B. Acetaminophen: PEG solid dispersion (F4 – F6) (F13)
C. Acetaminophen: PVP physical mixture (F7 – F9) and pure drug (F13)
D. Acetaminophen: PVP solid dispersion (F10 – F12)
Figure 1: Dissolution profiles of tablets containing pure acetaminophen, physical mixtures and solid dispersions
(data shown as mean ± standard deviation, n = 3).
A B Figure 2: Dissolution efficiency of pure acetaminophen, physical mixtures and
solid dispersions (A) after 15 and (B) 60 min in phosphate buffer at 37°C.
D
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25
21.45
22.8
23.32
25.71
28.32
22.26
25.38
27.61
20
18.41
16.9
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F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11 F12 F13
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F4
F5
F6
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 50 100 150
t
Time (minutes)
t
Time (minutes)
n
Number of formulation
120
100
80 F7
60 F8
F9
40
F13
20
0
0 50 100 150
120
100
80
F1 F2
60
F3 F13
40
20
0
0 50 100 150
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70
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64.39
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53.03 50
40 30
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65.71 55.06
59.52
63.42
66.78
t
Time (minutes)
t
Time (minutes)
n
Number of formulation
F10
F11
F12
193

A B
Figure 3: Differential scanning calorimetric curves of (A) acetaminophen, PEG4000, acetaminophen-PEG SD and
Physical Mixture. (B) acetaminophen, PVP K25, acetaminophen-PVP SD and Physical Mixture.
.
Figure 4: FTIR spectra of pure materials, solid dispersions, inclusion complexes and corresponding physical
mixtures. (A) pure acetaminophen, (B) PVP K25, (C) physical mixture of acetaminophen/PVP, (D) solid dispersion
of acetaminophen/PVP K25, (E) PEG 4000, (F) physical mixture of acetaminophen /PEG, (G) solid dispersion of
acetaminophen /PEG.
194

Figure 5: SEM images of (A) acetaminophen powder; (B) PEG 4000; (C) PVP K25; (D) drug / PEG 4000 solid
dispersion (1:1); (E) drug / PVP K25 solid dispersion (1:1)
Figure 6: Powder X-ray Diffractograms of (A) acetaminophen powder; (B) PEG 4000; (C) PVP K25; (D) drug /
PEG 4000 solid dispersion (1:1); (E) drug / PVP K25 solid dispersion (1:1)
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Source of Support: Nil, Conflict of Interest: None.
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Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 50(1), May - June 2018; Article No.

27, Pages: 188-196 ISSN 0976 – 044X

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