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Venus Fluid Mechanics & Machinery 1

(a) Girad Turbine (b) Turgo Turbine

MODEL SET -1 (c) Kaplan Turbine (d) Pelton Turbine
Ans.(d) Pelton Turbine
(ix) Which of the following pump referred for flood con-
Fluid Machanics & Machinery trol and irrigation applications ?
(i) The force per unit length is the unit of - (a) Centrifugal pump (b) Axial flow pump
(a) Surface Tension (b) Compressibility (c) Mixed flow pump (d) Reciprocation pump
(c) Capillarity (d) Viscosity Ans.(a) Centrifugal pump
Ans.(a) Surface Tension (x) The principle of jet propulsion is used in driving the
ships and acroplaners
(ii) The atmospheric pressure at sea level is (a) Correct (b) Incorrect.
(a) 103KN/m2 (b) 10.3m of water (c) Mixed flow pump (d) Reciprocation pump
(c) 760mm of mercurey (d) All of the above Ans.(a) Correct
Ans.(c) 760mm of mercurey
Q1. (a) State the Newton’s Laws of viscosity Explain the
(iii) According to equation of continuity importance of viscosity in fluid motion. What is the
(a) w1a1 = w2a2 (b) w1v1 = w2v2 effect of temprature on viscosity of water and that of
(c) a1v1 = a2v2 (d) a1/v1 = a2/v2 air ?
Ans.(c) a1v1 = a2v2 Ans. Newton’s Law of Viscosity : Newton’s Law of Vis-
cosity : It states that the shear stress ( ) on a fluid ele-
(iv)The Bernoulli’s equation is based on the assumption
ment layer is directly proportional to the rate of shear
that
strain. The constant of proportionality is called the co-
(a) there is no loss of energy of the liquid flowing
efficient of viscosity. Mathematically, it is expressed as
(b) the velocity of flow is uniform across any cross sec-
given by equation as
tion of the pipe
(c) no force except gravity acts on the fluid du
 
(d) all of the above dy
Ans.(d) all of the above Fluids which obey the above relation are known as
Newtonian fluids and the fluids which do not obey the
(v) According to Chezy’s Formule the discharge through above relation are called Non-Newtonian fluids.
an open channel is Variation of viscosity with temperature :Tempera-
(a) A m  i (b) C m  i ture effects the viscosity. The viscosity of liquids de-
creases with the increases of temperature while the vis-
(c) AC m  i (d) mi m  i
cosity of gases increases with the increase of tempera-
Ans.(b) C m  i ture. This is due to rcason that the viscosity force in a
(vi) A fluid having no viscosity is known as fluid are due to cohesive forces and moleculer momen-
(a) real fluid (b) Ideal fluid tum transfer. In liquid the cohesive forces predominater
(c) Neqtonian fluid (d) Non Newtonian the moleculer momentum transfer due to closely packed
Ans.(b) Ideal fluid moleculer and with the increase in temperature the co-
hesive forceses decreases with the result of decreasing
(vii) The force exerted (in Newton) by a jet of water im- viscosity. But in case of gases the cohesive force are
pinging normally on a fixed plate is small and moleculer momentum transfer pedominater
with the increases in temperature, moleculer momen-
WaV 2 WaV 2 tum transfer increases and hence viscosity increases.
(a) (b)
g 2g The relation b/w viscosity and temperature for liquid
and gases are
WaV WaV
(c) (d)  1 
g 2g
(i) For liquid   o  
2
 1  t   t 
WaV 2
Ans.(b) where ,
2g  = Viscosity of liquid at + oC in poise
(viii) Which of the following is not an impulse turbine
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Venus Fluid Mechanics & Machinery 2

o = Viscosity of liquid at 00C in poise above the atmospheric pressure, this gauge is suitable.
Figure shows a Bourdon’s tube pressure gauge. It con-
 , = are constant for the liquid
sists of tube PQR, bend into an arc of a circle.The cross-
For water, o = 1.79×10-3poise section of tube PQR is elliptical. This tube is called as
 = 0.03368 and Bourdon’s tube. When the gauge is connected to the
 = 0.000221. point whose pressure is to be measured, then the fluid
rushes in this tube.As the pressure is increased, the
(ii) For gas,  = o +  t   t 2
Bourdon’s tube tends to straighten due to elliptical
Where for air, o = 0.000017. shape.This causes the free end of the tube to move.
 = 0.000000056 With the help of pinion and sector arrangement, the
 = 0.1189×10-9 movement of end of the tube rotates the pointer.The
The Importance viscosity in fluid motion : Viscosity pointer moves over a calibrated scale which directly
plays vitul role in mechanical engineering . first it is indicates the pressure in terms of N/m2 or m head of
useful in bearing operation . As we know that bearing mercury.
is continuouisly rotating there will be friction b/w two It is used for measurement of pressure in boilers, con-
rotating surfaces .This friction is reducees by using densers, hydraulic systems, pneumatic systems etc.
lubricant of optimum viscosity.This lubricant helps to
for ciscous layer which creates film b/w the rotating Q.2(a) Explain with the help of sketch the construction
parts and helps in heat dissipution. operation and use of Pitot - Tube.
OR Ans. Construction of pitot tube :
Q. The surface tension of water in contact with air at 200C
is given as 0.0716N/m. the pressure inside a droplet
of water is to be 0.0147N/cm2 greater than the outside
pressure, calculate the diameter of the droplet of wa-
ter.
Ans. Surface tension  = 0.0716N/M = 0.000 7196 N/cm
Pressure P = 0.0147N/cm2
diameter d=?
by given formula
4 It is basically a fluid velocity measuring instrument
P =
d that can also be used for flow measurement of liquids
4 4  0.000716 N / cm and gases. It consists of two hollow tubes that sense
d = p = pressure at different places within the pipe. This hol-
0.0147 N / cm 2
= 0.1948cm low tubes can be mounted separately in a pipe or in-
= 1.948 mm stalling together in one casing as a single device. One
Q.1(b) Explain briefly the working principle of Bourdon tube measures the stagnation or impact pressure and
Pressure Gange with a neat sketch. another tube measures only static pressure usually at
Ans: the wall of the pipe.
Operation :When a solid body is kept centrally, and
stationery in a pipeline with flowing fluid, the veloc-
ity of the fluid starts reducing (at the same time the
pressure fluid increases due to the conversion of ki-
netic energy into pressure energy) due to the presence
of the body. At directly in front of the solid body, the
velocity becomes zero. This point is known as the stag-
nation point.
The fluid flow can be measured by measuring the dif-
ferences between the pressure at the normal flow line
Bourdon’s Pressure Gauge (static pressure) and the stagnation point (stagnation
To measure the high pressures and pressures below or pressure).

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Venus Fluid Mechanics & Machinery 3

Uses of pitot Tube :- Basically, a pitot tube is sued in (ii) - (ii)

wind tunnel experiments and on airplanes to measure
plow speed.It’s a slender tube that has two holes on it .
The front hole is placed in the airstream to measure
which called the stagnation pressure. The side hole
measures the static pressure.
Q2. (b) A pipe, through which water is flowing is having
diameters 20cm and 10 cm at the crose - sections 1
and 2 respectively. The velocity of water at section 1 is
given 4.0m/s Find the velocity head at sections 1 and
2 and also rate of discharge 16 m/g Let P1 = Pressure intensity at section 1 - 1
Ans. Given D1 = 20cm v1 = Velocity of flow at section 1 -1
D2 = 10cm A1 = area of pipe at secton 1 - 1
V1 = 4 .0m/s P2 - V2 and A2 corresponding values at section 2 - 2
Due to sudden change of dicimeter of the pipe From D,
to D2. the liquid Flowing from the smaller pipe is not
able to flow the abrupt change of the boundary. Thus
the flow separates from the boundary and turbulent ed-
dies are formed as shown in fig. The loss of bead takes
place due to the formation of there edies.
 P = pressure intensity of the liquid eddiecs on the area
A1 =  (0.2) 2  0.0314 m 2 (A2 -A1)
4
he = Loss of head due to sudden enlargement

A2 =  (0.1) 2  0.0784cm 2 Apply Bernoullis equation to section 1 - 1 and 2 - 2
4
We know that discharge remains conetant P1 v12 p2 v2 2
    he
A/c continuity equation Pg 2 g pg 2 g
Q = A1 V1 = A2 V2
 0.0314×4.0 = 0.0078 × V2  P1 P2   V12 V2 2 
he =  Pg  Pg    2 g  2 g  .............. (i)
0.0314  4    
V2 =
0.0078 Consider the control volume of liquid between section
V2 = 16.1 m/s 1 - 1 amd 2 - 2 . Then the force acting on the liquid in
the control volume in the direction of flow is given by
V12
Velocity head at section 1 = Fx  P1 A1  P1 ( A2  A1 )  P2 A2
2g
= P1 A1  P2 A2
42
=  0.815cm = P1  P2 A2 .............................. (ii)
2  9.81
Momentum of liquid/sec at section 1 - 1 = Mass × ve-
V2 2 locity
Velocity head at section 2 =
2g = PA1V1 × V1 = pA1V12
Momentum of liquid at section 2 - 2 = PA2V2 × V2 =
16.12
= 2  9.81  1320cm pA2V2 2
 Change of momentum /sec = PA A2V2 - pA1V12
Rate of Discharge But from continuity equition , we have
Q = A1 V1
A2V2
= 0.0314 × 4 A1V1 = A2 V2 or A1 = V
1
Q = 0.1256 m3/s
Q3. (a)Derive an expression for the loss of head due to  Change of momentum /sec = pA2V22 - PA
A2V1 V2
(i) Sudden enlargement (ii) Sudden contraction. = pA2 ( V22 - V1 V2) ...... (iii)
Ans. Loss of head due to sudden enlargement :Consider Now net force acting on the control volume in the di-
a liquid flowing through a pipe which has sudden rection of flow must be momentum or change of mo-
eniargement form fig consider two section (i) - (i) and mentum per second. Hence equating (ii) and (iii)
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Venus Fluid Mechanics & Machinery 4

(P1 + P 2 )A/2 = P A/2 [ V22 - V1V2] 2 2

 Vc  V2  V 2 V 
P1  P2 hc =   = 2  c  1 ............ (i)
= V22 - V1V2  2 g  2 g V
 2 
P
Dividing by g to both sides we have from continuity equation we have
V A 1 1
P1  P2 V2 2  V1V 2 c 2
AcVc = A2 V2 or V  A = ( A / A )  C
 2 c C 2 c
Pg g
Vc
P1 P2 V2 2  V1V 2 Substituting the value of V in (i) we get,
or   2
Pg Pg g
2
 P1 P2  V2 2  1 
hc = 2 g   1
Substituting the value of  Pg  Pg  in equation (i) we C
 c 
 
get 2
KV2 2  1 
= , where K =  C  1
V2 2  V1V 2 V12 V2 2 2g  c 
he =  
g 2g 2g If the value of Cc is assumed to be equal to 0.62, then
2V2 2  2V1V 2  V12  V2 2  1 
2
= K=   1  0.375
2g  0 .62 

V2 2  V12  2V1V2 KV2 2

= hence, hcc becomes as hc =
2g 2g

 V1  V2 
2 V2 2
=   = 0.375
2g
 2g 
If the value of Cc is not given then the head loss due to
2
 V1  V2  V2 2
he =  
contraction is takenas hc = 0.5
 2g  2g
Loss of head due to dudden contraction : - Consider Q.3(b) A siphon of diameter 150mm connects two reser-
a liquid flowing in a pipe which has a sudden contrac- voirs having a different in elevation of 15 m. The length
tion in area as shown in fig consider two section 1 - 1 of the siphon is 400m and Summit is 4m above the
and 2 - 2 before and after , contraction. As the liquid water level in the upper reservoir. The length of the
flows from large pipe to smaller pipe, the area of flow pipe from upper reservoir th the summit is 80m. De-
goes on decreasing and becomes minimum at a sectin C termine the discharge through the siphon and also
- C as shown in fig, This section C- C is called vena- pressure at the summit. Neglect minor losses. The
contracte. After section C - C a sudden enlagement of coefficient of friction f = 005.
the area takes place. The loss of head due to sudden Ans. Dia to siphon = d = 150mm = 0.15m
contraction is actually due to dudden enlagement from Difference of level in two reservoirs = 15m
vena - contracte to smaller pipe. total length of pipe = 400m
Height of summit from upper resoivoir = 4m
Coeficient of friction f = 0.005
length l = 80m

Let AC = Area of flow at section C - C

VC = Velocity of flow at section C -C
A2 = Area of flow at section 2 - 2
V2 = velocity of flow at section 2 - 2
hc = loss of head due to sudde contraction
Now, hc = actually loss of head due to enlagrement from
section C - C to section 2 - 2 and is given by equation is
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Venus Fluid Mechanics & Machinery 5

Apply bernaulli eqn 

0 + 0 + 15 = 0 + 0 + 0 + hf = 1000 ×
4

 00.52  25 25 sin 30 0  25 sin 80 0 
4 f 2v 2
hf = FR = 849.672  .594.942 = 1037.25N
2 gd

4  0.005  400  v 2 Q4.(b) Explain concept of slip in reciprocating pump.

15 =
2  9.81  0.15 Ans.Slip of reciprocating pump is defined as the difference
V2 = 5.25267m/s b/w the theoretical discharge and the ectual discharge
V = 2.349 of the pump. But in sometimes actual discharge may be
Q = AV higher than theoretical discharge is greater then unity
and the slip will be negative called as negative slip.

= 0.152  2.349
4
Q.5(a) What is Cavitation ? How can it be avoided in Re-
= 0.0415 m3/s
action Turbine.
Pressure of summit
Ans. The formation growth and collapse of vapower filled
Pe 4  0.005  80  2.3492 2.349 2 cavitier or bubbles in a flowing liquid due to local fall
0+0+0= 4 
Pg 2  9.81  0.15 2  9.81 in fluid pressure is called cavitation.The cavitation in a
hydrollic machine effect in the following ways.
Pe (a) It cause noise and vibration of various parts.
0 = Pg + 4 + 3 +0.281
(b) It maker serface rough
Pe (c) It reduce the discharge of a turbine
Pg
= - 7.281m (d) It causes sudden drop in powr output and efficiency.
The cavitation in reaction turbines can be avoided to a
Q4. (a) A jet of water of diameter 50mm moving with a
great extent by using the following method :
velocity of 25m/s impinges on a fixed curved plate tan-
(a) By Installing the turbine below the tail race level
gentially at one end at an angle of 300 to the horizon-
(b) By using stainless steel runner of the turbine.
tal. Calculate the resultant force of the jet on the plate
(c) By providing highly polished blades to the runner
if the jet is deflected through an angle of 500.Take g =
(d) By running the turbine runner to the designed speed.
10m/s2
Ans.
Q.5(b) What is a draft tube ? What are its function.
Ans. The draft tube is a conduct which connects the runner
exit to the tail race where the water is being finally dis-
charged from the turbine. The primary function of the
draft tube is to reduce the velocity of the discharged
water to minimize the loss of kinctic energy at the out-
let. This permits the turbine to thbe set above the lail
water without any appreciable drop of available head.
A clear understanding of the function of the draft tube
in any reaction turbine, in fact is very important for the
purpose of its design. The purpose of providing a draft

A=  0.052 tube will be better understood if we carefuly study the
4 net available head across a reaction turbine.
P = 1000k/m3 Function of draft tube : - Due to high kinetic energy
g = 10m/s2 at the exit of reaction turbine , there would be a loss of
v = 25m/s overall reduction in kinetic energy, so to prevent this

Fx  PAV V cos 300  V cos 800  loss, the draft tube is provided which producer net effi-
 ciency.
2 0

= 1000 × 4  0.05  25 25 cos 30  25 cos 80
0
 Q6.(a) What is priming ? Why is it necessary ?
Ans.Priming of a centrifugal pump is defined as the opera-
= 849.67
tion in Which the suction pipe, casing of the pump and

fy = PAV V sin 300  V sin 800  a portion of the delivery pipe upto the delivery valve is
completely filled up from starting the pump.Thus the
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Venus Fluid Mechanics & Machinery 6

air from thes parts of the pump is removed and these Important Information
parts are filled with the liquid to be pumped. For Good Result Follow our Question Bank....
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Available at your nearest Book Shop (Civil/Electri-
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6.Efficiency of these pumps 6.Efficiency is high
are low compare to
reciprocating pump
7.Centrifugal pump have 7.It does not have any
problem of priming problem of priming
8.It uses impellers to 8.It uses piston cylinder
transfer energy to fluid device to transfer energy to
fluid
9.They are lighter then 9.These are heavier
reciprocating pumps compare to centrifugal
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10. It gives higher discharge 10.These gives higher heads
at low heads at low discharge.
11. It is less costly 11.These are costly
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